补喂L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对伊犁马运动性能和血浆生化指标的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在探究补喂L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对伊犁马运动性能和血浆生化指标的影响。选取15匹年龄为2岁、体重[(388.88±23.24) kg]相近并经过严格训练的速度赛用伊犁马,分为3组,每组5匹(3♂+2♀),每日进行等强度训练。对照组补喂L-丙氨酸,试验Ⅰ组补喂L-精氨酸,试验Ⅱ组补喂N-氨甲酰谷氨酸,进行为期4周的试验。在试验第28天进行3 600 m速度赛,并采集血液样品。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组试验初始和试验第28天时的3 600 m速度赛平均速度差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组血浆一氧化氮含量分别较对照组升高了27.53%(P<0.01)、18.10%(P<0.01),且试验Ⅰ组较试验Ⅱ组升高了7.99%(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组血浆氨含量分别较对照组降低了25.44%(P<0.01)、14.04%(P<0.01),且试验Ⅰ组较试验Ⅱ组降低了13.27%(P<0.01);血浆5-羟色胺、葡萄糖、丙酮酸含量各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组血浆乳酸含量极显著降低(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组则无显著变化(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组血浆过氧化氢酶活性分别较对照组升高了24.00%(P<0.01)、21.33%(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组血浆抗羟基自由基能力分别较对照组升高了5.48%(P<0.05)、8.47%(P<0.05)。因此,补喂L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸均可提高伊利马血浆一氧化氮含量和抗氧化能力,降低血浆氨含量,且补喂L-精氨酸还能够降低伊犁马血浆乳酸含量,但二者对伊犁马3 600 m速度赛的平均速度无显著影响。L-精氨酸、N-氨甲酰谷氨酸可作为营养调控剂,用于缓解运动马运动疲劳或促进运动后的疲劳恢复。
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemented with L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate on athletic performance and plasma biochemical indexes of Yili horses. Fifteen Yili horses with similar body weight [( 388.88±23.24) kg] and aged 2 years old,were divided into 3 groups with 5 horses( 3 ♂+2♀) in each group,and all horses were trained according to the same training intensity every day. Horses in control group were supplemented with L-alanine,horses in trial group Ⅰ were supplemented with L-arginine,and horses in trial group Ⅱ were supplemented with N-carbamyleglutamate. The trial was lasted for 4 weeks.The 3 600 m speed race was conducted and blood samples were collected at the 28 th day of trial. The results showed as follows: compared with control group,the average speed of the 36 00 m speed race on initial and day 28 th of trial in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ had no significant difference( P>0.05). Plasma nitric oxide content in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was increased by 27.53%( P<0.01) and 18.10%( P<0.01) compared with control group,respectively,and it in trial group Ⅰ was increased by 7.99% compared with trial group Ⅱ( P<0.01).The plasma ammonia content in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was decreased by 25.44%( P<0.01) and 14.04%( P<0.01) compared with control group,respectively,and it in trial group Ⅰ was decreased by 13.27% compared with trial group Ⅱ( P < 0. 01). There was no significant difference in plasma 5-hydroxy tryptamine,glucose and pyruvic acid contents among groups( P > 0. 05). Compared with control group,plasma lactate content in trial group Ⅰ was significantly decreased( P<0.01),but there was no significant difference in trial group Ⅱ( P>0.05). Compared with control group,plasma catalase activity in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was increased by24.00%( P< 0. 01) and 21. 33%( P < 0. 01),respectively,and plasma hydroxyl radical resistance in trial in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was increased by 5.48%( P<0.05) and 8.47%( P<0.05),respectively. Therefore,supplemented with L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate can both increase plasma nitric oxide content and antioxidant capacity,and decrease plasma ammonia content,and supplemented with L-arginine can also decrease the plasma lactic acid content,but both of them have no significant effect on the average speed of 3 600 m speed race of Yili horses. L-arginine and NCG can be used as nutritional regulators to relieve exercise fatigue or promote fatigue recovery after exercise.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3188-3196]
