外商直接投资与企业的性别雇佣偏好
|
摘要
利用2004～2007年中国制造业企业层面的微观面板数据计算了企业的性别雇佣偏好,分析了外商直接投资对中国企业性别雇佣偏好的影响。研究结果表明:外资企业的女性雇佣偏好比内资企业高出1. 59%,外资进入为女性劳动力创造了更多的就业机会;外商直接投资对女性劳动力的就业创造效应偏向技能水平较高的女性群体,并且在竞争程度较高、要素配置更为市场化的轻工业和东部地区更为明显;外资企业的水平竞争效应和垂直溢出效应间接影响了内资企业的女性雇佣偏好,其中更为显著的垂直溢出效应,减少了上下游行业中内资企业的性别雇佣偏见。
Based on the panel data of Chinese manufacturing enterprises during2004-2007,this paper estimates the gender prejudice in employment,and on which analyzes the effects of FDI. The following conclusions are obtained: firstly,the female employment preference of foreign enterprises is 1. 59% higher than that of domestic enterprises,which provides more employment opportunities for female labor force. Secondly,FDI benefits higher skilled women more,as well as the female workers in light industries and eastern regions with higher competition and more market-based in factor allocation. Finally,the horizontal competition effect and vertical spillover effect of FDI indirectly affect the female employment preferences of domestic enterprises,while the vertical spillover effect improves the gender prejudice of domestic enterprises much more significantly in the upstream and downstream industries.
Based on the panel data of Chinese manufacturing enterprises during2004-2007,this paper estimates the gender prejudice in employment,and on which analyzes the effects of FDI. The following conclusions are obtained: firstly,the female employment preference of foreign enterprises is 1. 59% higher than that of domestic enterprises,which provides more employment opportunities for female labor force. Secondly,FDI benefits higher skilled women more,as well as the female workers in light industries and eastern regions with higher competition and more market-based in factor allocation. Finally,the horizontal competition effect and vertical spillover effect of FDI indirectly affect the female employment preferences of domestic enterprises,while the vertical spillover effect improves the gender prejudice of domestic enterprises much more significantly in the upstream and downstream industries.
引文
[1]包群,叶宁华,王艳灵.外资竞争、产业关联与中国本土企业的市场存活[J].经济研究,2015(7):102-115.
[2]蔡昉,王德文.外商直接投资与就业---一个人力资本分析框架[J].财经论丛,2004(1):1-14.
[3]陈梅,周申.动态外资进入与企业技能就业结构优化[J].世界经济研究,2018(1):67-77.
[4]胡邦勇.外商直接投资对中国就业影响的实证研究---基于1985-2009年的时间序列数据[J].经济与管理,2011(9):12-16.
[5]李宏兵,文磊,赵春明.外资进入改善了我国服务业就业结构吗?---基于微观企业数据的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2016(10):131-142.
[6]李磊,王小洁,孙浦阳.外资进入、竞争与性别就业差异[J].财经研究,2016(11):73-85.
[7]李磊,冼国明,包群.“引进来”是否促进了“走出去”?---外商投资对中国企业对外直接投资的影响[J].经济研究,2018(3):142-156.
[8]李蕾.是谁推动了中国女性就业?---国有企业和外资企业的比较研究[J].人口与发展,2017(5):19-29.
[9]沙文兵,陶爱萍.外商直接投资的就业效应分析---基于协整理论的实证分析[J].财经科学,2007(4):112-117.
[10]王剑.外国直接投资对中国就业效应的测算[J].统计研究,2005(3):29-32.
[11]杨扬,余壮雄,王美今.FDI对中国就业效应的检验[J].经济学家,2009(5):5-14.
[12]张二震,任志成.FDI与中国就业结构的演进[J].经济理论与经济管理,2005(5):5-10.
[13]张晓峒.计量经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2017.
[14]郑月明,董登新.外商直接投资对我国就业的区域差异与动态效应---基于动态面板数据模型的分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2008(5):104-113.
[15]周艳梅.FDI对我国制造业就业结构的影响[J].技术经济与管理研究,2011(11):68-72.
[16]朱金生,王鹤,杨丽.FDI流动、区域差异与就业结构变迁---基于我国1995-2010年面板数据的分析[J].软科学,2013(8):127-131.
[17]ABOR J,HARVY S K.Foreign direct investment and employment:host country experience[J].Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies,2008,1(2):213-225.
[18]ARROW K J.The theory of discrimination[R].Princeton University,Department of Economics,Industrial Relations Section,Working Paper,1971,No.30A.
[19]BANDICK R,KARPATY P.Employment effects of foreign acquisition[J].International Review of Economics and Finance,2011,20(2):211-224.
