塔里木河上中游荒漠河岸林植物群落对淹灌的响应
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摘要
[目的]定量分析淹灌对典型断面荒漠河岸林植物群落的长势、植物多样性的影响,为今后改进干旱区科学补水方案,实现生态水高效利用提供理论依据。[方法]通过2016—2018年6次在塔里木河上中游进行植被调查获得数据,运用Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及重要值等指标对淹灌的影响进行分析。[结果]淹灌2 a后,塔里木河上中游新增了11种植物,主要是胡杨苗、柽柳苗、喜湿植物以及一年生草本,其中胡杨苗密度增加0.72株/m~2,增长率为855.9%;柽柳新枝长增加41.8 cm,增长率为71.58%,胡杨长势得到好转:优、中等胡杨出现频率增加0.11株/m~2,增长率为32%;随着距生态闸距离的增加,胡杨林密度有减小的趋势,林龄老龄化也逐渐凸显;林下物种多样性有随淹灌距离的增加而减少的趋势;距生态闸300 m范围内以胡杨、柽柳幼苗及喜湿的一年或多年生草本植物成为优势种(其重要值分别为0.243,0.195,0.248),大于300 m后优势种逐渐被柽柳、耐旱的多年生草本植物所取代,一年生草本植物、胡杨苗在距生态闸450 m后消失。[结论]淹灌使荒漠河岸林植物群落更新能力增强,物种多样性增加。为了维持目前的生态好转趋势,淹灌工程需要继续开展。
[Objective] The influences of flooding on the growth and plant diversity of typical riparian forest communities in the desert was quantitatively analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the scientific water replenishment plan and the efficient use of ecological water in arid area. [Methods] Data were obtained from vegetation surveys in the upper and middle reaches of the Tarim River from 2016 to 2018. The impacts of flooding were analyzed using the Pielou index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and important values. [Results] After flooding for 2 years, 11 new plants were found in the upper and middle reaches of the Tarim River, mainly Populus euphratica, Tamarix chinensis, hygrophilous plant and annual herb. The density of P. euphratica increased by 0.72 plants/m~2, with a growth rate of 855.9%. The new branch length of T. chinensis increased by 41.8 cm, and the growth rate was 71.58%. The growth of P. euphratica was significantly improved as the occurrence of good quality P. euphratica increased by 0.11 plants/m~2 with a growth rate of 32%. With the increase of the distance from ecological gate, the density of P. euphratica forest showed a tendency of decrease, and the aging of the forest became more prominent. The species diversity under the forest showed a tendency of decrease with the increase of the flooding distance. Within 300 m from the ecological gate, the seedlings of P. euphratica, T. chinensis and the hygrophilous one year or perennial herb became the dominant species(the important values were 0.243, 0.195 and 0.248, respectively). When the distance was greater than 300 m, the dominant species were gradually replaced by perennial herbs of T. chinensis and drought-tolerant herbs. The annual herb, P. euphratica and T. chinensis disappeared at 450 m away from the ecological gate. [Conclusion] Flooding irrigation enhanced the regeneration ability of plant communities and species diversity in desert riparian forests. In order to maintain the current ecological improvement trend, the flood irrigation project needs to be continued.
