让自然参与设计:一种基于自然演替的城市自生群落改良设计途径
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摘要
城市自生群落具有重要的生态服务功能与潜力,但因其外貌不被公众所接受而难以在城市公共空间中应用。将群落生态学和设计学相结合,探索一种介入栽培植物对城市自生群落进行改良,最终形成具有一定美学价值的植物群落的途径。实验以植物群落设计美学原理和种间竞争原理为依据,向已经演替1年的城市自生群落中引入63种栽培植物,按照分层的方式对群落进行改良。3年的观测结果表明,有61.9%的栽培植物可以在城市自生群落中定居并建立优势,能对76.7%的自生植物起到抑制作用,使55.8%的自生植物消失。相比城市自生群落,改良后的群落美观度提高29.4%,公众接受度提高24%,群落的物种丰富度提高至2.29倍。相比一般的人工植物群落,改良后的群落可以节约58.2%的建植成本,降低83.9%的浇水成本和67.8%的除草成本。实验证明改良设计是一种可行的群落设计途径,能有效提高群落的物种丰富度和美学价值,同时让自然参与群落设计过程,实现人与自然的合作。
Urban spontaneous communities have important ecological service functions and potentials, but it is difficult to use in urban public space because its appearance is not accepted by the public. This study is based on the natural succession of urban spontaneous communities, combining community ecology with design studies, to explore an interventional plant to improve it,and ultimately to form a stable and ornamental plant community approach. Based on the principles of plant community design aesthetics and interspecific competition principles, the experiment introduced 63 species of cultivated plants to the urban spontaneous community which had been in succession for one year and improved the community in a layered manner. Three years of observations have shown that, 61.9% of the cultivated plants could settle in the urban spontaneous communities and establish their advantages,inhibit 76.7% of the spontaneous plants, and make 55.8% of community plants disappear. Compared with the urban spontaneous community, the improved community aesthetics increased by29.4%, the public acceptance increased by 24%, and the species richness of the community increased to 2.18 times. Compared with the general artificial plant communities, the improved community can save 58.2% of the cost of planting and reduce the cost of watering by 83.9% and the cost of weeding by 67.8%. It is proved that the improved design is a feasible community design model, and at the same time, allowing nature to participate in the community design process can effectively improve the species richness and aesthetic value of the community, and realize the cooperation between human beings and nature.
Urban spontaneous communities have important ecological service functions and potentials, but it is difficult to use in urban public space because its appearance is not accepted by the public. This study is based on the natural succession of urban spontaneous communities, combining community ecology with design studies, to explore an interventional plant to improve it,and ultimately to form a stable and ornamental plant community approach. Based on the principles of plant community design aesthetics and interspecific competition principles, the experiment introduced 63 species of cultivated plants to the urban spontaneous community which had been in succession for one year and improved the community in a layered manner. Three years of observations have shown that, 61.9% of the cultivated plants could settle in the urban spontaneous communities and establish their advantages,inhibit 76.7% of the spontaneous plants, and make 55.8% of community plants disappear. Compared with the urban spontaneous community, the improved community aesthetics increased by29.4%, the public acceptance increased by 24%, and the species richness of the community increased to 2.18 times. Compared with the general artificial plant communities, the improved community can save 58.2% of the cost of planting and reduce the cost of watering by 83.9% and the cost of weeding by 67.8%. It is proved that the improved design is a feasible community design model, and at the same time, allowing nature to participate in the community design process can effectively improve the species richness and aesthetic value of the community, and realize the cooperation between human beings and nature.
引文
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[23]Fischer L K,Mv D L,Rillig M C,et al.Creating novel urban grasslands by reintroducing native species in wasteland vegetation[J].Biological Conservation,2013,159(1):119-126.
[24]Petra L M,Xenia J,Diethart M.The influence of plant diversity on people's perception and aesthetic appreciation of grassland vegetation[J].Biological Conservation,2010,143(1):195-202.
[25]Scherber C,Eisenhauer N,Weisser W W,et al.Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment[J].Nature,2010,468(7323):553-556.
[26]杭烨.新自然主义生态种植设计理念下的草本植物景观的发展与应用[J].风景园林,2017,24(5):16-21.
[27]王志芳,赵妍,侯金伶,等.基于景观偏好研究的城市公园草本设计建议[J].中国园林,2017,24(9):33-39.
