可降解塑料聚乳酸(PLA)生物降解性能进展
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摘要
聚乳酸(Poly(lactic acid),PLA)是1种可由生物质原料发酵产物乳酸聚合而成的生物可降解塑料。PLA因具有良好的生物降解性、生物相容性、无毒及加工性能好的优点,而被广泛地应用在包装、农业、纺织和生物医学材料等领域。基于可循环利用和环境保护的目标,塑料生物降解性能的研究也成为当前研究的1个重要方面。针对近年来的PLA生物降解性能方面的研究进行了详细总结,重点总结了PLA的生物降解方法,包括生物堆肥降解、微生物降解以及酶促降解等方法;对降解后的PLA力学性能的变化进行说明;另外还阐述了PLA的生物降解机制;最后,展望了PLA生物降解性能研究的发展方向。
Poly( lactic acid) is a kind of biodegradable plastics. It can be obtained by the polymerization of lactic acid,a fermentation product of biomass. Due to the good biodegradability,biocompatibility,non-toxicity,and good processing properties,PLA has been widely used in packaging,agriculture,textiles,and biomedical materials. To achieve natural recycling and environmental protection,the degradability of plastics has become an important issue in biodegradable materials.Studies on the biodegradation methods of PLA have been reviewed in detail,such as bio-compost degradation,microbial degradation,and enzymatic degradation. The change in mechanical properties of PLA is investigated after degradation. In addition,the biodegradation mechanism of PLA is debated. Finally,the future research fields of PLA biodegradation are summarized and prospected.
Poly( lactic acid) is a kind of biodegradable plastics. It can be obtained by the polymerization of lactic acid,a fermentation product of biomass. Due to the good biodegradability,biocompatibility,non-toxicity,and good processing properties,PLA has been widely used in packaging,agriculture,textiles,and biomedical materials. To achieve natural recycling and environmental protection,the degradability of plastics has become an important issue in biodegradable materials.Studies on the biodegradation methods of PLA have been reviewed in detail,such as bio-compost degradation,microbial degradation,and enzymatic degradation. The change in mechanical properties of PLA is investigated after degradation. In addition,the biodegradation mechanism of PLA is debated. Finally,the future research fields of PLA biodegradation are summarized and prospected.
引文
[1] BRODHAGEN M,PEYRON M,MILES C,et al. Biodegradable plastic agricultural mulches and key features of microbial degradation[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2015,99(3):1039-1056.
[2] VOZNYAK Y,MORAWIEC J,GALESKIA. Ductility of polylactide composites reinforced with poly(butylene succinate)nanofibers[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2016,90:218-224.
[3] LUCAS N,BIENAIME C,BELLOYC,et al. Polymer biodegradation:mechanisms and estimation techniques—a review[J]. Chemosphere,2008,73(4):429-442.
[4] TRIPATHI N,MONIK A,KATIYAR V. Poly(lactic acid)/modified gum arabic based bionanocomposite films:thermal degradation kinetics[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science,2017,57(11):1193-1206.
[5] WU Y,WANG H,QIU Y,et al. PLA-based thermogel for the sustained delivery of chemotherapeutics in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. RSC Advances,2016,6(50):44506-44513.
[6] CAROTHERS W H,DOROUGH G L,VAN NATTA F J. Studies of polymerization and ring formation. X. The reversible polymerization of sixmembered cyclic esters[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1932,54(2):761-772.
[7]师媛媛,刘毅,李娜.聚乳酸研究和产业发展情况及面临的主要问题探讨[J].河南化工,2016,33(10):10-13.
[8] PANG X,ZHUANG X,TANG Z,et al. Polylactic acid(PLA):research,development and industrialization[J]. Biotechnology Journal,2010,5(11):1125-1136.
[9] LEE S H,KIM I Y,SONG W S. Biodegradation of polylactic acid(PLA)fibers using different enzymes[J]. Macromolecular Research,2014,22(6):657-663.