[20]BECKER G S.The economics of discrimination[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1957.
[21]BRANDT L,VAN BIESEBROECK J,ZHANG Y.Creative accounting or creative destruction?Firm-level productivity growth in Chinese manufacturing[J].Journal of Development Economics,2012,97(2):339-351.
[22]CHEN Z,GE Y,LAI H,et al.Globalization and gender wage inequality in China[J].World Development,2013,44:256-266.
[23]DOEPKE M,TERTILT M,VOENA A.The economics and politics of women’s rights[Z].NBER Working Papers,2011.
[24]DRIFFIELD N,TAYLOR K.FDI and the labour market:a review of the evidence and police implications[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2000,16(3):90-103.
[25]DUFLO E.Women empowerment and economic development[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2012,50(4):1051-1079.
[26]FEENSTRA R C,HANSON G H.Foreign direct investment and relative wages:evidence from Mexico’s Maquiladoras[J].Journal of International Economics,1997,42(3-4):371-393.
[27]FU X,BALASUBRAMANYAM V.Export,Foreign direct investment and employment:the case of China[J].The World Economy,2005,28(4):607-625.
[28]JAFFRI A A,SANA M,ASJED R.Impact of globalization on gender inequality in labour market of Pakistan[J].Pakistan Economic and Social Review,2015,53(1):1-16.
[29]JHABVALA R,SINHA S.Liberalisation and the woman worker[J].Economic and Political Weekly,2002,37(21):2037-2044.
[30]JUDE C,SILAGHI M I P.Employment effects of foreign direct investment:new evidence from central and eastern European countries[J].International Economics,2016,145:32-49.
[31]LATORRE M C.A CGE analysis of the impact of foreign direct investment and tariff reform on female and male workers in Tanzania[J].World Development,2016,77:346-366.
[32]SIEGMANN K A.Globalisation,gender,and equity Effects of foreign direct investment on labour markets in rural Indonesia[J].Journal of Economics,2006,3(1):113-130.
[33]STANDING G.Global feminization through flexible labor:a theme revisited[J].World Development,1999,27(3):583-602.
[34]STRAT V A,DAVIDESCU A,PAUL A M.FDI and the unemployment-a causality analysis for the Latest EUmembers[J].Procedia Economics and Finance,2015,23:635-643.
[35]WEBER A,ZULEHNER C.Competition and gender prejudice:are discriminatory employers doomed to fail?[J].Journal of the European Economic Association,2014,12(2):492-521.
(1)国家统计局人口和就业统计司.中国人口和就业统计年鉴(2015)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015.
(1)例如,工业总产值、从业人员、实收资本数值为0或负数的企业;流动资产超过固定资产、总固定资产超过总资产、固定资产净值超过总资产以及累积折旧小于本年折旧的企业;关键变量存在缺失值的企业;成立年份早于1949年的企业。
(2)其中由于性别雇佣偏好Feprefijt的取值范围为-1~1,因此对其加1之后再取自然对数。
(1)抽样偏倚与企业的雇佣规模相关,当企业雇用人数较少的时候,即使雇主没有性别偏好而是采用随机方式雇用劳动力,最后呈现出来的结果也可能显示出雇主具有性别歧视。但是这一可能性会伴随企业雇佣规模的扩大而下降。因此,对于雇佣规模较大的企业来说,女性就业比例的变化更能准确地反映企业的性别雇佣偏好。
[2]蔡昉,王德文.外商直接投资与就业---一个人力资本分析框架[J].财经论丛,2004(1):1-14.
[3]陈梅,周申.动态外资进入与企业技能就业结构优化[J].世界经济研究,2018(1):67-77.
[4]胡邦勇.外商直接投资对中国就业影响的实证研究---基于1985-2009年的时间序列数据[J].经济与管理,2011(9):12-16.
[5]李宏兵,文磊,赵春明.外资进入改善了我国服务业就业结构吗?---基于微观企业数据的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2016(10):131-142.
[6]李磊,王小洁,孙浦阳.外资进入、竞争与性别就业差异[J].财经研究,2016(11):73-85.
[7]李磊,冼国明,包群.“引进来”是否促进了“走出去”?---外商投资对中国企业对外直接投资的影响[J].经济研究,2018(3):142-156.
[8]李蕾.是谁推动了中国女性就业?---国有企业和外资企业的比较研究[J].人口与发展,2017(5):19-29.
[9]沙文兵,陶爱萍.外商直接投资的就业效应分析---基于协整理论的实证分析[J].财经科学,2007(4):112-117.
