基于污染物受纳量的城镇生活污水处理率指标研究
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摘要
我国通过污水处理率来评价生活污水处理水平,但污水处理率仅考虑了污水处理设施进水处理的水量,忽略了雨污合流、地下水混入、抽取河水处理等原因导致的污染物收集水平不足.以成都市岷江外江流域为研究区域,开展了城镇生活污水收集和评价指标优化研究,提出了基于污染物受纳量的城镇生活污水污染物处理率概念和核算方法体系,在划分控制单元基础上,核算生活污水污染物的产生量和处理量.研究发现,该流域污水处理厂进水浓度普遍偏低,进水水质存在季节性波动,说明可能存在丰水期雨水、河水或地下水混入稀释的情况,枯水期的进水数据更能反映区域生活污水排放情况;传统污水处理率计算显示该流域污水处理率高于100%,但全流域的CODCr、氨氮和总磷污染物处理率分别为37.50%、36.25%和30.14%,与该流域的水环境质量特征和污水管网建设水平相符;在污水管网未完善的地区,采用污染物处理率更能有效评价和反映区域污水收集和处理程度.
The ratio of treated domestic sewage was used to evaluate the sewage treatment level in China. However, due to the current situation of incomplete sewer networks and rain sewage mixed flow in drainage system, clean water from raining or river flowed into wastewater treatment plant together with wastewater, therefore, herein sewage treatment ratio was referred to the amount of how much wastewater was treated, but not the amount of treated pollutant. A new indicator was used to evaluate the domestic sewage treatment status in a southwestern city of China based on pollutant treated. The concentration of concerned pollutants in influent to wastewater treatment plants(WWTP) was generally low and also fluctuated with seasons, which indicating the dilution by rainwater, river water or groundwater during the raining season. Thus, the influent data of WWTP in dry seasons was considered more suitable for the real concentration of regional domestic sewage. The sewage in our study basin was 100% treated if the traditional indicator of sewage treatment was applied. But in fact, the treatment ratios of CODCr, NH3-N and TP in the whole basin were 37.50%, 36.25% and 30.14%, respectively, based on our new evaluation method. It meant more than half of the pollutants were discharged directly into the environment, which was consistent with the water quality characteristics and incomplete sewer network of the basin. In conclusion, pollutant treatment ratio is a better and more effective indicator to evaluate the level of regional sewage collection and treatment in area where the sewer network are not widespread.
The ratio of treated domestic sewage was used to evaluate the sewage treatment level in China. However, due to the current situation of incomplete sewer networks and rain sewage mixed flow in drainage system, clean water from raining or river flowed into wastewater treatment plant together with wastewater, therefore, herein sewage treatment ratio was referred to the amount of how much wastewater was treated, but not the amount of treated pollutant. A new indicator was used to evaluate the domestic sewage treatment status in a southwestern city of China based on pollutant treated. The concentration of concerned pollutants in influent to wastewater treatment plants(WWTP) was generally low and also fluctuated with seasons, which indicating the dilution by rainwater, river water or groundwater during the raining season. Thus, the influent data of WWTP in dry seasons was considered more suitable for the real concentration of regional domestic sewage. The sewage in our study basin was 100% treated if the traditional indicator of sewage treatment was applied. But in fact, the treatment ratios of CODCr, NH3-N and TP in the whole basin were 37.50%, 36.25% and 30.14%, respectively, based on our new evaluation method. It meant more than half of the pollutants were discharged directly into the environment, which was consistent with the water quality characteristics and incomplete sewer network of the basin. In conclusion, pollutant treatment ratio is a better and more effective indicator to evaluate the level of regional sewage collection and treatment in area where the sewer network are not widespread.
引文
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[13]王涛,张萌,张柱,等.基于控制单元的水环境容量核算研究--以锦江流域为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(3):283.Wang T,Zhang M,Zhang Z,et al.Calculation of water environmental capacity based on control unit[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,(8):79-82.
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[15]马啸,李晔,杜双,等.三峡库区湖北段城镇生活源污染负荷现状与预测[J].武汉理工大学学报,2011,(4):118-121.Ma X,Li H,Du S,et al.Pollution loading evaluation from urban life source and its forecast in the Hubei region of three gorges reservoir area[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2011,(4):118-121.
