基于全矩阵数据的阵列超声检测与评价技术研究和应用概述
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摘要
全矩阵数据是阵列超声换能器以特殊的激发接收模式工作时,从被测试件内部采集到的所有超声A型信号构成的集合。基于全矩阵数据的阵列超声无损检测与评价方法采用特定算法对全矩阵数据进行后处理运算,实现被测试件内部缺陷的成像和定量。与基于相位控制的常规阵列超声检测技术相比,基于全矩阵数据的阵列超声检测方法具有更高的缺陷成像及定量精度,可针对具有复杂几何外形或者复杂材料属性的被测试件进行检测与评价算法的定制,是近年来阵列超声检测与评价技术的研究热点和发展方向。对基于全矩阵数据的阵列超声检测与评价技术的基本原理、典型算法、关键技术以及应用案例进行了系统概述,旨在推广该项技术和降低使用门槛,为我国高端制造领域存在的无损检测与评价难题提供新思路和新方法。
Full matrix is an A-Scan data set of all transmit and receive elements' combinations. Array ultrasound nondestructive testing and evaluation technology based on full matrix uses specific post-processing algorithm to image and quantify defects inside the test pieces. Compared with traditional phased array methods, algorithms based on full matrix have much higher imaging resolution and quantitative accuracy. On the other hands, full matrix algorithms can be customized according to geometrical or material properties of testing pieces. It's the next generation ultrasonic array testing and evaluation method. This paper systematically summarizes the fundamental, typical algorithms, key technologies, and applications of ultrasonic array technology based on the FMC, aiming to promote the technology and lower the application threshold, and to provide new ideas and new methods for the challenge of non-destructive testing and evaluation in highend manufacturing industry.
Full matrix is an A-Scan data set of all transmit and receive elements' combinations. Array ultrasound nondestructive testing and evaluation technology based on full matrix uses specific post-processing algorithm to image and quantify defects inside the test pieces. Compared with traditional phased array methods, algorithms based on full matrix have much higher imaging resolution and quantitative accuracy. On the other hands, full matrix algorithms can be customized according to geometrical or material properties of testing pieces. It's the next generation ultrasonic array testing and evaluation method. This paper systematically summarizes the fundamental, typical algorithms, key technologies, and applications of ultrasonic array technology based on the FMC, aiming to promote the technology and lower the application threshold, and to provide new ideas and new methods for the challenge of non-destructive testing and evaluation in highend manufacturing industry.
引文
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[9]NJIKI M,ELOUARDI A,BOUAZIZS,ET AL.A real-time implementation of the total focusing method for rapid and precise diagnostic in non destructive evaluation[C]//Proceedings of IEEE 24th International Conference on Application-Specific Systems,Architectures and Processors(ASAP).Washington DC:2013.
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[11]HOLMES C,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.The post-processing of ultrasonic array data using the total focusing method[J].Ultrasonics,2004,46(11):677-680.
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[13]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Comparison of ultrasonic array imaging algorithms for non-destructive evaluation[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics and Frequency Control,2013,60(8):1732-1745.
[14]ZHANG J,NIXON A,BARBER T,et al.Methodologies for validating ray-based forward model using finite element method in ultrasonic array data simulation[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Provo:AIP Publishing,2018.
[15]CLAY A C,WOOH S C,AZAR L,et al.Experimental study of phased array beam steering characteristics[J].Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,1999,18(2):59-71.
[16]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Efficient computation of delay law for imaging structure with a complex surface[C]//Proceedings of IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium.Prague:IEEE,2014.
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[18]WILCOX P D,HOLMES C,DRINKWATER B W.Advanced reflector characterization with ultrasonic phased arrays in NDE applications[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2007,54(8):1541-1550.
[19]WILCOXD P,HOLMES C,DRINKWATERW B,et al.Enhanced defect detection and characterisation by signal processing of ultrasonic array data[C]//ECNDT Proceedings.Berlin,2006.
[20]LI C,PAIN D,WILCOX P D,et al.Imaging composite material using ultrasonic arrays[J].NDT&E International,2013,53:8-17.
[21]YAN D,SUTCLIFFE M,WRIGHT B,et al.Ultrasonic imaging of full matrix capture acquired data for carbon fiber-reinforced polymer[J].Insight,2013,55(9):477-481.
[22]BAI L,VELICHKO A,DRINKWATER B W.Ultrasonic characterization of crack-like defects using scattering matrix similarity metrics[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2015,62(3):545-559.
[23]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Efficient immersion imaging of components with nonplanar surfaces[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2014,61(8):1284-1795.
[24]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D,et al.Defect detection using ultrasonic arrays:the multi-mode total focusing method[J].NDT&E International,2010,43(2):123-133.
