城市污水处理过程中恶臭气体释放的研究进展
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摘要
长期以来,我国城市污水处理相关工作人员职业病频发,与城市污水处理过程中会释放出大量的有毒有害气体有重要关系,我国现有的《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》对水质排放指标作了明确规定,但对于污水处理过程中释放的气体污染物的类型及排放限值缺少详细说明.本文对城市污水处理厂不同污水处理工艺及不同污水处理单元在运行中所释放的气体污染物的特征进行了归纳总结,阐述了城市污水处理厂释放的主要恶臭挥发性有机物的产生途径、释放量及影响因素,并指出目前城市污水处理厂释放的气体污染物主要通过尾气末端收集综合处理的方式进行治理,而对于工艺运行参数与气体污染物释放特征之间的相关性关系仍需深入研究.
A large amount of toxic and harmful gases would be released from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants(WWTPs) during wastewater treatment, which causes occupational diseases frequently occurring among workers who work on sewage treatment for a long time in China. Detailed wastewater discharge standards are stated in the current "Standards for Pollutant Discharge from Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants", while the available types and discharge standards for gaseous pollutants are not elaborated clearly.In this paper the characteristics of gaseous pollutants emitted from different wastewater treatment processes and units in WWTPs were summarized,the release pathways, release amount and influencing factors were also described. Furthermore, the prevalent treatment pattern for gaseous pollutants was that the exhaust gas was collected at the end of wastewater treatment first, and then it was treated comprehensively. In future study, the correlated relationships between the parameters of wastewater treatment process and the characteristics of gaseous pollutants should be studied further.
A large amount of toxic and harmful gases would be released from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants(WWTPs) during wastewater treatment, which causes occupational diseases frequently occurring among workers who work on sewage treatment for a long time in China. Detailed wastewater discharge standards are stated in the current "Standards for Pollutant Discharge from Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants", while the available types and discharge standards for gaseous pollutants are not elaborated clearly.In this paper the characteristics of gaseous pollutants emitted from different wastewater treatment processes and units in WWTPs were summarized,the release pathways, release amount and influencing factors were also described. Furthermore, the prevalent treatment pattern for gaseous pollutants was that the exhaust gas was collected at the end of wastewater treatment first, and then it was treated comprehensively. In future study, the correlated relationships between the parameters of wastewater treatment process and the characteristics of gaseous pollutants should be studied further.
引文
Abdou M H.2007.Health impacts on workers in wastewater treatment plants in jeddah city,saudi Arabia[J].Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association,82(5/6):405-417
Agency US Environmental Protection.2012.Summary report:global anthropogenic Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions:1990—2030[R].Washington,D.C.U S:Environmental Protection Agency:1-10
Alfonsín C,Lebrero R,Estrada J M,et al.2015.Selection of odour removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants:A guideline based on Life Cycle Assessment[J].Journal of Environmental Management,149:77-84
Barker W W,Welch S A,Chu S,et al.1998.Experimental observations of the effects of bacteria on aluminosilicate weathering[J].Am Mineral,83(11):1551-1563
Burgess J E,Parsons S A,Stuetz R M.2001.Developments in odour control and waste gas treatment biotechnology:a review[J].Biotechnology Advances,19(1):35-63
De Bont J A M,Van Dijken J P,Harder W.1981.Dimethyl sulphoxide and dimethyl sulphide as carbon,sulphur and energy source for growth of Hyphomierobium S[J].Journal of General Microbiology,127:315-323
Charron I,Féliers C,Couvert A,et al.2004.Use of hydrogen peroxide in scrubbing towers for odor removal in wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,50(4):267-274
Contators R B.2001.Bioreactors for waste gas treatment[J].Environmental Pollution,4(2):99-126
Cheng X H,Peterkin E,Burliname G A.2005.A study on volatile organic sulfide causes of odors at Philadelphia′s Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant[J].Water Research,39(16):3781-3790
Devai I,Delaune R D.1999.Emission of reduced malodorous sulfur gases from wastewater plants[J].Water Environment Research,71(2):203-208