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[17]张倩,苏保林,罗运祥,等.城市水环境控制单元污染物入河量估算方法[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(3):877-884.Zhang Q,Su B L,Luo Y X,et al.Estimation of pollutant loads into the water environmental control units in urban areas[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(3):877-884.
[18]彭进平,逄勇,李一平.湛江市区域水环境容量的计算研究[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(16):98-102.Peng J P,Pang Y,Li Y P.Calculation study of regional water environmental capacity in Zhanjiang city[J].China Water&Wastewater,2006,22(16):98-102.
[19]刘爱萍,刘晓文,陈中颖,等.珠江三角洲地区城镇生活污染源调查及其排污总量核算[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(增):53-57.Liu A P,Liu X W,Chen Z Y,et al.Investigation and accounting of the municipal domestic sources pollution load in Pearl River Estuary[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(Suppl):53-57.
[20]宋国君,韩冬梅.中国城市生活污水管理绩效评估研究[J].中国软科学,2012,(8):75-83.Song G J,Han D M.Research on the performance evaluation of urban domestic sewage management in China[J].China Soft Science,2012,(8):75-83.
[21]詹韧.城市污水处理项目财政支出绩效评价指标体系研究[J].中国经贸,2010,(4):56-59.Zhan R.Study on the performance evaluation system of financial expenditure for urban sewage treatment projects[J].China Business Monthly,2010,(4):56-59.
[22]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.城镇污水处理工作考核暂行办法[S].2017.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.The Interim Measures for Assessment of Urban Sewage Treatment[S].2017.
[23]GB 50014-2006室外排水设计规范(2014年版)[S].GB 50014-2006 Code for design of outdoor wastewater engineering(2014)[S].
[24]杨仙娥,何延新.城市污水水质水量变化及生活污染源污染特征研究[J].环境科学与管理,2012,37(11):164-167.Yang X E,He Y X.Quality and quantity variation of municipal sewage and pollution characteristics of domestic pollution sources[J].Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(11):164-167.
[25]车伍,唐磊.中国城市合流制改造及溢流污染控制策略研究[J].给水排水,2012,48(3):1-5.Che W,Tang L.Study on urban confluence system reform and overflow pollution control strategy in China[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2012,48(3):1-5.
[26]张善发.城镇排水系统溢流与排放污染控制策略与技术导则[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(18):31-35.Zhang S F.Strategy and technical guidelines for urban sewer overflow and discharge pollution control[J].China Water&Wastewater,2010,26(18):31-35.
[27]彭党聪,王晓昌,韩芸,等.城镇水环境污染控制与治理共性技术综合集成[J].给水排水,2013,39(11):16-20.Peng D C,Wang X C,Han Y,et al.Comprehensive integration of urban water pollution control technologies[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2013,39(11):16-20.
[2]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.中国城乡建设统计年鉴(2016)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.China urban-rual construction statistical yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[3]陈玮,高伟,徐慧纬,等.《城镇污水处理考核暂行办法》对行业发展的影响分析[J].给水排水,2017,43(11):44-47.Chen W,Gao W,Xu H W,et al.Analysis of the impact of the interim measures for assessment of urban sewage treatment on water industry[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2017,43(11):44-47.
[4]郭泓利,李鑫玮,任钦毅,等.全国典型城市污水处理厂进水水质特征分析[J].给水排水,2018,44(6):12-15.Guo H L,Li X W,Ren Q Y,et al.Water quality characteristics analysis of influent from typical urban sewage treatment plants in China[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,44(6):12-15.
[5]任向锋.我国城镇污水处理系统设计问题的反思[J].给水排水,2018,40(增刊):134-138.Ren X F.Reflection on the design of urban sewage treatment system in China[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,40(Suppl):134-138.
[6]Clifforde I,Crabtree B.Developments in urban pollution management[J].Water&Environment Journal,2010,16(3):229-232.
[7]Brown R R,Keath N,Wong T H F.Urban water management in cities:historical,current and future regimes[J].Water Science&Technology,2009,59(5):847-855.
[8]Brown R R,Sharp L,Ashley R M.Implementation impediments to institutionalising the practice of sustainable urban water management[J].Water Science&Technology,2006,54(6/7):415-422.
[9]Office of Water United States Environmental Protection Agency.Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters[M].US EPA,2008.
[10]Gerlak A K,Zamora-Arroyo F,Kahler H P.A Delta in repair:restoration,binational cooperation,and the future of the Colorado River Delta[J].Environment Science&Policy for Sustainable,2013,55(3):29-40.