[10] THAM C Y,HAMIDZA A,AHMAD Z,et al. Surface modification of poly(lactic acid)(PLA)via alkaline hydrolysis degradation[J].Advanced Materials Research,2014,970:324-327.
[11] SAKAI W,KINOSHITA M,NAGATA M,et al. ESR studies of photosensitized degradation of poly(L-lactic acid)via photoionization of dopant[J]. Journal of Polymer Science,Part A:Polymer Chemistry,2001,39(5):706-714.
[12] JEON H J,KIM M N. Biodegradation of poly(L-lactide)(PLA)exposed to UV irradiation by a mesophilic bacterium[J]. International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2013,85:289-293.
[13] LIN H,TSAI S,YU H,et al. Degradation of polylactic acid by irradiation[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2018,26(1):122-131.
[14] SAMBHA'A E L,LALLAM A,JADA A. Effect of hydrothermal polylactic acid degradation on polymer molecular weight and surface properties[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2010,18(4):532-538.
[15] HO K L G,POMETTOⅢA L,HINA P N. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on polylactic acid plastic degradation[J]. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation,1999,7(2):83-92.
[16] BALAKRISHNAN H,HASSAN A,IMRAN M,et al. Aging of toughened polylactic acid nanocomposites:water absorption, hygrothermal degradation and soil burial analysis[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2011,19(4):863-875.
[17]毛海龙,刘慧芳,王战勇.聚乳酸的酶促降解研究[J].工程塑料应用,2014,42(2):70-73.
[18] VARGAS L F,WELT B A,PULLAMMANAPPALLIL P,et al. Effect of electron beam treatments on degradation kinetics of polylactic acid(PLA)plastic waste under backyard composting conditions[J].Packaging Technology and Science,2009,22(2):97-106.
[19] CHEN V J,MA P X. The effect of surface area on the degradation rate of nano-fibrous poly(L-lactic acid)foams[J]. Biomaterials,2006,27(20):3708-3715.
[20] ATHANASIOU K A,SCHMITZ J P,AGRAWAL C M. The effects of porosity on in vitro degradation of polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid implants used in repair of articular cartilage[J]. Tissue Engineering,1998,4(1):53-63.
[21]赵剑豪,王晓青,曾军,等.聚丁二酸丁二醇酯在堆肥条件下的生物降解性能研究[J].功能高分子学报,2004,17(4):666-670.
[22]扈蓉,陈丽琼,黄开胜,等. PLA在受控堆肥条件下的生物降解行为研究[J].塑料科技,2012,40(8):68-71.
[23] IOZZINO V,SPERANZA V,PANTANI R. Effect of an acid filler on hydrolysis and biodegradation of poly-lactic acid(PLA)[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings,2015,1695(1):020063.
[24]郑霞,李新功,吴义强.聚乳酸自然降解性能[J].功能材料,2014,45(14):14099-14102.
[25] CHUENSANGJUN C,PECHYEN C,SIRSANSANEEYAKUL S.Degradation behaviors of different blends of polylactic acid buried in soil[J]. Energy Procedia,2013,34(40):73-82.
[26] KARAMANLIOGLU M,HOULDEN A,ROBSON G D. Isolation and characterisation of fungal communities associated with degradation and growth on the surface of poly(lactic)acid(PLA)in soil and compost[J]. International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2014,95,part B:301-310.
[27] AHN H K,HUDA M S,SMITH M C,et al. Biodegradability of injection molded bioplastic pots containing polylactic acid and poultry feather fiber[J]. Bioresource Technology,2011,102(7):4930-4933.
[28] WENG Y,JIN Y,MENG Q,et al. Biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and their blend under soil conditions[J]. Polymer Testing,2013,32(5):918-926.
[29] KARAMANLIOGLU M. Environmental degradation of the compostable plastic packaging material poly(lactic)acid and its impact on fungal communities in compost[D]. Manchester:University of Manchester,2013.