[Objective] The influences of flooding on the growth and plant diversity of typical riparian forest communities in the desert was quantitatively analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the scientific water replenishment plan and the efficient use of ecological water in arid area. [Methods] Data were obtained from vegetation surveys in the upper and middle reaches of the Tarim River from 2016 to 2018. The impacts of flooding were analyzed using the Pielou index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and important values. [Results] After flooding for 2 years, 11 new plants were found in the upper and middle reaches of the Tarim River, mainly Populus euphratica, Tamarix chinensis, hygrophilous plant and annual herb. The density of P. euphratica increased by 0.72 plants/m~2, with a growth rate of 855.9%. The new branch length of T. chinensis increased by 41.8 cm, and the growth rate was 71.58%. The growth of P. euphratica was significantly improved as the occurrence of good quality P. euphratica increased by 0.11 plants/m~2 with a growth rate of 32%. With the increase of the distance from ecological gate, the density of P. euphratica forest showed a tendency of decrease, and the aging of the forest became more prominent. The species diversity under the forest showed a tendency of decrease with the increase of the flooding distance. Within 300 m from the ecological gate, the seedlings of P. euphratica, T. chinensis and the hygrophilous one year or perennial herb became the dominant species(the important values were 0.243, 0.195 and 0.248, respectively). When the distance was greater than 300 m, the dominant species were gradually replaced by perennial herbs of T. chinensis and drought-tolerant herbs. The annual herb, P. euphratica and T. chinensis disappeared at 450 m away from the ecological gate. [Conclusion] Flooding irrigation enhanced the regeneration ability of plant communities and species diversity in desert riparian forests. In order to maintain the current ecological improvement trend, the flood irrigation project needs to be continued.
引文
[1] 陈亚宁,张宏锋,李卫红,等.新疆塔里木河下游物种多样性变化与地下水位的关系[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(2):158-165.
[2] 陆海曙.基于博弈论的流域水资源利用冲突及初始水权分配研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[3] 蔡立新,李娜,丁春元.为了千年胡杨重现生机:新疆多措并举推进塔里木河流域胡杨林生态保护行动[J].新疆林业,2017(4):7-9.
[4] 陈芙蓉,程积民,刘伟,等.不同干扰对黄土区典型草原物种多样性和生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2856-2866.
[5] Trebino H J,Chaneton E J,Leon R J.Flooding,topography,and successional age as determinants of species diversity in old-field vegetation [J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1996,74(4):582-588.
[6] Baskin C C,Baskin J M.Seeds:Ecology,Biogeography,and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination[M].Academic Press,San Diego.1998.11-14.
[7] Peterson J E,Baldwin A H.Seeding emergence from seed banks of tidal freshwater wetlands:Response to inundation and sedimentation[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78(3):243-254.
[8] Florentine S K,Westbrooke M E.Invasion of the noxious weed Nicotiana glauca R.Graham after an episodic flooding event in the arid zone of Australia[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,60(4):531-545.
[9] Connell J H.Diversity in tropical rainforests and coral reefs[J].Science,1978,199:1302-1310.
[10] Michael H.A general hypothesis of species diversity[J].The American Naturalist,1979,113:81-101.
[11] Pollock M M,Hanley N T A.Plant species richness in riparian wetlands-a test of biodiversity theory[J].Ecology,1998,79:94-105.
[12] 安红燕,叶茂,徐海量,等.塔里木河下游胡杨径向生长量对生态输水的响应[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(4):957-962.
[13] 王蕾,罗磊,刘鹏,等.塔里木河中下游水分干扰对胡杨林群落物种多样性的影响[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1275-1281.
[14] 张绘芳,李霞.塔里木河下游胡杨种群空间分布格局分析[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(10):2125-2130.
[15] 叶茂,徐海量,龚君君,等.不同胸径胡杨径向生长的合理生态水位研究[J].地理科学,2011,31(2):172-177.
[16] 杨丽雯,何秉宇,黄培祐,等.和田河流域天然胡杨林的生态服务价值评估[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):681-689.
[17] 韩路,王家强,王海珍,等.塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4640-4651.
[18] 赵振勇,张科,卢磊,等.塔里木河中游洪水漫溢区荒漠河岸林实生苗更新[J].生态学报,2011,31(12):3322-3329.
[19] 买尔当·克依木.不同长势及年龄组胡杨的茎流日变化特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2014.
[20] 白玉锋,徐海量,张沛,等.塔里木河下游荒漠植物多样性、地上生物量与地下水埋深的关系[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):724-732.
[21] 李卫红,徐海量,艾合买提·那尤甫.塔里木河下游输水与生态恢复监测初报[J].干旱区地理,2003.26(2):122-128.