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemented with L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate on athletic performance and plasma biochemical indexes of Yili horses. Fifteen Yili horses with similar body weight [( 388.88±23.24) kg] and aged 2 years old,were divided into 3 groups with 5 horses( 3 ♂+2♀) in each group,and all horses were trained according to the same training intensity every day. Horses in control group were supplemented with L-alanine,horses in trial group Ⅰ were supplemented with L-arginine,and horses in trial group Ⅱ were supplemented with N-carbamyleglutamate. The trial was lasted for 4 weeks.The 3 600 m speed race was conducted and blood samples were collected at the 28 th day of trial. The results showed as follows: compared with control group,the average speed of the 36 00 m speed race on initial and day 28 th of trial in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ had no significant difference( P>0.05). Plasma nitric oxide content in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was increased by 27.53%( P<0.01) and 18.10%( P<0.01) compared with control group,respectively,and it in trial group Ⅰ was increased by 7.99% compared with trial group Ⅱ( P<0.01).The plasma ammonia content in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was decreased by 25.44%( P<0.01) and 14.04%( P<0.01) compared with control group,respectively,and it in trial group Ⅰ was decreased by 13.27% compared with trial group Ⅱ( P < 0. 01). There was no significant difference in plasma 5-hydroxy tryptamine,glucose and pyruvic acid contents among groups( P > 0. 05). Compared with control group,plasma lactate content in trial group Ⅰ was significantly decreased( P<0.01),but there was no significant difference in trial group Ⅱ( P>0.05). Compared with control group,plasma catalase activity in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was increased by24.00%( P< 0. 01) and 21. 33%( P < 0. 01),respectively,and plasma hydroxyl radical resistance in trial in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was increased by 5.48%( P<0.05) and 8.47%( P<0.05),respectively. Therefore,supplemented with L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate can both increase plasma nitric oxide content and antioxidant capacity,and decrease plasma ammonia content,and supplemented with L-arginine can also decrease the plasma lactic acid content,but both of them have no significant effect on the average speed of 3 600 m speed race of Yili horses. L-arginine and NCG can be used as nutritional regulators to relieve exercise fatigue or promote fatigue recovery after exercise.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3188-3196]
引文
[1]MORRIS S M,Jr.Arginine:beyond protein[J].American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2006,83(2):508S-512S.
[2]WIESINGER H.Arginine metabolism and the synthesis of nitric oxide in the nervous system[J].Progress in Neurobiology,2001,64(4):365-391.
[3]LV M,YU B,MAO X B,et al.Responses of growth performance and tryptophan metabolism to oxidative stress induced by diquat in weaned pigs[J].Animal,2012,6(6):928-934.
[4]EVOY D,LIEBERMAN MD,FAHEY III T J,et al.Immunonutrition:the role of arginine[J].Nutrition,1998,14(7/8):611-617.
[5]MCCONELL G K,KINGWELL B A.Does nitric oxide regulate skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise?[J].Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews,2006,34(1):36-41.
[6]刘慧莉,刘无逸.耐力训练对大鼠力竭运动后肌糖原恢复与左旋精氨酸的影响[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(16):184-186.
[7]唐量,刘小杰,熊正英.运动与部分条件性氨基酸代谢[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,28(2):57-60.
[8]WU G Y,KNABE D A,KIMS W.Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs[J].Journal of Nutrition,2004,134(10):2783S-2790S.
[9]YAMAN H,TIRYAKISONMEZ G,GUERL K.Effects of oral L-arginine supplementation on vasodilation and O2max in male soccer players[J].Biomedical Human Kinetics,2010,2:25-29.
[10]SCHAEFER A,PIQUARD F,GENY B,et al.L-arginine reduces exercise-induced increase in plasma lactate and ammonia[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,2002,23(6):403-407.
[11]田吉明,丁树哲,汪军.补充L-精氨酸对力竭性游泳导致的小鼠骨骼肌氧化性损伤的保护作用[J].中国体育科技,2007,43(1):125-127,132.
[12]KELLEY D E,WARREN L K,MORTENSEN C J.O-rally supplemented L-arginine impairs amino acid absorption depending on dose in horses[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(12):5560-5566.
[13]肖亮.精氨酸、N-氨甲酰谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺对大鼠营养代谢与抗氧化能力的影响[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2015.
[14]周笑犁,刘俊锋,吴琛,等.精氨酸和N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对环江香猪脂质代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(4):1055-1060.
[15]BAILEY S J,WINYARD P G,VANHATALO A,et al.Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances highintensity exercise tolerance[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2010,109(5):1394-1403.
[16]YAVUZ H U,TURNAGOL H,DEMIREL H.Pre-exercise arginine supplementation increases time to exhaustion in elite male wrestlers[J].Biology of Sport,2014,31(3):187-191.
[17]FERON O,MICHEL T.Cell and molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases[M]//LOSCALZO J,VITA JA.Nitric oxide and the cardiovascular system.Totowa,NJ:Humana Press,2000.