[30] KIM M Y,KIM C,MOON J,et al. Polymer film-based screening and isolation of poly-lactic acid(PLA)-degrading microorganisms[J].Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,27(2):342-349.
[31] CHAISU K,CHARLES A,GUU Y,et al. Microbial degradation of poly(lactic acid)(PLA)by aneurinibacillusaneurinilyticus[J]. Journal of BiobasedMaterials and Bioenergy,2013,7(4):509-511.
[32] NAIR N R,SEKHAR V C,NAMPOOTHIRI K M. Augmentation of a microbial consortium for enhanced polylactide(PLA)degradation[J]. Indian Journal of Microbiology,2016,56(1):59-63.
[33] PENKHRUE W,KHANONGNUCH C,MASAKI K,et al. Isolation and screening of biopolymer-degrading microorganisms from northern Thailand[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2015,31(9):1431-1442.
[34] APINYA T,SOMBATSOMPOP N,PRAPAGDEE B. Selection of a Pseudonocardia sp. RM423 that accelerates the biodegradation of poly(lactic)acid in submerged cultures and in soil microcosms[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2015,99:23-30.
[35]林娟,周景文,康振,等.聚乳酸降解菌株筛选鉴定及降解过程优化[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(9):1560-1569.
[36] CHOMCHOEI A,PATHOM-AREE W,YOKOTA A,et al.Amycolatopsisthailandensis sp. nov., a poly(L-lactic acid)-degrading actinomycete,isolated from soil[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2010,61(4):839-843.
[37] ARENA M,ABBATE C,FUKUSHIMA K,et al. Degradation of poly(lactic acid)and nanocomposites by Bacillus licheniformis[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2011,18(6):865-870.
[38] TOMITA K,NAKAJIMA T,KIKUCHI Y,et al. Degradation of poly(L-lactic acid)by a newly isolated thermophile[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,84(3):433-438.
[39] BUBPACHAT T,SOMBATSOMPOP N,PRAPAGDEE B. Isolation and role of polylactic acid-degrading bacteria on degrading enzymes productions and PLA biodegradability at mesophilic conditions[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2018,152:75-85.
[40] LIPSA R,TUDORACHI N,DARIE-NITA RN,et al. Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)and some of its based systems with Trichoderma viride[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2016,88:515-526.
[41] LEE S H,KIM I Y,SONG W S. Biodegradation of polylactic acid(PLA)fibers using different enzymes[J]. Macromolecular Research,2014,22(6):657-663.
[42] RIBITSCH D,ACERO E H,GREIMEL K,et al. A new esterase from Thermobifidahalotolerans hydrolyses polyethylene terephthalate(PET)and polylactic acid(PLA)[J]. Polymers,2012,4(1):617-619.
[43] LIANG T,JEN S,NGUYEN A D,et al. Application of chitinous materials in production and purification of a poly(L-lactic acid)depolymerase from pseudomonas tamsuii TKU015[J]. Polymers,2016,8(3):98.
[44] WANG Z,WANG Y,GUO Z,et al. Purification and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid)depolymerase from Pseudomonas sp. strain DS04-T[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science,2011,51(3):454-459.
[45] LEE S H,YEOS Y. Improvement of hydrophilicity of polylactic acid(PLA)fabrics by means of a proteolytic enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis[J]. Fibers and Polymers,2016,17(8):1154-1161.
[46] HAJIGHASEMI M,NOCEK B P,TCHIGVINTSEV A,et al. Biochemical and structural insights into enzymatic depolymerization of polylactic acid and other polyesters by microbial carboxylesterases[J].Biomacromolecules,2016,17(6):2027-2039.
[47] LEE S H,SONG W S. Enzymatic hydrolysis of polylactic acid fiber[J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2011,164(1):89-102.
[48] HAJIGHASEMI M,NOCEK B P,TCHIGVINTSEV A,et al. Biochemical and structural insights into enzymatic depolymerization of polylactic acid and other polyesters by microbial carboxylesterases[J].Biomacromolecules,2016,17(6):2027-2039.
