不作为惰性效应的心理机制研究
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摘要
由Tykocinski等所提出的不作为惰性效应是指这样一种现象:错过一个有吸引力的初始作为机会会降低人们在后续的相似机会上有所作为的可能性。Anderson将不作为惰性视为一种决策规避效应。以往研究表明不作为惰性效应受多个因素影响,这些因素包括吸引力差异、可规避性与规避成本、时空距离、收益与损失、机会来源、选项数目、社会比较、紧密挂钩等。不作为惰性的产生原因是学界关注的焦点,理论纷争不断。其中主要的理论解释有后悔感解释和价值低估解释;后悔感解释有两种,一种是规避预期后悔感,另一种是逃避体验到的后悔感。以往的不作为惰性研究多采用金钱性剧情实验。基于以往研究的成果和不足,本研究主要使用非金钱性剧情研究两个问题:第一,不同类型的后悔感在不作为惰性效应中的作用(实验1);第二,当前的多个选项对不作为惰性效应的影响(实验2)。本研究的发现可以概括为:第一,在非金钱性决策任务中仍然有可能发生不作为惰性效应;第二,不作为惰性效应的产生是有条件的,例如在非数字化、非金钱性择业剧情实验中,被试没有表现出不作为惰性;第三,理性和情绪(如后悔感)都在不作为惰性的发生中起作用;第四,虽然理性因素和情绪因素(如后悔感)对人们的当前行为决策都发生作用,但是在事关长远的决策任务中,理性因素可能是人们的作为决策的最重要的预测源,这表明人类决策行为并非仅仅是“不理性的”,事实上人们可以根据情景和任务的具体需要在一定程度上决定投入多少理性。
The inaction inertia effect called by Tykocinski et al. occurs when bypassing an initial action opportunity decreases the likelihood that subsequent similar action opportunities will be taken. It is seen as one kind of decision avoidance effects by Anderson. The inaction inertia effect is affected by several factors including difference in attractiveness, avoidability and avoidance cost, distance of time and space, gain and loss, opportunity source, option quantity, social comparison, tight coupling. What scholars mostly focus on are the causes of the inaction inertia effect. The main theoretical explanations include avoidance of anticipated regret, escaping from experienced regret and devaluation. The monetary scenario experiments have been widely used. Based on the past researches, we used non-monetary scenarios and aimed at two questions. Our experiment 1 focused on what different kinds of regret, ie experienced regret(ER),anticipated inaction regret(AIR) and anticipated action regret(AAR), affected the inaction inertia effect. The aim of the experiment 2 is to study the effect of multiple current options on the inaction inertia effect. The findings of our researches can be generalized as follows: First, the inaction inertia effect may appeared in non-monetary decision tasks. Second, there were some boundary conditions of this inaction inertia effect, and as was found in our experiment 2, participants didn’t show the inaction inertia effect in a non-quantity and non-monetary scenario. Third, both rationality and emotion(eg regret) affected the inaction inertia effect. And lastly, although both rationality and emotion affected the inaction inertia effect, rational factors may played a more important role in decision-making tasks that would produce far-reaching influences. This means that human decision-making behavior is not all irrational and in fact people can decide to be rational in accordance with the specific needs of scenarios and tasks to a certain extent.
The inaction inertia effect called by Tykocinski et al. occurs when bypassing an initial action opportunity decreases the likelihood that subsequent similar action opportunities will be taken. It is seen as one kind of decision avoidance effects by Anderson. The inaction inertia effect is affected by several factors including difference in attractiveness, avoidability and avoidance cost, distance of time and space, gain and loss, opportunity source, option quantity, social comparison, tight coupling. What scholars mostly focus on are the causes of the inaction inertia effect. The main theoretical explanations include avoidance of anticipated regret, escaping from experienced regret and devaluation. The monetary scenario experiments have been widely used. Based on the past researches, we used non-monetary scenarios and aimed at two questions. Our experiment 1 focused on what different kinds of regret, ie experienced regret(ER),anticipated inaction regret(AIR) and anticipated action regret(AAR), affected the inaction inertia effect. The aim of the experiment 2 is to study the effect of multiple current options on the inaction inertia effect. The findings of our researches can be generalized as follows: First, the inaction inertia effect may appeared in non-monetary decision tasks. Second, there were some boundary conditions of this inaction inertia effect, and as was found in our experiment 2, participants didn’t show the inaction inertia effect in a non-quantity and non-monetary scenario. Third, both rationality and emotion(eg regret) affected the inaction inertia effect. And lastly, although both rationality and emotion affected the inaction inertia effect, rational factors may played a more important role in decision-making tasks that would produce far-reaching influences. This means that human decision-making behavior is not all irrational and in fact people can decide to be rational in accordance with the specific needs of scenarios and tasks to a certain extent.
引文
[1] Arkes H R, Blumer C.The psychology of sunk cost[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1985, 35:124-140.