[18]HISHIKAWA K,NAKAKI T,TSUDA M,et al.Effect of systemic L-arginine administration on hemodynamics and nitric oxide release in man[J].Japanese Heart Journal,1992,33(1):41-48.
[19]董晓静,崔凯,马泽芳,等.N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(6):1194-1203.
[20]LVARE T S,MEIRELLES C M,BHAMBHANI YN,et al.L-arginine as a potential ergogenic aid in healthy subjects[J].Sports Medicine,2011,41(3):233-248.
[21]李秀林,熊伟,谢成超.L-精氨酸对大鼠递增负荷运动至疲劳后血清NO、BUN等指标的影响[J].广州体育学院学报,2006,26(6):85-87.
[22]曹艳霞.补充精氨酸对力竭性运动后氨代谢与免疫功能的影响[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(4):606-610.
[23]GEBHARDT B,VLAHO S,FISCHER D,et al.N-carbamylglutamate enhances ammonia detoxification in a patient with decompensated methylmalonic aciduria[J].Molecular Genetics and Metabolism,2003,79(4):303-304.
[24]WILKINSON D J,SMEETON N J,WATT P W.Ammonia metabolism,the brain and fatigue;revisiting the link[J].Progress in Neurobiology,2010,91(3):200-219.
[25]MEYER R A,TERJUNG R L.Differences in ammonia and adenylate metabolism in contracting fast and slowmuscle[J].The American Journal of Physiology:Cell Physiology,1979,237(3):C111-C118.
[26]HEALD D E.Influence of ammonium ions on mechanical and electrophysiological responses of skeletal muscle[J].American Journal of Physiology,1975,229(5):1174-1179.
[27]GREGO F,VALLIER J M,COLLARDEAU M,et al.Influence of exercise duration and hydration status on cognitive function during prolonged cycling exercise[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,2004,26(1):27-33.
[28]MILLS P C,MARLIN D J,SCOTT C M,et al.Metabolic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition during exercise in the horse.[J].Research in Veterinary Science,1999,66(2):135-138.
[29]BALON T W,NADLER J L.Evidence that nitric oxide increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1997,82(1):359-363.
[30]ROBERTS C K,BARNARD R J,SCHECK S H,et al.Exercise-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is nitric oxide dependent[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1997,273:E220-E225.
[31]张靓,黄叔怀.不同运动负荷对大鼠cNOS和i NOS活性的影响及其机理探讨[J].中国运动医学杂志,2002,21(1):23-26.
[32]SHAN L L,WANG B,GAO G Z,et al.L-arginine supplementation improves antioxidant defenses through L-arginine/nitric oxide pathways in exercised rats[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2013,115(8):1146-1155.
[33]高运苓,吴信,周锡红,等.精氨酸和精氨酸生素对断奶仔猪氧化应激的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2010,31(4):484-487.
[34]DE LA FUENTE M.Murine models of premature ageing for the study of diet-induced immune changes:improvement of leucocyte functions in two strains of old prematurely ageing mice by dietary supplementation with sulphur-containing antioxidants[J].The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2010,69(4):651-659.
[35]GEOR R J.The role of nutritional supplements and feeding strategies in equine athletic performance[J].Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology,2006,3(3):109-119.
[2]WIESINGER H.Arginine metabolism and the synthesis of nitric oxide in the nervous system[J].Progress in Neurobiology,2001,64(4):365-391.
[3]LV M,YU B,MAO X B,et al.Responses of growth performance and tryptophan metabolism to oxidative stress induced by diquat in weaned pigs[J].Animal,2012,6(6):928-934.
[4]EVOY D,LIEBERMAN MD,FAHEY III T J,et al.Immunonutrition:the role of arginine[J].Nutrition,1998,14(7/8):611-617.
[5]MCCONELL G K,KINGWELL B A.Does nitric oxide regulate skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise?[J].Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews,2006,34(1):36-41.
[6]刘慧莉,刘无逸.耐力训练对大鼠力竭运动后肌糖原恢复与左旋精氨酸的影响[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(16):184-186.
[7]唐量,刘小杰,熊正英.运动与部分条件性氨基酸代谢[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,28(2):57-60.
[8]WU G Y,KNABE D A,KIMS W.Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs[J].Journal of Nutrition,2004,134(10):2783S-2790S.
[9]YAMAN H,TIRYAKISONMEZ G,GUERL K.Effects of oral L-arginine supplementation on vasodilation and O2max in male soccer players[J].Biomedical Human Kinetics,2010,2:25-29.