[49] QI X,REN Y,WANG X. New advances in the biodegradation of poly(lactic)acid[J]. International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2017,117:215-223.
[50] ODA Y,YONETSU A,URAKAMI T,et al. Degradation of polylactide by commercial proteases[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2000,8(1):29-32.
[51] HU X,SU T,LI P,et al. Blending modification of PBS/PLA and its enzymatic degradation[J]. Polymer Bulletin,2017,75(2):533-546.
[52] RAWLINGS N D,BARRETTA J,FINN R. Twenty years of the MEROPS database of proteolytic enzymes, their substrates and inhibitors[J]. Nucleic Acids Research,2016,44:D343-D350.
[53] KAWAI F,NAKADAI K,NISHIOKA E,et al. Different enantioselectivity of two types of poly(lactic acid)depolymerases toward poly(L-lactic acid)and poly(D-lactic acid)[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2011,96(7):1342-1348.
[54] CHENG H N,GROSS R A. Green Polymer Chemistry:Biocatalysis and Biomaterials[M]. Washington,D. C.:ACS,2010:405-414.
[2] VOZNYAK Y,MORAWIEC J,GALESKIA. Ductility of polylactide composites reinforced with poly(butylene succinate)nanofibers[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2016,90:218-224.
[3] LUCAS N,BIENAIME C,BELLOYC,et al. Polymer biodegradation:mechanisms and estimation techniques—a review[J]. Chemosphere,2008,73(4):429-442.
[4] TRIPATHI N,MONIK A,KATIYAR V. Poly(lactic acid)/modified gum arabic based bionanocomposite films:thermal degradation kinetics[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science,2017,57(11):1193-1206.
[5] WU Y,WANG H,QIU Y,et al. PLA-based thermogel for the sustained delivery of chemotherapeutics in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. RSC Advances,2016,6(50):44506-44513.
[6] CAROTHERS W H,DOROUGH G L,VAN NATTA F J. Studies of polymerization and ring formation. X. The reversible polymerization of sixmembered cyclic esters[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1932,54(2):761-772.
[7]师媛媛,刘毅,李娜.聚乳酸研究和产业发展情况及面临的主要问题探讨[J].河南化工,2016,33(10):10-13.
[8] PANG X,ZHUANG X,TANG Z,et al. Polylactic acid(PLA):research,development and industrialization[J]. Biotechnology Journal,2010,5(11):1125-1136.
[9] LEE S H,KIM I Y,SONG W S. Biodegradation of polylactic acid(PLA)fibers using different enzymes[J]. Macromolecular Research,2014,22(6):657-663.
[10] THAM C Y,HAMIDZA A,AHMAD Z,et al. Surface modification of poly(lactic acid)(PLA)via alkaline hydrolysis degradation[J].Advanced Materials Research,2014,970:324-327.
[11] SAKAI W,KINOSHITA M,NAGATA M,et al. ESR studies of photosensitized degradation of poly(L-lactic acid)via photoionization of dopant[J]. Journal of Polymer Science,Part A:Polymer Chemistry,2001,39(5):706-714.
[12] JEON H J,KIM M N. Biodegradation of poly(L-lactide)(PLA)exposed to UV irradiation by a mesophilic bacterium[J]. International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2013,85:289-293.
[13] LIN H,TSAI S,YU H,et al. Degradation of polylactic acid by irradiation[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2018,26(1):122-131.
[14] SAMBHA'A E L,LALLAM A,JADA A. Effect of hydrothermal polylactic acid degradation on polymer molecular weight and surface properties[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2010,18(4):532-538.
[15] HO K L G,POMETTOⅢA L,HINA P N. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on polylactic acid plastic degradation[J]. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation,1999,7(2):83-92.