Edwards F G,Nirmalakhandan N.1996.Biological treatment of Airstreams Contaminated with VOCs:An overview[J].Water Science and Technology,34(3/4):565-571
Frechen F B.1994.Odour emission of wastewater treatment plants-recent German experiences[J].Water Science and Technology,30(4):35-46
Frechen F B.2004.Odour emission inventory of German wastewater treatment plants - odour flow rates and odour emission capacity[J].Water Science and Technology,50(4):139-146
冯志诚.2009.城市典型恶臭源的挥发性有机物的分子标志物初步研究[D].广州:暨南大学.73
Van Groenestijn J W,Kraakman N J R.2005.Recent developments in biological waste gas purification in Europe[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,113(2/3):85-91
Mayer G J,Cheng I S,Pau P,et al.1994.Emissions of air toxics from wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Environment Research,66(2):140-144
Hamoda M F.2006.Air pollutants emissionsfrom waste treatment and disposal facilities[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,41(1):77-85
黄智,何琳燕,黄静,等.2011.硅酸盐矿物分解细菌Bacillus globisporus Q12与云母矿物相互作用的研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,30(3):286-291
黄力华,刘建伟,夏雪峰,等.2015.城市污水处理厂典型气体污染物产生特性研究[J].科学技术与工程,15(3):295-299
何洁,王伯光,刘舒乐,等.2011.城市污水处理厂挥发性卤代有机物的排放特征及影响因素研究[J].环境科学,32(12):3577-3581
Karageorgos P,Latos M,Kotsifaki C,et al.2010.Treatment of unpleasant odors in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,61(10):2635-2644
Korzeniewska E,Filipkowska Z,Gotkowska-Plachta A,et al.2009.Determination of emitted airborne microorganisms from a BIO-PAK wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Research,43(11):2841-2851
Lafleur J,Vena J E.1991.Retrospective cohort mortality study of cancer among sewage plant workers[J].American Journal of Industrial Medicine,19(1):75-86
Smit L A M,Spaan S,Heederik D.2005.Endotoxin exposure and symptoms in wastewater treatment workers[J].American Journal of Industrial Medicine,48(1):30-39
Lehtinen J,Veijanen A.2011.Determination of odorous VOCs and the risk of occupational exposure to airborne compounds at the waste water treatment plants[J].Water Science & Technology,63(10):2183-2192
Leson G,Winer A M.1991.Biofiltration:an innovative air pollution control technology for VOC emissions[J].Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association,41(8):1045-1054
Liu J,Ma W.2011.Odor and VOCs Treatment from wastewater treatment plant using a full-scale biofilter[J].Business Management and Electronic Information,4(1):840-843
刘国华.2009.生物除臭技术研究进展[J].广东化工,36(8):102-103
刘锴,白登明.2004.污水处理系统臭气污染问题的研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,5(5):38-42
罗固源,孙永利,吉方英,等.2001.污水生物处理系统中逸出气体的危害与控制[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),(6):131-133,145
刘舒乐,王伯光,何洁,等.2011.城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性有机物的感官定量评价研究[J].环境科学,31(12):3582-3587
Niazi S,Hassanvand M S,Mahvi A H,et al.2015.Assessment of bioaerosol contamination (bacteria and fungi) in the largest urban wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,22(20):16014-16021
Nasterlack M,Messerer P,Pallapies D,et al.2009.Cancer incidence in the wastewater treatment plant of a large chemical company[J].International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health,82(7):851-856
Olin R G,Ahlbom A,Lindberg-Navier I,et al.1987.Occupational factors associated with astrocytomas:A case-control study[J].American Journal of Industrial Medicine,11(6):615-625
邱雄辉.2012.污水厂微生物气溶胶的逸散特征、传输特征及健康风险研究[D]西安:长安大学.69
Rattanapan C,Kantachote D,Yan R,et al.2010.Hydrogen sulfide removal using granular activated carbon biofiltration inoculated with Alcaligenes faecalis T307 isolated from concentrated latex wastewater[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,64(5):383-387
Ramirez-Lopez E M,Corona-Hernandez J,Avelar-Gonzalez F J.2010.Biofiltration of methanol in an organic biofilter using peanut shells as medium[J].Bioresource Technology,101(1) :87-91
盛彦清.2007.广州市典型污染河道与城市污水处理厂中恶臭有机硫化物的初步研究[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所).125
Santelli C M,Edgcomb V P,Bach W,et al.2009.The diversity and abundance of bacteria inhabiting seafloor lavas positively correlate with rock alteration[J].Environmental Microbiology,11(1):86-98
Ten Cate J M.2006.Biofilms,a new approach to the microbiology of dental plaque[J].Odontology,94(1):1-9