[25]ZHANG J,BARBER T,NIXON A,et al.Investigation into distinguishing between small volumetric and crack-like defects using multi-view total focusing method images[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Atlanta:AIP Publishing,2017.
[26]HUNTER A J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.The wave number algorithm for full matrix imaging using an ultrasonic array[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2008,55(11):2450-2462.
[27]VELICHKO A,WILCOX P D.Reversible back-propagation imaging algorithm for post processing of ultrasonic array data[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2009,56(11):2492-2503.
[28]POTTER J N,CROXFORD A J,WILCOX P D.Nonlinear ultrasonic phased array imaging[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,113(14):144301-1-144301-5.
[29]GRACE O D,PITI S P.Quadrature sampling of high-frequency waveforms[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1968,44(5):1453-1454.
[30]周正干,彭地,李洋,等.相控阵超声检测技术中的全聚焦成像算法及其校准研究[J].机械工程学报,2015,54(10):1-6.ZHOU Zhenggan,PENG Di,LI Yang,et al.Research on phased array ultrasonic total focusing method and its calibration[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,54(10):1-6.
[31]HOLMES C,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Advanced post-processing for scanned ultrasonic arrays:application to defect detection and classification in non-destructiveevaluation[J].Ultrasonics,2008,48(6-7):636-642.
[32]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Defect characterization using an ultrasonic array to measure the scattering coefficient matrix[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2008,55(10):2254-2265.
[33]ZHANG J,FELICE M,VELICHKO A,et al.Investigation into angular and frequency dependence of scattering matrices of elastodynamic scatterers[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Minneapolis:AIP Publishing,2016.
[34]徐娜,李洋,周正干,等.FDTD方法的改进及在超声波声场计算中的应用[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2013,39(1):78-82.XU Na,LI Yang,ZHOU Zhenggan,et al.Improvement of finite difference time domain method and its application to calculation of ultrasonic sound fields[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2013,39(1):78-82.
[35]MORTON K W,MAYERS D F.偏微分方程数值解[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.MORTON K W,MAYERS D F.Numerical solutions of partial differential equations[M].Beijing:Post&Telecom Press,2006.
[36]LAMBERT J,PEDRON A,GENS G,et al.Performance evaluation of total focusing method on GPP and GPU[C]//Proceedings of the2012 Conference on Design and Architectures for Signal and Image Processing.Karlsruhe:IEEE,2012.
[37]SUTCLIFFE M,WESTON M,DUTTON B,et al.Real-time full matrix capture for ultrasonic non-destructive testing with acceleration of post-processing through graphic hardware[J].NDT&E International,2012,51:16-23.
[38]PENG C, BAI L,ZHANG J,et al.The sizing of small surface-breaking fatigue cracks using ultrasonic arrays[J].NDT&E International,2018,99:64-71.
[39]LI Y,ZHOU Z G,WANG J.Analysis of linear non-destructive testing and evaluation methods for thin-walled structure inspection using ultrasonic array[J].Coatings,2019,9(2):146.
[40]HUNTER A J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.A model-based autofocus algorithm for ultrasonic imagingusing a flexible array[J].Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation,2010,29:863-870.
[41]HUNTER A J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Least-squares estimation of imaging parameters for an ultrasonic array using known geometric image features[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics,and Frequency Control,Ferroelectrics,and Frequency Control,2011,58(2):414-426.
[42]MALKIN R E,FRANKLIN A C,Bevan R L T,et al.Surface reconstruction accuracy using ultrasonic arrays:application to non-destructive testing[J].NDT&E International,201 8,96:26-34.
[43]DRINKWATER B W,BOWLERA I.Ultrasonic array inspection of the Clifton suspension bridge chain-links[J].Insight-NonDestructive Testing and Condition Monitoring,2009,51(9):491-498.
[44]PAIN D,DRINKWATER B W.Detection of fiberwaviness using ultrasonic array scattering data[J].Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,2013,32(3):215-227.
[45]ZHANG J,HUNTER A,DRINKWATER B W,et al.Monte Carlo inversion of ultrasonic array data to map anisotropic weld properties[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2012,59(11):2487-2497.
[46]PAMEL VAN A,HUTHWAITE P,BRETT C R,et al.Numerical simulations of ultrasonic array imaging of highly scattering materials[J].NDT&E International,2016,81:9-19.
[47]LANE C J L,DUNHILL A K,DRINKWATER B W,et al.The development of a 2d ultrasonic array system for the in situ inspection of single crystal turbine blades[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Burlington:AIP Publishing,2012.
