游戏化信息检索系统用户研究:游戏元素偏好、态度及使用意愿
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摘要
本研究针对Z一代用户对游戏化信息检索系统(GIRS)中游戏元素的偏好、态度及使用意愿开展研究,探讨嵌入游戏元素的信息检索系统能否在一定程度上实现激发用户积极、有效、持续地使用,以获取有用信息的目的。研究采用原型法设计GIRS纸面原型系统、实验研究方法收集数据,发现Z一代用户群体最感兴趣的游戏元素包括好友、商店、积分/成就、排行榜/奖章、内容解锁;对用户检索最有帮助的游戏元素包括积分、好友、奖章、内容解锁、等级;吸引用户持续使用GIRS的游戏元素包括好友、成就、排行榜、奖章/等级/积分、交易。研究表明,在支持和帮助用户进行检索、激发用户使用兴趣以及吸引用户长期使用方面,用户对GIRS持积极态度。图3。表6。参考文献42。
Information retrieval systems have been a major tool for users to obtain useful information. It has been one of foci for the researchers in library and information science to keep improving the design of information retrieval systems, refining their function, and meeting information needs of various users. Generation Z, also named as "digital natives", refers to people who were born after mid-1990 s. These users were growing up with the development of the Internet, but little research has been done to examine their preference and usage intention in information retrieval systems. They present different characteristics in cognition and motivation in learning. Gamed-based learning is one of their salient features. Nevertheless, in information retrieval area the relationship between gamification and information retrieval has not been widely examined. Knowledge on how to use the advantage of gamification to satisfy users' information retrieval needs in information retrieval context is still lacking. Therefore, the present study examines Generation Z's preference to game elements, their attitude to gamified information retrieval system(GIRS), and their intention to use GIRS. It attempts to explore whether GIRS can motivate users' active, effective, and continuous use of information retrieval systems to obtain useful information. In specific, the study aims to answer the following questions: RQ1. What game elements do Generation Z users percept most interesting in GIRS? What game elements are most helpful in terms of helping them complete their information retrieval tasks in GIRS? What game elements are most effective in terms of attracting them to continuous use of GIRS? RQ2. What are the factors that influence the selection of game elements of Generation Z? RQ3. What are Generation Z users' attitude and usage intention to GIRS? To answer the questions, the researchers developed a paper prototyping of GIRS. An experiment with 37 participants was conducted. The data were collected by a pre-test questionnaire, a post-test questionnaire, and exit interviews.The results indicate that the most interesting game elements in GIRS include Friends, Store, Points/Achievements, Leaderboards/Badges, and Content Unlocking; the most helpful game elements for information searching include Points, Friends, Badges, Content Unlocking, and Levels; the most attractive game elements for continuous use of GIRS include Friends, Achievements, Leaderboards, Badges/Levels/Points, and Exchange. The study also found that perception of interest, perception of usefulness, experience with games, perception of achievement, etc. affect users' selection of game elements. The study has implications for the development and design of GIRS. It identifies users' preferred game elements and the factors that affect users' usage intention. The study reveals the possible target user group of GIRS. It provides empirical evidence for developing GIRS in the future. The study has also limitations, including small sample size, unbalance of the sample, and the limitations of a paper prototyping which cannot present live game, sound, and time. In sum, the study presents a user study on GIRS, and makes a step forward to examine users' needs, attitude, and usage intention of GIRS. It provides insights for studies on GIRS. Future studies will design a live GIRS and make contribution to the development of new information retrieval systems that can meet Generation Z's needs. 3 figs. 6 tabs. 42 refs.