唐小东.2011a.城市污水处理厂挥发性有机恶臭污染物的来源及感官定量评价[D].广州:暨南大学.72
唐小东,王伯光,赵德骏,等.2011b.城市污水处理厂的挥发性恶臭有机物组成及来源[J].中国环境科学,31(4):576-583
Uroz S,Calvaruso C,Turpault M-P,et al.2009.Mineral weathering by bacteria:ecology,actors and mechanisms[J].Trends in Microbiology,17(8):378-387
Vega E,Monclús H,Gonzalez-Olmos R,et al.2015.Optimizing chemical conditioning for odour removal of undigested sewage sludge in drying processes[J].Journal of Environmental Management,150:111-119
Weiss M,Neelis M L,Blok K,et al.2008.Non-energy use and related carbon dioxide emissions in Germany:A carbon flow analysis with the NEAT model for the period of 1990–2003[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling,52(11):1252-1265
王灿,胡洪营,席劲瑛.2005.城市污水处理厂恶臭污染及其评价体系[J].给水排水,(9):15-19
王秀艳,易忠芹,王钊,等.2013.污水处理厂恶臭气体健康风险评估[J].土木建筑与环境工程,35(5):50-54
王钊,王秀艳,高爽,等.2013.天津市纪庄子污水处理厂恶臭气体排放研究[J].环境工程学报,7(4):1459-1464
谢冰,史家樑.1997.微生物法脱臭及其应用[J].上海环境科学,(3):14-16;23
杨国瑞.2010.天津纪庄子污水处理厂除臭工程结构方案研究[D].天津:天津大学.79
Zarra T,Reiser M,Naddeo V,et al.2014.Odour emissions characterization from wastewater treatment plants by different measurement methods[J].Chemical Engineering Transactions,40:37-42
Zhang C H,Wang L L,Wang X C,et al.2016.Odor emission impact assessment of Zhengwangfen wastewater treatment plant in Beijing[J].Desalination and Water Treatment,57(38):17901-17910
张钊彬.2013.污水处理厂高标准除臭技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.57
Agency US Environmental Protection.2012.Summary report:global anthropogenic Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions:1990—2030[R].Washington,D.C.U S:Environmental Protection Agency:1-10
Alfonsín C,Lebrero R,Estrada J M,et al.2015.Selection of odour removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants:A guideline based on Life Cycle Assessment[J].Journal of Environmental Management,149:77-84
Barker W W,Welch S A,Chu S,et al.1998.Experimental observations of the effects of bacteria on aluminosilicate weathering[J].Am Mineral,83(11):1551-1563
Burgess J E,Parsons S A,Stuetz R M.2001.Developments in odour control and waste gas treatment biotechnology:a review[J].Biotechnology Advances,19(1):35-63
De Bont J A M,Van Dijken J P,Harder W.1981.Dimethyl sulphoxide and dimethyl sulphide as carbon,sulphur and energy source for growth of Hyphomierobium S[J].Journal of General Microbiology,127:315-323
Charron I,Féliers C,Couvert A,et al.2004.Use of hydrogen peroxide in scrubbing towers for odor removal in wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,50(4):267-274
Contators R B.2001.Bioreactors for waste gas treatment[J].Environmental Pollution,4(2):99-126
Cheng X H,Peterkin E,Burliname G A.2005.A study on volatile organic sulfide causes of odors at Philadelphia′s Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant[J].Water Research,39(16):3781-3790
Devai I,Delaune R D.1999.Emission of reduced malodorous sulfur gases from wastewater plants[J].Water Environment Research,71(2):203-208
Edwards F G,Nirmalakhandan N.1996.Biological treatment of Airstreams Contaminated with VOCs:An overview[J].Water Science and Technology,34(3/4):565-571
Frechen F B.1994.Odour emission of wastewater treatment plants-recent German experiences[J].Water Science and Technology,30(4):35-46
Frechen F B.2004.Odour emission inventory of German wastewater treatment plants - odour flow rates and odour emission capacity[J].Water Science and Technology,50(4):139-146
冯志诚.2009.城市典型恶臭源的挥发性有机物的分子标志物初步研究[D].广州:暨南大学.73
Van Groenestijn J W,Kraakman N J R.2005.Recent developments in biological waste gas purification in Europe[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,113(2/3):85-91
Mayer G J,Cheng I S,Pau P,et al.1994.Emissions of air toxics from wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Environment Research,66(2):140-144
Hamoda M F.2006.Air pollutants emissionsfrom waste treatment and disposal facilities[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,41(1):77-85
黄智,何琳燕,黄静,等.2011.硅酸盐矿物分解细菌Bacillus globisporus Q12与云母矿物相互作用的研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,30(3):286-291
黄力华,刘建伟,夏雪峰,等.2015.城市污水处理厂典型气体污染物产生特性研究[J].科学技术与工程,15(3):295-299
何洁,王伯光,刘舒乐,等.2011.城市污水处理厂挥发性卤代有机物的排放特征及影响因素研究[J].环境科学,32(12):3577-3581
Karageorgos P,Latos M,Kotsifaki C,et al.2010.Treatment of unpleasant odors in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,61(10):2635-2644