[22] 徐海量,叶茂,李吉玫,等.河水漫溢对荒漠河岸林植物群落生态特征的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):4990-4998.
[23] 张绘芳.塔里木河下游植物群落结构特征及优势种群格局研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2007.
[24] 周斌.河水漫溢对荒漠河岸林植被及土壤的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2011.
[25] 周斌,徐海量,熊黑钢.河水漫溢对塔里木河下游土壤颗粒组成的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):177-181.
[26] 闫玉春.科尔沁沙地九种灌木苗期水分生理与抗旱性研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.
[2] 陆海曙.基于博弈论的流域水资源利用冲突及初始水权分配研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[3] 蔡立新,李娜,丁春元.为了千年胡杨重现生机:新疆多措并举推进塔里木河流域胡杨林生态保护行动[J].新疆林业,2017(4):7-9.
[4] 陈芙蓉,程积民,刘伟,等.不同干扰对黄土区典型草原物种多样性和生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2856-2866.
[5] Trebino H J,Chaneton E J,Leon R J.Flooding,topography,and successional age as determinants of species diversity in old-field vegetation [J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1996,74(4):582-588.
[6] Baskin C C,Baskin J M.Seeds:Ecology,Biogeography,and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination[M].Academic Press,San Diego.1998.11-14.
[7] Peterson J E,Baldwin A H.Seeding emergence from seed banks of tidal freshwater wetlands:Response to inundation and sedimentation[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78(3):243-254.
[8] Florentine S K,Westbrooke M E.Invasion of the noxious weed Nicotiana glauca R.Graham after an episodic flooding event in the arid zone of Australia[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,60(4):531-545.
[9] Connell J H.Diversity in tropical rainforests and coral reefs[J].Science,1978,199:1302-1310.
[10] Michael H.A general hypothesis of species diversity[J].The American Naturalist,1979,113:81-101.
[11] Pollock M M,Hanley N T A.Plant species richness in riparian wetlands-a test of biodiversity theory[J].Ecology,1998,79:94-105.
[12] 安红燕,叶茂,徐海量,等.塔里木河下游胡杨径向生长量对生态输水的响应[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(4):957-962.
[13] 王蕾,罗磊,刘鹏,等.塔里木河中下游水分干扰对胡杨林群落物种多样性的影响[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1275-1281.
[14] 张绘芳,李霞.塔里木河下游胡杨种群空间分布格局分析[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(10):2125-2130.
[15] 叶茂,徐海量,龚君君,等.不同胸径胡杨径向生长的合理生态水位研究[J].地理科学,2011,31(2):172-177.
[16] 杨丽雯,何秉宇,黄培祐,等.和田河流域天然胡杨林的生态服务价值评估[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):681-689.
[17] 韩路,王家强,王海珍,等.塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4640-4651.
[18] 赵振勇,张科,卢磊,等.塔里木河中游洪水漫溢区荒漠河岸林实生苗更新[J].生态学报,2011,31(12):3322-3329.
[19] 买尔当·克依木.不同长势及年龄组胡杨的茎流日变化特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2014.
[20] 白玉锋,徐海量,张沛,等.塔里木河下游荒漠植物多样性、地上生物量与地下水埋深的关系[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):724-732.
[21] 李卫红,徐海量,艾合买提·那尤甫.塔里木河下游输水与生态恢复监测初报[J].干旱区地理,2003.26(2):122-128.
[22] 徐海量,叶茂,李吉玫,等.河水漫溢对荒漠河岸林植物群落生态特征的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):4990-4998.
[23] 张绘芳.塔里木河下游植物群落结构特征及优势种群格局研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2007.
[24] 周斌.河水漫溢对荒漠河岸林植被及土壤的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2011.
[25] 周斌,徐海量,熊黑钢.河水漫溢对塔里木河下游土壤颗粒组成的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):177-181.
[26] 闫玉春.科尔沁沙地九种灌木苗期水分生理与抗旱性研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.
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