[48]ZHOU Z,LI W,LI Y,et al.Research on ultrasonic array testing method for additivemanufactured titanium alloy[C]//Proceedings of SHM-NDT.Saarbrucken:2018.
[2]CHATILLON S,CATTIAUX G,SERRE M,et al.Ultrasonic non-destructive testing of pieces of complex geometry with a flexible array transducer[J].Ultrasonics,2000,38:131-134.
[3]PUEL B,LESSELIER D,CHATILLON S,et al.Optimization of ultrasonic arrays design and setting using a differential evolution[J].NDT&E International,2011,44:797-803.
[4]杨平华,林莉,刘春伟,等.相控阵声束焦距及换能器孔径综合优化的实验研究[J].无损探伤,2011,35(3):9-13.YANG Pinghua,LIN Li,LIU Chunwei,et al.Experimental study on the integrated optimization of focus length and transducer aperture for phased array beam[J].Nondestructive Inspection,2011,35(3):9-13.
[5]陈彦宏.超声相控阵动态聚焦技术研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2014.CHEN Yanhong.The research on ultrasonic phased array dynamic focusing technology[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,20 14.
[6]徐娜,周正干,刘卫平,等.L型构件R区的超声相控阵检测方法[J].航空学报,2013,34(2):419-425.XU Na,ZHOU Zhenggan,LIU Weiping,et al.Ultrasonic phased array inspection method for the corner of L-shaped components[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2013,34(2):419-425.
[7]HOLMES C,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Post-processing of the full matrix of ultrasonic transmit-receive array data for nondestructive evaluation[J].NDT&E International,2005,38(8):701-711.
[8]FAN Z,MARK A F,LOWE M J S,et al.Nonintrusive estimation of anisotropic stiffness maps of heterogeneous steel welds for the improvement of ultrasonic array inspection[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2015,62(8):1530-1543.
[9]NJIKI M,ELOUARDI A,BOUAZIZS,ET AL.A real-time implementation of the total focusing method for rapid and precise diagnostic in non destructive evaluation[C]//Proceedings of IEEE 24th International Conference on Application-Specific Systems,Architectures and Processors(ASAP).Washington DC:2013.
[10]CHAHBAZ A,SICARD R.Comparitive evaluation between ultrasonic phased array and synthetic aperture focusing techniques[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Konigstein:AIP Publishing,2003.
[11]HOLMES C,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.The post-processing of ultrasonic array data using the total focusing method[J].Ultrasonics,2004,46(11):677-680.
[12]SCHMERR Jr L W.Fundamentals of ultrasonic phased arrays[M].New York:Springer,2015.
[13]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Comparison of ultrasonic array imaging algorithms for non-destructive evaluation[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics and Frequency Control,2013,60(8):1732-1745.
[14]ZHANG J,NIXON A,BARBER T,et al.Methodologies for validating ray-based forward model using finite element method in ultrasonic array data simulation[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Provo:AIP Publishing,2018.
[15]CLAY A C,WOOH S C,AZAR L,et al.Experimental study of phased array beam steering characteristics[J].Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,1999,18(2):59-71.
[16]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Efficient computation of delay law for imaging structure with a complex surface[C]//Proceedings of IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium.Prague:IEEE,2014.
[17]FELICE M V,VELICHKO A,WILCOX P D.Accurate depth measurement of small surface-breaking cracks using an ultrasonic array post-processingtechnique[J].NDT&E International,2014,68:105-112.
[18]WILCOX P D,HOLMES C,DRINKWATER B W.Advanced reflector characterization with ultrasonic phased arrays in NDE applications[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2007,54(8):1541-1550.
[19]WILCOXD P,HOLMES C,DRINKWATERW B,et al.Enhanced defect detection and characterisation by signal processing of ultrasonic array data[C]//ECNDT Proceedings.Berlin,2006.
[20]LI C,PAIN D,WILCOX P D,et al.Imaging composite material using ultrasonic arrays[J].NDT&E International,2013,53:8-17.
[21]YAN D,SUTCLIFFE M,WRIGHT B,et al.Ultrasonic imaging of full matrix capture acquired data for carbon fiber-reinforced polymer[J].Insight,2013,55(9):477-481.
[22]BAI L,VELICHKO A,DRINKWATER B W.Ultrasonic characterization of crack-like defects using scattering matrix similarity metrics[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2015,62(3):545-559.
[23]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Efficient immersion imaging of components with nonplanar surfaces[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2014,61(8):1284-1795.
[24]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D,et al.Defect detection using ultrasonic arrays:the multi-mode total focusing method[J].NDT&E International,2010,43(2):123-133.
[25]ZHANG J,BARBER T,NIXON A,et al.Investigation into distinguishing between small volumetric and crack-like defects using multi-view total focusing method images[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Atlanta:AIP Publishing,2017.