Korzeniewska E,Filipkowska Z,Gotkowska-Plachta A,et al.2009.Determination of emitted airborne microorganisms from a BIO-PAK wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Research,43(11):2841-2851
Lafleur J,Vena J E.1991.Retrospective cohort mortality study of cancer among sewage plant workers[J].American Journal of Industrial Medicine,19(1):75-86
Smit L A M,Spaan S,Heederik D.2005.Endotoxin exposure and symptoms in wastewater treatment workers[J].American Journal of Industrial Medicine,48(1):30-39
Lehtinen J,Veijanen A.2011.Determination of odorous VOCs and the risk of occupational exposure to airborne compounds at the waste water treatment plants[J].Water Science & Technology,63(10):2183-2192
Leson G,Winer A M.1991.Biofiltration:an innovative air pollution control technology for VOC emissions[J].Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association,41(8):1045-1054
Liu J,Ma W.2011.Odor and VOCs Treatment from wastewater treatment plant using a full-scale biofilter[J].Business Management and Electronic Information,4(1):840-843
刘国华.2009.生物除臭技术研究进展[J].广东化工,36(8):102-103
刘锴,白登明.2004.污水处理系统臭气污染问题的研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,5(5):38-42
罗固源,孙永利,吉方英,等.2001.污水生物处理系统中逸出气体的危害与控制[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),(6):131-133,145
刘舒乐,王伯光,何洁,等.2011.城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性有机物的感官定量评价研究[J].环境科学,31(12):3582-3587
Niazi S,Hassanvand M S,Mahvi A H,et al.2015.Assessment of bioaerosol contamination (bacteria and fungi) in the largest urban wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,22(20):16014-16021
Nasterlack M,Messerer P,Pallapies D,et al.2009.Cancer incidence in the wastewater treatment plant of a large chemical company[J].International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health,82(7):851-856
Olin R G,Ahlbom A,Lindberg-Navier I,et al.1987.Occupational factors associated with astrocytomas:A case-control study[J].American Journal of Industrial Medicine,11(6):615-625
邱雄辉.2012.污水厂微生物气溶胶的逸散特征、传输特征及健康风险研究[D]西安:长安大学.69
Rattanapan C,Kantachote D,Yan R,et al.2010.Hydrogen sulfide removal using granular activated carbon biofiltration inoculated with Alcaligenes faecalis T307 isolated from concentrated latex wastewater[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,64(5):383-387
Ramirez-Lopez E M,Corona-Hernandez J,Avelar-Gonzalez F J.2010.Biofiltration of methanol in an organic biofilter using peanut shells as medium[J].Bioresource Technology,101(1) :87-91
盛彦清.2007.广州市典型污染河道与城市污水处理厂中恶臭有机硫化物的初步研究[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所).125
Santelli C M,Edgcomb V P,Bach W,et al.2009.The diversity and abundance of bacteria inhabiting seafloor lavas positively correlate with rock alteration[J].Environmental Microbiology,11(1):86-98
Ten Cate J M.2006.Biofilms,a new approach to the microbiology of dental plaque[J].Odontology,94(1):1-9
唐小东.2011a.城市污水处理厂挥发性有机恶臭污染物的来源及感官定量评价[D].广州:暨南大学.72
唐小东,王伯光,赵德骏,等.2011b.城市污水处理厂的挥发性恶臭有机物组成及来源[J].中国环境科学,31(4):576-583
Uroz S,Calvaruso C,Turpault M-P,et al.2009.Mineral weathering by bacteria:ecology,actors and mechanisms[J].Trends in Microbiology,17(8):378-387
Vega E,Monclús H,Gonzalez-Olmos R,et al.2015.Optimizing chemical conditioning for odour removal of undigested sewage sludge in drying processes[J].Journal of Environmental Management,150:111-119
Weiss M,Neelis M L,Blok K,et al.2008.Non-energy use and related carbon dioxide emissions in Germany:A carbon flow analysis with the NEAT model for the period of 1990–2003[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling,52(11):1252-1265
王灿,胡洪营,席劲瑛.2005.城市污水处理厂恶臭污染及其评价体系[J].给水排水,(9):15-19
王秀艳,易忠芹,王钊,等.2013.污水处理厂恶臭气体健康风险评估[J].土木建筑与环境工程,35(5):50-54
王钊,王秀艳,高爽,等.2013.天津市纪庄子污水处理厂恶臭气体排放研究[J].环境工程学报,7(4):1459-1464
谢冰,史家樑.1997.微生物法脱臭及其应用[J].上海环境科学,(3):14-16;23
杨国瑞.2010.天津纪庄子污水处理厂除臭工程结构方案研究[D].天津:天津大学.79
Zarra T,Reiser M,Naddeo V,et al.2014.Odour emissions characterization from wastewater treatment plants by different measurement methods[J].Chemical Engineering Transactions,40:37-42
Zhang C H,Wang L L,Wang X C,et al.2016.Odor emission impact assessment of Zhengwangfen wastewater treatment plant in Beijing[J].Desalination and Water Treatment,57(38):17901-17910
张钊彬.2013.污水处理厂高标准除臭技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.57
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