Information retrieval systems have been a major tool for users to obtain useful information. It has been one of foci for the researchers in library and information science to keep improving the design of information retrieval systems, refining their function, and meeting information needs of various users. Generation Z, also named as "digital natives", refers to people who were born after mid-1990 s. These users were growing up with the development of the Internet, but little research has been done to examine their preference and usage intention in information retrieval systems. They present different characteristics in cognition and motivation in learning. Gamed-based learning is one of their salient features. Nevertheless, in information retrieval area the relationship between gamification and information retrieval has not been widely examined. Knowledge on how to use the advantage of gamification to satisfy users' information retrieval needs in information retrieval context is still lacking. Therefore, the present study examines Generation Z's preference to game elements, their attitude to gamified information retrieval system(GIRS), and their intention to use GIRS. It attempts to explore whether GIRS can motivate users' active, effective, and continuous use of information retrieval systems to obtain useful information. In specific, the study aims to answer the following questions: RQ1. What game elements do Generation Z users percept most interesting in GIRS? What game elements are most helpful in terms of helping them complete their information retrieval tasks in GIRS? What game elements are most effective in terms of attracting them to continuous use of GIRS? RQ2. What are the factors that influence the selection of game elements of Generation Z? RQ3. What are Generation Z users' attitude and usage intention to GIRS? To answer the questions, the researchers developed a paper prototyping of GIRS. An experiment with 37 participants was conducted. The data were collected by a pre-test questionnaire, a post-test questionnaire, and exit interviews.The results indicate that the most interesting game elements in GIRS include Friends, Store, Points/Achievements, Leaderboards/Badges, and Content Unlocking; the most helpful game elements for information searching include Points, Friends, Badges, Content Unlocking, and Levels; the most attractive game elements for continuous use of GIRS include Friends, Achievements, Leaderboards, Badges/Levels/Points, and Exchange. The study also found that perception of interest, perception of usefulness, experience with games, perception of achievement, etc. affect users' selection of game elements. The study has implications for the development and design of GIRS. It identifies users' preferred game elements and the factors that affect users' usage intention. The study reveals the possible target user group of GIRS. It provides empirical evidence for developing GIRS in the future. The study has also limitations, including small sample size, unbalance of the sample, and the limitations of a paper prototyping which cannot present live game, sound, and time. In sum, the study presents a user study on GIRS, and makes a step forward to examine users' needs, attitude, and usage intention of GIRS. It provides insights for studies on GIRS. Future studies will design a live GIRS and make contribution to the development of new information retrieval systems that can meet Generation Z's needs. 3 figs. 6 tabs. 42 refs.
引文
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[8] Frascara J,Meurer B,Toorn J V et al.User-centred graphic design:mass communication and social change[M].Florida:CRC Press,1997.
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[10] King D,Greaves F,Exeter C,et al.Gamification:influencing health behaviors with games[J].Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,2013,106(3):76-78.
[11] 李月琳,何鹏飞.游戏化信息检索系统理论模型的构建[J].图书情报工作,2018,62(6):69-76.(Li Yuelin,He Pengfei.Developing a theoretical model about gamification information retrieval system[J].Library and Information Service,2018,62(6):69-76.)
[12] García E,Sicilia M.Designing ontology-based interactive information retrieval interfaces[C]// On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2003:OTM2003 Workshops,OTM Confederated International Workshops.Catania:OTM,2003:152-165.
[13] Villa R,Gildea N,Jose J M.Facet browser:a user interface for complex search tasks[C]// ACM International Conference on Multimedia.Vancouver:ACM,2008:489-498.
[14] 李广建,王巍巍.信息检索系统的服务展示界面及关键技术[J].图书情报工作,2012,56(9):11-17.(Li Guangjian,Wang Weiwei.Service interfaces and key technologies in information retrieval system[J].Library and Information Service,2012,56(9):11-17.)
[15] 黄晓斌,邱明辉.网站用户界面设计模式语言的比较研究[J].现代图书情报技术,2011(10):12-17.(Huang Xiaobin,Qiu Minghui.Comparative research on pattern languages of website user[J].Interface New Technology of Library and Information Service,2011(10):12-17.)
[16] 陈冬梅,胡正华.面向用户的信息系统界面设计方法研究[J].现代图书情报技术,2007(11):49-53.(Chen Dongmei,Hu Zhenghua.User-oriented interface design approach for management[J].Interface New Technology of Library and Information Service,2007(11):49-53.)
[17] Wu K C,Tang Y M,Tsai C Y.Graphical interface design for children seeking information in a digital library[J].Visualization in Engineering,2014,2(1):5.
[18] Hourcade J P,Druin A,Sherman L,et al.Search Kids:a digital library interface for young children[C]// CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems.New York:Minneapolis:CHI,2002:512-513.
[19] Hansen P,Petrelli D,Karlgren J,et al.User-centered interface design for cross-language information retrieval[C]//The 25th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.Tampere:SIGIR,2002:383-384.
[20] Ling C,Steichen B,Choulos A G.A comparative user study of interactive multilingual search interfaces[C]//The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.Ann Arbor:SIGIR,2018:211-220.
[21] 张新凤.基于数字图书馆信息检索交互界面的用户需求研究[J].高校图书馆工作,2010,30(2):65-67,95.(Zhang Xinfeng.Study on users' needs based on the interactive interface of digital library information retrieval[J].Library Work in Colleges and Universities,2010,30(2):65-67,95.)
[22] 李月琳,肖雪,仝晓云.数字图书馆中人机交互维度与用户交互绩效的关系研究[J].图书情报工作,2014(2):38-46,120.(Li Yuelin,Xiao Xue,Tong Xiaoyun.Relationships between dimensions of human-computer interaction and users' interaction performance in digital libraries[J].Library and Information Service,2014(2):38-46,120.)
[23] Shovman M.The game of search:what is the fun in that?[C]// ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:46-48.
[24] Karatassis I,Fuhr N.Gamification for web sail[C]// The 39th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.Pisa:SIGIR,2016:15-20.