[10]王剑.外国直接投资对中国就业效应的测算[J].统计研究,2005(3):29-32.
[11]杨扬,余壮雄,王美今.FDI对中国就业效应的检验[J].经济学家,2009(5):5-14.
[12]张二震,任志成.FDI与中国就业结构的演进[J].经济理论与经济管理,2005(5):5-10.
[13]张晓峒.计量经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2017.
[14]郑月明,董登新.外商直接投资对我国就业的区域差异与动态效应---基于动态面板数据模型的分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2008(5):104-113.
[15]周艳梅.FDI对我国制造业就业结构的影响[J].技术经济与管理研究,2011(11):68-72.
[16]朱金生,王鹤,杨丽.FDI流动、区域差异与就业结构变迁---基于我国1995-2010年面板数据的分析[J].软科学,2013(8):127-131.
[17]ABOR J,HARVY S K.Foreign direct investment and employment:host country experience[J].Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies,2008,1(2):213-225.
[18]ARROW K J.The theory of discrimination[R].Princeton University,Department of Economics,Industrial Relations Section,Working Paper,1971,No.30A.
[19]BANDICK R,KARPATY P.Employment effects of foreign acquisition[J].International Review of Economics and Finance,2011,20(2):211-224.
[20]BECKER G S.The economics of discrimination[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1957.
[21]BRANDT L,VAN BIESEBROECK J,ZHANG Y.Creative accounting or creative destruction?Firm-level productivity growth in Chinese manufacturing[J].Journal of Development Economics,2012,97(2):339-351.
[22]CHEN Z,GE Y,LAI H,et al.Globalization and gender wage inequality in China[J].World Development,2013,44:256-266.
[23]DOEPKE M,TERTILT M,VOENA A.The economics and politics of women’s rights[Z].NBER Working Papers,2011.
[24]DRIFFIELD N,TAYLOR K.FDI and the labour market:a review of the evidence and police implications[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2000,16(3):90-103.
[25]DUFLO E.Women empowerment and economic development[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2012,50(4):1051-1079.
[26]FEENSTRA R C,HANSON G H.Foreign direct investment and relative wages:evidence from Mexico’s Maquiladoras[J].Journal of International Economics,1997,42(3-4):371-393.
[27]FU X,BALASUBRAMANYAM V.Export,Foreign direct investment and employment:the case of China[J].The World Economy,2005,28(4):607-625.
[28]JAFFRI A A,SANA M,ASJED R.Impact of globalization on gender inequality in labour market of Pakistan[J].Pakistan Economic and Social Review,2015,53(1):1-16.
[29]JHABVALA R,SINHA S.Liberalisation and the woman worker[J].Economic and Political Weekly,2002,37(21):2037-2044.
[30]JUDE C,SILAGHI M I P.Employment effects of foreign direct investment:new evidence from central and eastern European countries[J].International Economics,2016,145:32-49.
[31]LATORRE M C.A CGE analysis of the impact of foreign direct investment and tariff reform on female and male workers in Tanzania[J].World Development,2016,77:346-366.
[32]SIEGMANN K A.Globalisation,gender,and equity Effects of foreign direct investment on labour markets in rural Indonesia[J].Journal of Economics,2006,3(1):113-130.
[33]STANDING G.Global feminization through flexible labor:a theme revisited[J].World Development,1999,27(3):583-602.
[34]STRAT V A,DAVIDESCU A,PAUL A M.FDI and the unemployment-a causality analysis for the Latest EUmembers[J].Procedia Economics and Finance,2015,23:635-643.
[35]WEBER A,ZULEHNER C.Competition and gender prejudice:are discriminatory employers doomed to fail?[J].Journal of the European Economic Association,2014,12(2):492-521.
(1)国家统计局人口和就业统计司.中国人口和就业统计年鉴(2015)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015.
(1)例如,工业总产值、从业人员、实收资本数值为0或负数的企业;流动资产超过固定资产、总固定资产超过总资产、固定资产净值超过总资产以及累积折旧小于本年折旧的企业;关键变量存在缺失值的企业;成立年份早于1949年的企业。
(2)其中由于性别雇佣偏好Feprefijt的取值范围为-1~1,因此对其加1之后再取自然对数。
(1)抽样偏倚与企业的雇佣规模相关,当企业雇用人数较少的时候,即使雇主没有性别偏好而是采用随机方式雇用劳动力,最后呈现出来的结果也可能显示出雇主具有性别歧视。但是这一可能性会伴随企业雇佣规模的扩大而下降。因此,对于雇佣规模较大的企业来说,女性就业比例的变化更能准确地反映企业的性别雇佣偏好。
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |