月球光照区尘埃静电迁移规律:初步理论结果（英文）
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摘要
空间环境中,暴露在太阳风等离子体和紫外辐射中的尘埃颗粒由于光电发射等而带电。月球光照区带电的尘埃颗粒受静电场驱动或微陨石轰击发生迁移。本文计算结果表明,月球光照区粒径为0.01μm的尘埃颗粒静电迁移达到的最大高度约为1km,而在月球黑暗区亚微米级的尘埃颗粒静电迁移可以到达50km的高度。尽管微陨石轰击溅射的尘埃颗粒可到达~100km的高度,但是尘埃数密度与微陨石轰击事件直接相关,并随着高度变化。由于重力作用,溅射的尘埃快速沉降。溅射和沉降过程中,尘埃颗粒由于光电发射等继续充电。在局部电场强度和德拜鞘高度分别为5V/m和1m条件下,粒径<0.37μm的带电尘埃颗粒以"弹跳模式"运动,而粒径>0.37μm的带电尘埃颗粒返回月表,并再次轰击溅射尘埃。根据本文结果可以雅断,月球尘埃实验(LDEX)在月球夜晚20~60km高度记录的尘埃事件可能与尘埃的静电迁移相关,但是月球白天记录的事件可能并不包括静电迁移的部分。
In space environment,dust grains exposed in solar wind plasma and ultraviolet radiation carry positive electrostatic charge since photoemission dominates.Charged dust grains on the sunlit lunar surface are driven by electrostatic field and/or micrometeorite impacts.According to our calculations,the grains with radius of 0.01μm lofted only by electrostatic force can reach the maximum height about 1 km on lunar dayside,but the grains with radius of 0.1 μm lofted by electrostatic force can reach the height about 50 km on the nightside.The grains ejected by micrometeorite impacts or meteor showers could arrive the altitude of ~ 100 km,but the dust number density is related to the meteor or micrometeorite impact events and varies with the height.These grains soon sink due to the gravity.Assuming that the local electric field and the Debye length are 5V/m and 1m respectively,charged dust grains with the radius < 0.37 μm move in " jumping mode",or else " bombing mode".Our results showed that the dust events on lunar nightside detected by Lunar Dust Experiment(LDEX) in the orbit altitude of 20 ~60km might be related to electrostatic field,but that on lunar dayside does not include the part of electrostatic migration.
In space environment,dust grains exposed in solar wind plasma and ultraviolet radiation carry positive electrostatic charge since photoemission dominates.Charged dust grains on the sunlit lunar surface are driven by electrostatic field and/or micrometeorite impacts.According to our calculations,the grains with radius of 0.01μm lofted only by electrostatic force can reach the maximum height about 1 km on lunar dayside,but the grains with radius of 0.1 μm lofted by electrostatic force can reach the height about 50 km on the nightside.The grains ejected by micrometeorite impacts or meteor showers could arrive the altitude of ~ 100 km,but the dust number density is related to the meteor or micrometeorite impact events and varies with the height.These grains soon sink due to the gravity.Assuming that the local electric field and the Debye length are 5V/m and 1m respectively,charged dust grains with the radius < 0.37 μm move in " jumping mode",or else " bombing mode".Our results showed that the dust events on lunar nightside detected by Lunar Dust Experiment(LDEX) in the orbit altitude of 20 ~60km might be related to electrostatic field,but that on lunar dayside does not include the part of electrostatic migration.
引文
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Colwell JE,Batiste S,Horfinyi M,Robertson S and Sture S.2007.Lunar surface;Dust dynamics and regolith mechanics.Reviews of Geophysics,45(2):RG2006
Cook AM,Wooden DH,Colaprete A,Glenar DA and Stubbs TJ.2015.First detection of dust in the lunar tail:LADEE UVS measurements.In;Proceedings of the 46~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Houston,TX,United States:NASA,46:2147
Criswell DR.1973.Horizon-glow and the motion of lunar dusl.In;Grard RJI.(ed.).Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space.Netherlands;Springer,545-556
Delory GT,Elphic R,Morgan T,Colaprete T,Horanyi M,Mahaffy P,Hine B and Boroson D.2009.The lunar atmosphere and dust environment explorer(LADEE).In;Proceedings of the 40'Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Houston,TX,United States:NASA,40:2025
Elphic RC,Hine B,Delory GT,Salute JS,Noble S,Colaprete A,Horanyi M and Mahaffy P.2014.The lunar atmosphere and dust environment explorer(LADEE):Initial science results.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.The Woodlands,United States:LPI,2677
Freeman J and Ibrahim M.1975.Lunar electric fields,surface potential and associated plasma sheaths.The Moon,14(1):103-114
Gaier JR.2005.The effects of lunar dust on EVA systems during the Apollo missions.NASA/TM-2005-213610,Hanover;NASA Center for Aerospace Information
Gaier JR and Jaworske DA.2007.Lunar dust on heat rejection system surfaces;Problems and prospects.In;Space Technology and Applications International Forum-STAIF 2007.Hanover,MD:NASA,880:27-34