[16] BALAKRISHNAN H,HASSAN A,IMRAN M,et al. Aging of toughened polylactic acid nanocomposites:water absorption, hygrothermal degradation and soil burial analysis[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2011,19(4):863-875.
[17]毛海龙,刘慧芳,王战勇.聚乳酸的酶促降解研究[J].工程塑料应用,2014,42(2):70-73.
[18] VARGAS L F,WELT B A,PULLAMMANAPPALLIL P,et al. Effect of electron beam treatments on degradation kinetics of polylactic acid(PLA)plastic waste under backyard composting conditions[J].Packaging Technology and Science,2009,22(2):97-106.
[19] CHEN V J,MA P X. The effect of surface area on the degradation rate of nano-fibrous poly(L-lactic acid)foams[J]. Biomaterials,2006,27(20):3708-3715.
[20] ATHANASIOU K A,SCHMITZ J P,AGRAWAL C M. The effects of porosity on in vitro degradation of polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid implants used in repair of articular cartilage[J]. Tissue Engineering,1998,4(1):53-63.
[21]赵剑豪,王晓青,曾军,等.聚丁二酸丁二醇酯在堆肥条件下的生物降解性能研究[J].功能高分子学报,2004,17(4):666-670.
[22]扈蓉,陈丽琼,黄开胜,等. PLA在受控堆肥条件下的生物降解行为研究[J].塑料科技,2012,40(8):68-71.
[23] IOZZINO V,SPERANZA V,PANTANI R. Effect of an acid filler on hydrolysis and biodegradation of poly-lactic acid(PLA)[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings,2015,1695(1):020063.
[24]郑霞,李新功,吴义强.聚乳酸自然降解性能[J].功能材料,2014,45(14):14099-14102.
[25] CHUENSANGJUN C,PECHYEN C,SIRSANSANEEYAKUL S.Degradation behaviors of different blends of polylactic acid buried in soil[J]. Energy Procedia,2013,34(40):73-82.
[26] KARAMANLIOGLU M,HOULDEN A,ROBSON G D. Isolation and characterisation of fungal communities associated with degradation and growth on the surface of poly(lactic)acid(PLA)in soil and compost[J]. International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2014,95,part B:301-310.
[27] AHN H K,HUDA M S,SMITH M C,et al. Biodegradability of injection molded bioplastic pots containing polylactic acid and poultry feather fiber[J]. Bioresource Technology,2011,102(7):4930-4933.
[28] WENG Y,JIN Y,MENG Q,et al. Biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and their blend under soil conditions[J]. Polymer Testing,2013,32(5):918-926.
[29] KARAMANLIOGLU M. Environmental degradation of the compostable plastic packaging material poly(lactic)acid and its impact on fungal communities in compost[D]. Manchester:University of Manchester,2013.
[30] KIM M Y,KIM C,MOON J,et al. Polymer film-based screening and isolation of poly-lactic acid(PLA)-degrading microorganisms[J].Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,27(2):342-349.
[31] CHAISU K,CHARLES A,GUU Y,et al. Microbial degradation of poly(lactic acid)(PLA)by aneurinibacillusaneurinilyticus[J]. Journal of BiobasedMaterials and Bioenergy,2013,7(4):509-511.
[32] NAIR N R,SEKHAR V C,NAMPOOTHIRI K M. Augmentation of a microbial consortium for enhanced polylactide(PLA)degradation[J]. Indian Journal of Microbiology,2016,56(1):59-63.
[33] PENKHRUE W,KHANONGNUCH C,MASAKI K,et al. Isolation and screening of biopolymer-degrading microorganisms from northern Thailand[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2015,31(9):1431-1442.
[34] APINYA T,SOMBATSOMPOP N,PRAPAGDEE B. Selection of a Pseudonocardia sp. RM423 that accelerates the biodegradation of poly(lactic)acid in submerged cultures and in soil microcosms[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2015,99:23-30.
[35]林娟,周景文,康振,等.聚乳酸降解菌株筛选鉴定及降解过程优化[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(9):1560-1569.