[11]王强,张晓琦.欧洲水管理实践对中国流域水环境管理的启示[J].环境科学与管理,2014,39(5):9-12.Wang Q,Zhang X Q.Research progress of the water framework directive[J].Environmental Science and Management,2014,39(5):9-12.
[12]戚本超,周达.美国的城市环境管理及对北京的启示[J].城市问题,2009,(8):79-82.Qi B C,Zhou D.Inspiration to Beijing from the American experience in urban environmental manage[J].Urban Problems,2009,(8):79-82.
[13]王涛,张萌,张柱,等.基于控制单元的水环境容量核算研究--以锦江流域为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(3):283.Wang T,Zhang M,Zhang Z,et al.Calculation of water environmental capacity based on control unit[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,(8):79-82.
[14]Allen D A.Pollution from urban development and setback outfalls as a catchment management measure for river water quality improvement[C]//EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts,2016.
[15]马啸,李晔,杜双,等.三峡库区湖北段城镇生活源污染负荷现状与预测[J].武汉理工大学学报,2011,(4):118-121.Ma X,Li H,Du S,et al.Pollution loading evaluation from urban life source and its forecast in the Hubei region of three gorges reservoir area[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2011,(4):118-121.
[16]沈竞,林振山.大中城市水污染状况及治理措施研究[J].自然资源学报,2010,(12):2165-2170.Shen J,Lin Z S.Research of the water pollution control measures in medium-sized cities[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,(12):2165-2170.
[17]张倩,苏保林,罗运祥,等.城市水环境控制单元污染物入河量估算方法[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(3):877-884.Zhang Q,Su B L,Luo Y X,et al.Estimation of pollutant loads into the water environmental control units in urban areas[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(3):877-884.
[18]彭进平,逄勇,李一平.湛江市区域水环境容量的计算研究[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(16):98-102.Peng J P,Pang Y,Li Y P.Calculation study of regional water environmental capacity in Zhanjiang city[J].China Water&Wastewater,2006,22(16):98-102.
[19]刘爱萍,刘晓文,陈中颖,等.珠江三角洲地区城镇生活污染源调查及其排污总量核算[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(增):53-57.Liu A P,Liu X W,Chen Z Y,et al.Investigation and accounting of the municipal domestic sources pollution load in Pearl River Estuary[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(Suppl):53-57.
[20]宋国君,韩冬梅.中国城市生活污水管理绩效评估研究[J].中国软科学,2012,(8):75-83.Song G J,Han D M.Research on the performance evaluation of urban domestic sewage management in China[J].China Soft Science,2012,(8):75-83.
[21]詹韧.城市污水处理项目财政支出绩效评价指标体系研究[J].中国经贸,2010,(4):56-59.Zhan R.Study on the performance evaluation system of financial expenditure for urban sewage treatment projects[J].China Business Monthly,2010,(4):56-59.
[22]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.城镇污水处理工作考核暂行办法[S].2017.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.The Interim Measures for Assessment of Urban Sewage Treatment[S].2017.
[23]GB 50014-2006室外排水设计规范(2014年版)[S].GB 50014-2006 Code for design of outdoor wastewater engineering(2014)[S].
[24]杨仙娥,何延新.城市污水水质水量变化及生活污染源污染特征研究[J].环境科学与管理,2012,37(11):164-167.Yang X E,He Y X.Quality and quantity variation of municipal sewage and pollution characteristics of domestic pollution sources[J].Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(11):164-167.
[25]车伍,唐磊.中国城市合流制改造及溢流污染控制策略研究[J].给水排水,2012,48(3):1-5.Che W,Tang L.Study on urban confluence system reform and overflow pollution control strategy in China[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2012,48(3):1-5.
[26]张善发.城镇排水系统溢流与排放污染控制策略与技术导则[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(18):31-35.Zhang S F.Strategy and technical guidelines for urban sewer overflow and discharge pollution control[J].China Water&Wastewater,2010,26(18):31-35.
[27]彭党聪,王晓昌,韩芸,等.城镇水环境污染控制与治理共性技术综合集成[J].给水排水,2013,39(11):16-20.Peng D C,Wang X C,Han Y,et al.Comprehensive integration of urban water pollution control technologies[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2013,39(11):16-20.
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