Goertz CK.1989.Dusty plasmas in the solar system.Reviews of Geophysics,27(2):271-292
Gold T.1955.The lunar surface.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,115(6):585-604
Gold T.1962.Processes on the lunar surface.In;Kopal Z and Mikhailov ZK(eds.).The Moon.Houston,TX;Lunar and Planetary Institute,14;433-440
Gold T.1965.The moon's surface.In:Hess WH,Menzel DH and 0'Keefe JA(eds.).The Nature of the Lunar Surface.Baltimore,MD USA;John Hopkins Press,1:107-121
Horanyi M,Gagnard S,Gathright D,Gr(u|¨)n E,James D,Kempf S,Lankton M,Srama R,Sternovsky Z and Szalay J.2014.The dust environment of the moon as seen by the Lunar Dust Experiment(LDEX).In;Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,45;1303
Horfinyi M,Szalay J,Kempf S,Schmidt J,Gr(u|¨)n E,Srama R and Sternovsky Z.2015a.LDEX observation of the dust environment of the moon.In;Proceedings of the 46~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,46;1684
Horanyi M,Szalay JR,Kempf S,Schmidt J,Gr(u|¨)n E,Srama R and Sternovsky Z.2015b.A permanent,asymmetric dust cloud around the moon.Nature,522(7556):324-326
Manka RH.1973.Plasma and potential at the lunar surface.In;Card RJL(ed.).Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space.Netherlands;Springer,347-361
McCoy JE and Criswell DR.1974.Evidence for a high altitude distribution of lunar dust.In:Proceedings of the 5~(th)Lunar Science Conference.New York:Pergamon Press,Inc.,5:2991-3005
McCoy JE.1976.Photometric studies of light scattering above the lunar terminator from Apollo solar corona photography.In:Proceedings of the 7~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.New York:Pergamon Press,Inc.,7:1087-1112
Rennilson JJ and Criswell DR.1974.Surveyor observations of lunar horizon-glow.The Moon,10(2):121-142
Severny AB,Terez EI and Zvereva AM.1975.The measurements of sky brightness on Lunokhod-2.The Moon,14(1):123-128
Sickafoose AA,Colwell JE,Horanyi M and Robertson S.2000.Photoelectric charging of dust particles in vacuum.Physical Review Letters,84(26):6034-6037
Stemovsky Z,Cagnard S,Cathright D,Gr(u|¨)n E,James D,Kempf S,Lankton M,Horanyi M,Srama R and Szalay J.2014.Modeling the UV signal scattered into the lunar dust experiment(LDEX)from the surface.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas:LPI,45:2740
Stubbs TJ,Vondrak RR and Farrell WM.2006.A dynamic fountain model for lunar dust.Advances in Space Research,37(1):59-66
Stubbs TJ,Glenar DA,Wang Y,Hermalyn B,Sarantos M,Colaprete A and Elphic RC.2014.The impact of meteoroid streams on the lunar atmosphere and dust environment during the LADEE mission.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas-.LPI,45:2705
Szalay JR and Horanyi M.2015.The search for electrostatically lofted grains above the Moon with the Lunar Dust Experiment.Geophysical Research Letters,42(13):5141-5146
Wagner SA.2006.The Apollo experience lessons learned for constellation lunar dust management.Report NASA/TP-2006-213726,Houston,Texas:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Wooden DH,Cook AM,Colaprete A,Shirley MH,Vargo KE,Elphic RC,Stubbs TJ and Glenar DA.2014.LADEE UVS observation of solar occultation by exospheric dust above the lunar limb.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,45:2123
Zook HA and McCoy JE.1991.Large scale lunar horizon glow and a high altitude lunar dust exosphere.Geophysical Research Letters,18(11):2117-2120
Zook HA and Potter AE.1994.Lunar horizon glow and the Clementine mission.In:Proceedings of the 25~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,25:1573-1574
Zook HA,Potter AE and Cooper BL.1995.The lunar dust exosphere and Clementine lunar horizon glow.In;Proceedings of 26 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.New York;Pergamon Press,26:1577-1578
Colwell JE,Batiste S,Horfinyi M,Robertson S and Sture S.2007.Lunar surface;Dust dynamics and regolith mechanics.Reviews of Geophysics,45(2):RG2006
Cook AM,Wooden DH,Colaprete A,Glenar DA and Stubbs TJ.2015.First detection of dust in the lunar tail:LADEE UVS measurements.In;Proceedings of the 46~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Houston,TX,United States:NASA,46:2147
Criswell DR.1973.Horizon-glow and the motion of lunar dusl.In;Grard RJI.(ed.).Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space.Netherlands;Springer,545-556
Delory GT,Elphic R,Morgan T,Colaprete T,Horanyi M,Mahaffy P,Hine B and Boroson D.2009.The lunar atmosphere and dust environment explorer(LADEE).In;Proceedings of the 40'Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Houston,TX,United States:NASA,40:2025