[25] Galli L,Fraternali P,Bozzon A.On the application of game mechanics in information retrieval[C]//ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:7-11.
[26] Azzopardi L,Bevc M,Gardner A,et al.PageFetch2:gamification the sequel[C]// ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:38-41.
[27] Fernández-Luna J M,Huete J F,Rodríguez-Avila H,et al.Enhancing collaborative search systems engagement through gamification[C]//ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:42-45.
[28] ISO13407.Human-centred design processes for interactive systems[S].ISO/IEC,1999.
[29] 黄晓斌,卢琰.论数字图书馆用户界面的评价[J].图书馆论坛,2005(3):16-19.(Huang Xiaobin,Lu Yan.On the evaluation of the digital library user interface[J].Library Tribune,2005(3):16-19.)
[30] 邱明辉.数字图书馆可用性评价研究综述[J].国家图书馆学刊,2010(3):33-38.(Qiu Minghui.Review of digital library usability evaluation[J].Journal of the National Library of China,2010(3):33-38.)
[31] 李月琳,梁娜,齐雪.从交互维度到交互功能:构建数字图书馆交互评估理论模型[J].中国图书馆学报,2016,42(1):66-82.(Li Yuelin,Liang Na,Qi Xue.From interaction dimensions to interaction function:developing a theoretical model for evaluating interaction in digital libraries[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2016,42(1):66-82.)
[32] 李月琳,肖雪,胡蝶.信息检索实验中的任务设计——真实与模拟仿真工作任务的比较研究[J].图书情报工作,2014,58(16):5-12.(Li Yuelin,Xiao Xue,Hu Die.Task design in information retrieval experiment:a comparative study on real and simulated work tasks[J].Library and Information Service,2014,58(16):5-12.)
[33] May A ,Wachs J ,Anikó H.Gender differences in participation and reward on stack over flow[J].Empirical Software Engineering,2019(1):1-23.
[34] Lin C S,Wu S,Tsai R J.Integrating perceived playfulness into expectation-confirmation model for web portal context[J].Information & Management,2005,42(5):683-693.
[35] Werbach K,Hunter D.For the win:how game thinking can revolutionize your business[M].Philadelphia:Wharton Digital Press,2012.
[36] Venkatesh V,Bala H.Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions[J].Decision Sciences,2008,39(2):273–315.
[37] 杨雅芬,李广建.基于TAM3的数字图书馆用户技术接受模型研究[J].图书情报研究,2012,5(3):15-24.(Yang Yafen,Li Guangjian.A study of the TAM-based technology acceptance model of digital library users[J].Library and Information Studies,2012,5(3):15-24.)
[38] Padilla-Meléndez A,Aguila-Obra A R D,Garrido-Moreno A.Perceived playfulness,gender differences and technology acceptance model in a blended learning scenario[J].Computers & Education,2013,63(1):306-317.
[39] Kaasinen,E.User acceptance of location-aware mobile guides based on seven field studies[J].Behaviour & Information Technology,2005,24(1):37-49.
[40] Wang H Y,Wang S H.User acceptance of mobile internet based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology:investigating the determinants and gender differences [J].Social Behavior & Personality:An International Journal,2010,38(38):415-426.
[41] Venkatesh V,Morris M G,Davis G B,et al.User acceptance of information technology:toward a unified view[J].Mis Quarterly,2003,27(3):425-478.
[42] 顾小清,付世容.移动学习的用户接受度实证研究[J].电化教育研究,2011(6):48-55.(Gu Xiaoqing,Fu Shirong.Empirical research on user acceptance of mobile learning[J].e-Education Research,2011(6):48-55.)李月琳南开大学商学院信息资源管理系教授。天津 300071。何鹏飞南昌大学管理学院讲师。江西南昌 330031。
[2] Mcintosh-Elkins J,Mcritchie K,Scoones M.From the silent generation to generation x,y and z:strategies for managing the generation mix[C]// Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM SIGUCCS Fall Conference.Orlando:ACM,2007:240-246..
[3] Prensky M.Digitalnatives,digital immigrants part1[J].Onthe Horizon,2001,9(5):1-6.
[4] Tapscott D.Educating the net generation[J].Educational Leadership,1999,56(5):6-11.
[5] Deterding S,Dan D,Khaled R,et al.From game design elements to game fulness:defining gamification[C]//Proceedings of the 15th Internation Alacademic Mind Trek Conference:Envisioning Future Media Environments.Tampere:ACM,2011:9-15.
[6] Lee J J,Hammer J.Gamification in education:what,how,why bother?[J].Academic Exchange Quarterly,2011,15(2):1-5.
[7] Huotari K,Hamari J.Gamification from the perspective of service marketing[C]//CHI2011 Workshop Gamification.Vancouver:CHI,2011:1-7.