[28]Marco A,Menozzi M J,Léonard S,et al.Nature sauvage pour une nouvelle qualitéde vie:Perception citadine de la flore spontanée dans les espaces publics[J].Méditerranée Revue Géographique Des Pays Méditerranées,2016(3):133-143.
[2]Dunnett N,Hitchmough J.The Dynamic Landscape[M].London and New York:Spon Press,2004.
[3]Kühn N.Intentions for the Unintentional[J].Journal of Landscape Architecture,2006,1(2):46-53.
[4]Grime J P.Plant strategies,Vegetation processes,and Ecosysterm Properties[M].Chichester:John Willey&Sons,2001.
[5]陈晓双,梁红,宋坤,等.哈尔滨城区杂草群落多样性及其分类体系[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2221-2228.
[6]刘海龙,迈克尔·哈夫.城市与自然过程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[7]Robinson S L,Lundholm J T.Ecosystem services provided by urban spontaneous vegetation[J].Urban Ecosystems,2012,15(3):545-557.
[8]Tredici P D.Spontaneous Urban Vegetation:Reflections of Change in a Globalized World[J].Nature&Culture,2010,5(5):209-315.
[9]K?ppler M R,Kowarik I,Kühn N,et al.Enhancing wasteland vegetation by adding ornamentals:Opportunities and constraints for establishing steppe and prairie species on urban demolition sites[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2014,126(3):1-9.
[10]张信,胡艳莉,李维军,等.不同改良措施对典型草原植物群落及土壤的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(2):106-110.
[11]张璐,郝匕台,齐丽雪,等.群落生物量、土壤有机质对改良措施的动态响应[J].植物生态学报,2017:1-10.
[12]Hitchmough J.Sowing Beauty:Designing Flowering Meadows from Seed[M].Portland,Oregon:Timber Press,2017.
[13]高阳,程积民,刘伟.黄土高原地区不同类型天然草地群落学特征[J].草业科学,2011,28(6):1066-1069.
[14]刘志民,赵晓英,范世香.Grime的植物对策思想和生态学研究理念[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(4):603-608.
[15]Jiang Y,Tao Y.Public perceptions and preferences for wildflower meadows in Beijing,China[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2017(7):27.
[16]刘晖,王晶懋,吴小辉.生境营造的实验性研究[J].中国园林,2017,33(3):19-23.
[17]刘晖,吴小辉,李仓拴.生境营造的实验性研究(二):场地生境类型划分与分区[J].中国园林,2017,33(7):46-53.
[18]李仓拴,刘晖,程爱云,等.尊重自然力启示下的城市自生群落改良设计实验[J].风景园林,2018,25(6):58-62.
[19]West C.Planting in a Post-Wild World:Designing Plant Communities for Resilient Landscapes[M].Portland:Timber Press,2015.
[20]Martens P,Rotmans J,Groot D D.Biodiversity:luxury or necessity[J].Global Environmental Change,2003,13(2):75-81.
[21]Threlfall C G,Mata L,Mackie J A,et al.Increasing biodiversity in urban green spaces through simple vegetation interventions[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,54(6):1874-1883.
[22]马文红,方精云.中国北方典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系[J].生物多样性,2006,14(1):21-28.
[23]Fischer L K,Mv D L,Rillig M C,et al.Creating novel urban grasslands by reintroducing native species in wasteland vegetation[J].Biological Conservation,2013,159(1):119-126.
[24]Petra L M,Xenia J,Diethart M.The influence of plant diversity on people's perception and aesthetic appreciation of grassland vegetation[J].Biological Conservation,2010,143(1):195-202.
[25]Scherber C,Eisenhauer N,Weisser W W,et al.Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment[J].Nature,2010,468(7323):553-556.
[26]杭烨.新自然主义生态种植设计理念下的草本植物景观的发展与应用[J].风景园林,2017,24(5):16-21.
[27]王志芳,赵妍,侯金伶,等.基于景观偏好研究的城市公园草本设计建议[J].中国园林,2017,24(9):33-39.
[28]Marco A,Menozzi M J,Léonard S,et al.Nature sauvage pour une nouvelle qualitéde vie:Perception citadine de la flore spontanée dans les espaces publics[J].Méditerranée Revue Géographique Des Pays Méditerranées,2016(3):133-143.
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