Elphic RC,Hine B,Delory GT,Salute JS,Noble S,Colaprete A,Horanyi M and Mahaffy P.2014.The lunar atmosphere and dust environment explorer(LADEE):Initial science results.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.The Woodlands,United States:LPI,2677
Freeman J and Ibrahim M.1975.Lunar electric fields,surface potential and associated plasma sheaths.The Moon,14(1):103-114
Gaier JR.2005.The effects of lunar dust on EVA systems during the Apollo missions.NASA/TM-2005-213610,Hanover;NASA Center for Aerospace Information
Gaier JR and Jaworske DA.2007.Lunar dust on heat rejection system surfaces;Problems and prospects.In;Space Technology and Applications International Forum-STAIF 2007.Hanover,MD:NASA,880:27-34
Goertz CK.1989.Dusty plasmas in the solar system.Reviews of Geophysics,27(2):271-292
Gold T.1955.The lunar surface.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,115(6):585-604
Gold T.1962.Processes on the lunar surface.In;Kopal Z and Mikhailov ZK(eds.).The Moon.Houston,TX;Lunar and Planetary Institute,14;433-440
Gold T.1965.The moon's surface.In:Hess WH,Menzel DH and 0'Keefe JA(eds.).The Nature of the Lunar Surface.Baltimore,MD USA;John Hopkins Press,1:107-121
Horanyi M,Gagnard S,Gathright D,Gr(u|¨)n E,James D,Kempf S,Lankton M,Srama R,Sternovsky Z and Szalay J.2014.The dust environment of the moon as seen by the Lunar Dust Experiment(LDEX).In;Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,45;1303
Horfinyi M,Szalay J,Kempf S,Schmidt J,Gr(u|¨)n E,Srama R and Sternovsky Z.2015a.LDEX observation of the dust environment of the moon.In;Proceedings of the 46~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,46;1684
Horanyi M,Szalay JR,Kempf S,Schmidt J,Gr(u|¨)n E,Srama R and Sternovsky Z.2015b.A permanent,asymmetric dust cloud around the moon.Nature,522(7556):324-326
Manka RH.1973.Plasma and potential at the lunar surface.In;Card RJL(ed.).Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space.Netherlands;Springer,347-361
McCoy JE and Criswell DR.1974.Evidence for a high altitude distribution of lunar dust.In:Proceedings of the 5~(th)Lunar Science Conference.New York:Pergamon Press,Inc.,5:2991-3005
McCoy JE.1976.Photometric studies of light scattering above the lunar terminator from Apollo solar corona photography.In:Proceedings of the 7~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.New York:Pergamon Press,Inc.,7:1087-1112
Rennilson JJ and Criswell DR.1974.Surveyor observations of lunar horizon-glow.The Moon,10(2):121-142
Severny AB,Terez EI and Zvereva AM.1975.The measurements of sky brightness on Lunokhod-2.The Moon,14(1):123-128
Sickafoose AA,Colwell JE,Horanyi M and Robertson S.2000.Photoelectric charging of dust particles in vacuum.Physical Review Letters,84(26):6034-6037
Stemovsky Z,Cagnard S,Cathright D,Gr(u|¨)n E,James D,Kempf S,Lankton M,Horanyi M,Srama R and Szalay J.2014.Modeling the UV signal scattered into the lunar dust experiment(LDEX)from the surface.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas:LPI,45:2740
Stubbs TJ,Vondrak RR and Farrell WM.2006.A dynamic fountain model for lunar dust.Advances in Space Research,37(1):59-66
Stubbs TJ,Glenar DA,Wang Y,Hermalyn B,Sarantos M,Colaprete A and Elphic RC.2014.The impact of meteoroid streams on the lunar atmosphere and dust environment during the LADEE mission.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas-.LPI,45:2705
Szalay JR and Horanyi M.2015.The search for electrostatically lofted grains above the Moon with the Lunar Dust Experiment.Geophysical Research Letters,42(13):5141-5146
Wagner SA.2006.The Apollo experience lessons learned for constellation lunar dust management.Report NASA/TP-2006-213726,Houston,Texas:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Wooden DH,Cook AM,Colaprete A,Shirley MH,Vargo KE,Elphic RC,Stubbs TJ and Glenar DA.2014.LADEE UVS observation of solar occultation by exospheric dust above the lunar limb.In:Proceedings of the 45~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,45:2123
Zook HA and McCoy JE.1991.Large scale lunar horizon glow and a high altitude lunar dust exosphere.Geophysical Research Letters,18(11):2117-2120
Zook HA and Potter AE.1994.Lunar horizon glow and the Clementine mission.In:Proceedings of the 25~(th)Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Woodlands,Texas;LPI,25:1573-1574
Zook HA,Potter AE and Cooper BL.1995.The lunar dust exosphere and Clementine lunar horizon glow.In;Proceedings of 26 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.New York;Pergamon Press,26:1577-1578
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