[2] Freedman J L, Fraser, S C. Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966,4:195-202.
[3] Zeelenberg M, Nijstad B A,Van Putten M, et al. Inaction inertia, regret, and valuation: A closer look[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2006, 101: 89-104.
[4] Tykocinski O E, Pittman T S, Tuttle E S. Inaction inertia: Foregoing future benefits as a result of an initial failure to act[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68: 793-803.
[5] Anderson C J. The psychology of doing nothing: Forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 2003, 129(1): 139-167.
[6] Tykocinski O E, Pittman T S. The consequences of doing nothing: Inaction inertia as avoidance of anticipated counterfactual regret[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, 75: 607-616.
[7] Tykocinski O E, Pittman, T S. Product aversion following a missed opportunity: Price contrast or avoidance of anticipated regret[J]? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2001, 23: 149-156.
[8] Sevdalis N, Harvey N, Yip M. Regret triggers inaction inertia-but which regret and how[J]? British Journal of Social Psychology, 2006, 45(4): 839-853.
[9] Arkes H R, Kung Y, Hutzel L. Regret, valuation, and inaction inertia[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2002, 87: 371-385.
[10] Butler A, Highhouse S. Deciding to sell: The effect of prior inaction and offer source[J]. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2000, 21: 223-232.
[11] Tykocinski O E, Israel R, Pittman T S. Inaction inertia in the stock market[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2004, 34: 1166-1175.
[12] Van Putten M, Zeelenberg M, Van Dijk E. Multiple Options in the Past andthe Present: The Impact on Inaction Inertia[J]. 2007, Unpublished manuscript.
[13] Kumar P. The effects of social comparison on inaction inertia[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2004, 95: 175-185.
[14] Zeelenberg M, Van Putten M. The dark side of discounts: An inaction inertia perspective on the post-promotion dip[J]. Psychology and Marketing, 2005, 22: 611-622.
[15] Van Putten M, Zeelenberg M, Van Dijk E. Decoupling the past from the present attenuates inaction inertia[J]. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2007, 20(1): 65-79.
[16] Hsee C K,Loewenstein G,Blount S,Bazerman M H.Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of options: A review and theoretical analysis[J].Psychological Bulletin,1999,125: 576-590.
[17] 歌德?吉戈伦尔,彼得·M·托德和 ABC 研究组.简捷启发式——让我们更聪明[M].刘永芳译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2002.350-377.
[18] Hastie R. Problems for judgment and decision making[J]. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52: 653-683.
[2] Freedman J L, Fraser, S C. Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966,4:195-202.
[3] Zeelenberg M, Nijstad B A,Van Putten M, et al. Inaction inertia, regret, and valuation: A closer look[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2006, 101: 89-104.
[4] Tykocinski O E, Pittman T S, Tuttle E S. Inaction inertia: Foregoing future benefits as a result of an initial failure to act[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68: 793-803.
[5] Anderson C J. The psychology of doing nothing: Forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 2003, 129(1): 139-167.
[6] Tykocinski O E, Pittman T S. The consequences of doing nothing: Inaction inertia as avoidance of anticipated counterfactual regret[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, 75: 607-616.
[7] Tykocinski O E, Pittman, T S. Product aversion following a missed opportunity: Price contrast or avoidance of anticipated regret[J]? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2001, 23: 149-156.
[8] Sevdalis N, Harvey N, Yip M. Regret triggers inaction inertia-but which regret and how[J]? British Journal of Social Psychology, 2006, 45(4): 839-853.
[9] Arkes H R, Kung Y, Hutzel L. Regret, valuation, and inaction inertia[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2002, 87: 371-385.
[10] Butler A, Highhouse S. Deciding to sell: The effect of prior inaction and offer source[J]. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2000, 21: 223-232.
[11] Tykocinski O E, Israel R, Pittman T S. Inaction inertia in the stock market[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2004, 34: 1166-1175.
[12] Van Putten M, Zeelenberg M, Van Dijk E. Multiple Options in the Past andthe Present: The Impact on Inaction Inertia[J]. 2007, Unpublished manuscript.
[13] Kumar P. The effects of social comparison on inaction inertia[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2004, 95: 175-185.
[14] Zeelenberg M, Van Putten M. The dark side of discounts: An inaction inertia perspective on the post-promotion dip[J]. Psychology and Marketing, 2005, 22: 611-622.
[15] Van Putten M, Zeelenberg M, Van Dijk E. Decoupling the past from the present attenuates inaction inertia[J]. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2007, 20(1): 65-79.
[16] Hsee C K,Loewenstein G,Blount S,Bazerman M H.Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of options: A review and theoretical analysis[J].Psychological Bulletin,1999,125: 576-590.
[17] 歌德?吉戈伦尔,彼得·M·托德和 ABC 研究组.简捷启发式——让我们更聪明[M].刘永芳译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2002.350-377.
[18] Hastie R. Problems for judgment and decision making[J]. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52: 653-683.
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