[36] CHOMCHOEI A,PATHOM-AREE W,YOKOTA A,et al.Amycolatopsisthailandensis sp. nov., a poly(L-lactic acid)-degrading actinomycete,isolated from soil[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2010,61(4):839-843.
[37] ARENA M,ABBATE C,FUKUSHIMA K,et al. Degradation of poly(lactic acid)and nanocomposites by Bacillus licheniformis[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2011,18(6):865-870.
[38] TOMITA K,NAKAJIMA T,KIKUCHI Y,et al. Degradation of poly(L-lactic acid)by a newly isolated thermophile[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,84(3):433-438.
[39] BUBPACHAT T,SOMBATSOMPOP N,PRAPAGDEE B. Isolation and role of polylactic acid-degrading bacteria on degrading enzymes productions and PLA biodegradability at mesophilic conditions[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2018,152:75-85.
[40] LIPSA R,TUDORACHI N,DARIE-NITA RN,et al. Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)and some of its based systems with Trichoderma viride[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2016,88:515-526.
[41] LEE S H,KIM I Y,SONG W S. Biodegradation of polylactic acid(PLA)fibers using different enzymes[J]. Macromolecular Research,2014,22(6):657-663.
[42] RIBITSCH D,ACERO E H,GREIMEL K,et al. A new esterase from Thermobifidahalotolerans hydrolyses polyethylene terephthalate(PET)and polylactic acid(PLA)[J]. Polymers,2012,4(1):617-619.
[43] LIANG T,JEN S,NGUYEN A D,et al. Application of chitinous materials in production and purification of a poly(L-lactic acid)depolymerase from pseudomonas tamsuii TKU015[J]. Polymers,2016,8(3):98.
[44] WANG Z,WANG Y,GUO Z,et al. Purification and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid)depolymerase from Pseudomonas sp. strain DS04-T[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science,2011,51(3):454-459.
[45] LEE S H,YEOS Y. Improvement of hydrophilicity of polylactic acid(PLA)fabrics by means of a proteolytic enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis[J]. Fibers and Polymers,2016,17(8):1154-1161.
[46] HAJIGHASEMI M,NOCEK B P,TCHIGVINTSEV A,et al. Biochemical and structural insights into enzymatic depolymerization of polylactic acid and other polyesters by microbial carboxylesterases[J].Biomacromolecules,2016,17(6):2027-2039.
[47] LEE S H,SONG W S. Enzymatic hydrolysis of polylactic acid fiber[J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2011,164(1):89-102.
[48] HAJIGHASEMI M,NOCEK B P,TCHIGVINTSEV A,et al. Biochemical and structural insights into enzymatic depolymerization of polylactic acid and other polyesters by microbial carboxylesterases[J].Biomacromolecules,2016,17(6):2027-2039.
[49] QI X,REN Y,WANG X. New advances in the biodegradation of poly(lactic)acid[J]. International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2017,117:215-223.
[50] ODA Y,YONETSU A,URAKAMI T,et al. Degradation of polylactide by commercial proteases[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment,2000,8(1):29-32.
[51] HU X,SU T,LI P,et al. Blending modification of PBS/PLA and its enzymatic degradation[J]. Polymer Bulletin,2017,75(2):533-546.
[52] RAWLINGS N D,BARRETTA J,FINN R. Twenty years of the MEROPS database of proteolytic enzymes, their substrates and inhibitors[J]. Nucleic Acids Research,2016,44:D343-D350.
[53] KAWAI F,NAKADAI K,NISHIOKA E,et al. Different enantioselectivity of two types of poly(lactic acid)depolymerases toward poly(L-lactic acid)and poly(D-lactic acid)[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2011,96(7):1342-1348.
[54] CHENG H N,GROSS R A. Green Polymer Chemistry:Biocatalysis and Biomaterials[M]. Washington,D. C.:ACS,2010:405-414.
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