[10]SCHAEFER A,PIQUARD F,GENY B,et al.L-arginine reduces exercise-induced increase in plasma lactate and ammonia[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,2002,23(6):403-407.
[11]田吉明,丁树哲,汪军.补充L-精氨酸对力竭性游泳导致的小鼠骨骼肌氧化性损伤的保护作用[J].中国体育科技,2007,43(1):125-127,132.
[12]KELLEY D E,WARREN L K,MORTENSEN C J.O-rally supplemented L-arginine impairs amino acid absorption depending on dose in horses[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(12):5560-5566.
[13]肖亮.精氨酸、N-氨甲酰谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺对大鼠营养代谢与抗氧化能力的影响[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2015.
[14]周笑犁,刘俊锋,吴琛,等.精氨酸和N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对环江香猪脂质代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(4):1055-1060.
[15]BAILEY S J,WINYARD P G,VANHATALO A,et al.Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances highintensity exercise tolerance[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2010,109(5):1394-1403.
[16]YAVUZ H U,TURNAGOL H,DEMIREL H.Pre-exercise arginine supplementation increases time to exhaustion in elite male wrestlers[J].Biology of Sport,2014,31(3):187-191.
[17]FERON O,MICHEL T.Cell and molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases[M]//LOSCALZO J,VITA JA.Nitric oxide and the cardiovascular system.Totowa,NJ:Humana Press,2000.
[18]HISHIKAWA K,NAKAKI T,TSUDA M,et al.Effect of systemic L-arginine administration on hemodynamics and nitric oxide release in man[J].Japanese Heart Journal,1992,33(1):41-48.
[19]董晓静,崔凯,马泽芳,等.N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(6):1194-1203.
[20]LVARE T S,MEIRELLES C M,BHAMBHANI YN,et al.L-arginine as a potential ergogenic aid in healthy subjects[J].Sports Medicine,2011,41(3):233-248.
[21]李秀林,熊伟,谢成超.L-精氨酸对大鼠递增负荷运动至疲劳后血清NO、BUN等指标的影响[J].广州体育学院学报,2006,26(6):85-87.
[22]曹艳霞.补充精氨酸对力竭性运动后氨代谢与免疫功能的影响[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(4):606-610.
[23]GEBHARDT B,VLAHO S,FISCHER D,et al.N-carbamylglutamate enhances ammonia detoxification in a patient with decompensated methylmalonic aciduria[J].Molecular Genetics and Metabolism,2003,79(4):303-304.
[24]WILKINSON D J,SMEETON N J,WATT P W.Ammonia metabolism,the brain and fatigue;revisiting the link[J].Progress in Neurobiology,2010,91(3):200-219.
[25]MEYER R A,TERJUNG R L.Differences in ammonia and adenylate metabolism in contracting fast and slowmuscle[J].The American Journal of Physiology:Cell Physiology,1979,237(3):C111-C118.
[26]HEALD D E.Influence of ammonium ions on mechanical and electrophysiological responses of skeletal muscle[J].American Journal of Physiology,1975,229(5):1174-1179.
[27]GREGO F,VALLIER J M,COLLARDEAU M,et al.Influence of exercise duration and hydration status on cognitive function during prolonged cycling exercise[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,2004,26(1):27-33.
[28]MILLS P C,MARLIN D J,SCOTT C M,et al.Metabolic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition during exercise in the horse.[J].Research in Veterinary Science,1999,66(2):135-138.
[29]BALON T W,NADLER J L.Evidence that nitric oxide increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1997,82(1):359-363.
[30]ROBERTS C K,BARNARD R J,SCHECK S H,et al.Exercise-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is nitric oxide dependent[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1997,273:E220-E225.
[31]张靓,黄叔怀.不同运动负荷对大鼠cNOS和i NOS活性的影响及其机理探讨[J].中国运动医学杂志,2002,21(1):23-26.
[32]SHAN L L,WANG B,GAO G Z,et al.L-arginine supplementation improves antioxidant defenses through L-arginine/nitric oxide pathways in exercised rats[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2013,115(8):1146-1155.
[33]高运苓,吴信,周锡红,等.精氨酸和精氨酸生素对断奶仔猪氧化应激的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2010,31(4):484-487.
[34]DE LA FUENTE M.Murine models of premature ageing for the study of diet-induced immune changes:improvement of leucocyte functions in two strains of old prematurely ageing mice by dietary supplementation with sulphur-containing antioxidants[J].The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2010,69(4):651-659.
[35]GEOR R J.The role of nutritional supplements and feeding strategies in equine athletic performance[J].Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology,2006,3(3):109-119.
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