[26]HUNTER A J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.The wave number algorithm for full matrix imaging using an ultrasonic array[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2008,55(11):2450-2462.
[27]VELICHKO A,WILCOX P D.Reversible back-propagation imaging algorithm for post processing of ultrasonic array data[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2009,56(11):2492-2503.
[28]POTTER J N,CROXFORD A J,WILCOX P D.Nonlinear ultrasonic phased array imaging[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,113(14):144301-1-144301-5.
[29]GRACE O D,PITI S P.Quadrature sampling of high-frequency waveforms[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1968,44(5):1453-1454.
[30]周正干,彭地,李洋,等.相控阵超声检测技术中的全聚焦成像算法及其校准研究[J].机械工程学报,2015,54(10):1-6.ZHOU Zhenggan,PENG Di,LI Yang,et al.Research on phased array ultrasonic total focusing method and its calibration[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,54(10):1-6.
[31]HOLMES C,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Advanced post-processing for scanned ultrasonic arrays:application to defect detection and classification in non-destructiveevaluation[J].Ultrasonics,2008,48(6-7):636-642.
[32]ZHANG J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Defect characterization using an ultrasonic array to measure the scattering coefficient matrix[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2008,55(10):2254-2265.
[33]ZHANG J,FELICE M,VELICHKO A,et al.Investigation into angular and frequency dependence of scattering matrices of elastodynamic scatterers[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Minneapolis:AIP Publishing,2016.
[34]徐娜,李洋,周正干,等.FDTD方法的改进及在超声波声场计算中的应用[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2013,39(1):78-82.XU Na,LI Yang,ZHOU Zhenggan,et al.Improvement of finite difference time domain method and its application to calculation of ultrasonic sound fields[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2013,39(1):78-82.
[35]MORTON K W,MAYERS D F.偏微分方程数值解[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.MORTON K W,MAYERS D F.Numerical solutions of partial differential equations[M].Beijing:Post&Telecom Press,2006.
[36]LAMBERT J,PEDRON A,GENS G,et al.Performance evaluation of total focusing method on GPP and GPU[C]//Proceedings of the2012 Conference on Design and Architectures for Signal and Image Processing.Karlsruhe:IEEE,2012.
[37]SUTCLIFFE M,WESTON M,DUTTON B,et al.Real-time full matrix capture for ultrasonic non-destructive testing with acceleration of post-processing through graphic hardware[J].NDT&E International,2012,51:16-23.
[38]PENG C, BAI L,ZHANG J,et al.The sizing of small surface-breaking fatigue cracks using ultrasonic arrays[J].NDT&E International,2018,99:64-71.
[39]LI Y,ZHOU Z G,WANG J.Analysis of linear non-destructive testing and evaluation methods for thin-walled structure inspection using ultrasonic array[J].Coatings,2019,9(2):146.
[40]HUNTER A J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.A model-based autofocus algorithm for ultrasonic imagingusing a flexible array[J].Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation,2010,29:863-870.
[41]HUNTER A J,DRINKWATER B W,WILCOX P D.Least-squares estimation of imaging parameters for an ultrasonic array using known geometric image features[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics,and Frequency Control,Ferroelectrics,and Frequency Control,2011,58(2):414-426.
[42]MALKIN R E,FRANKLIN A C,Bevan R L T,et al.Surface reconstruction accuracy using ultrasonic arrays:application to non-destructive testing[J].NDT&E International,201 8,96:26-34.
[43]DRINKWATER B W,BOWLERA I.Ultrasonic array inspection of the Clifton suspension bridge chain-links[J].Insight-NonDestructive Testing and Condition Monitoring,2009,51(9):491-498.
[44]PAIN D,DRINKWATER B W.Detection of fiberwaviness using ultrasonic array scattering data[J].Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,2013,32(3):215-227.
[45]ZHANG J,HUNTER A,DRINKWATER B W,et al.Monte Carlo inversion of ultrasonic array data to map anisotropic weld properties[J].IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2012,59(11):2487-2497.
[46]PAMEL VAN A,HUTHWAITE P,BRETT C R,et al.Numerical simulations of ultrasonic array imaging of highly scattering materials[J].NDT&E International,2016,81:9-19.
[47]LANE C J L,DUNHILL A K,DRINKWATER B W,et al.The development of a 2d ultrasonic array system for the in situ inspection of single crystal turbine blades[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.Burlington:AIP Publishing,2012.
[48]ZHOU Z,LI W,LI Y,et al.Research on ultrasonic array testing method for additivemanufactured titanium alloy[C]//Proceedings of SHM-NDT.Saarbrucken:2018.
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