[8] Frascara J,Meurer B,Toorn J V et al.User-centred graphic design:mass communication and social change[M].Florida:CRC Press,1997.
[9] Bigdeli Z,Haidari G,Haji Yakhchali A,et al.Gamification in library websites based on motivational theories[J].Webology,2016,13(1):1-12.
[10] King D,Greaves F,Exeter C,et al.Gamification:influencing health behaviors with games[J].Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,2013,106(3):76-78.
[11] 李月琳,何鹏飞.游戏化信息检索系统理论模型的构建[J].图书情报工作,2018,62(6):69-76.(Li Yuelin,He Pengfei.Developing a theoretical model about gamification information retrieval system[J].Library and Information Service,2018,62(6):69-76.)
[12] García E,Sicilia M.Designing ontology-based interactive information retrieval interfaces[C]// On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2003:OTM2003 Workshops,OTM Confederated International Workshops.Catania:OTM,2003:152-165.
[13] Villa R,Gildea N,Jose J M.Facet browser:a user interface for complex search tasks[C]// ACM International Conference on Multimedia.Vancouver:ACM,2008:489-498.
[14] 李广建,王巍巍.信息检索系统的服务展示界面及关键技术[J].图书情报工作,2012,56(9):11-17.(Li Guangjian,Wang Weiwei.Service interfaces and key technologies in information retrieval system[J].Library and Information Service,2012,56(9):11-17.)
[15] 黄晓斌,邱明辉.网站用户界面设计模式语言的比较研究[J].现代图书情报技术,2011(10):12-17.(Huang Xiaobin,Qiu Minghui.Comparative research on pattern languages of website user[J].Interface New Technology of Library and Information Service,2011(10):12-17.)
[16] 陈冬梅,胡正华.面向用户的信息系统界面设计方法研究[J].现代图书情报技术,2007(11):49-53.(Chen Dongmei,Hu Zhenghua.User-oriented interface design approach for management[J].Interface New Technology of Library and Information Service,2007(11):49-53.)
[17] Wu K C,Tang Y M,Tsai C Y.Graphical interface design for children seeking information in a digital library[J].Visualization in Engineering,2014,2(1):5.
[18] Hourcade J P,Druin A,Sherman L,et al.Search Kids:a digital library interface for young children[C]// CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems.New York:Minneapolis:CHI,2002:512-513.
[19] Hansen P,Petrelli D,Karlgren J,et al.User-centered interface design for cross-language information retrieval[C]//The 25th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.Tampere:SIGIR,2002:383-384.
[20] Ling C,Steichen B,Choulos A G.A comparative user study of interactive multilingual search interfaces[C]//The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.Ann Arbor:SIGIR,2018:211-220.
[21] 张新凤.基于数字图书馆信息检索交互界面的用户需求研究[J].高校图书馆工作,2010,30(2):65-67,95.(Zhang Xinfeng.Study on users' needs based on the interactive interface of digital library information retrieval[J].Library Work in Colleges and Universities,2010,30(2):65-67,95.)
[22] 李月琳,肖雪,仝晓云.数字图书馆中人机交互维度与用户交互绩效的关系研究[J].图书情报工作,2014(2):38-46,120.(Li Yuelin,Xiao Xue,Tong Xiaoyun.Relationships between dimensions of human-computer interaction and users' interaction performance in digital libraries[J].Library and Information Service,2014(2):38-46,120.)
[23] Shovman M.The game of search:what is the fun in that?[C]// ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:46-48.
[24] Karatassis I,Fuhr N.Gamification for web sail[C]// The 39th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.Pisa:SIGIR,2016:15-20.
[25] Galli L,Fraternali P,Bozzon A.On the application of game mechanics in information retrieval[C]//ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:7-11.
[26] Azzopardi L,Bevc M,Gardner A,et al.PageFetch2:gamification the sequel[C]// ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:38-41.
[27] Fernández-Luna J M,Huete J F,Rodríguez-Avila H,et al.Enhancing collaborative search systems engagement through gamification[C]//ECIR 2014 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval.Amsterdam:ACM,2014:42-45.
[28] ISO13407.Human-centred design processes for interactive systems[S].ISO/IEC,1999.
[29] 黄晓斌,卢琰.论数字图书馆用户界面的评价[J].图书馆论坛,2005(3):16-19.(Huang Xiaobin,Lu Yan.On the evaluation of the digital library user interface[J].Library Tribune,2005(3):16-19.)
[30] 邱明辉.数字图书馆可用性评价研究综述[J].国家图书馆学刊,2010(3):33-38.(Qiu Minghui.Review of digital library usability evaluation[J].Journal of the National Library of China,2010(3):33-38.)
[31] 李月琳,梁娜,齐雪.从交互维度到交互功能:构建数字图书馆交互评估理论模型[J].中国图书馆学报,2016,42(1):66-82.(Li Yuelin,Liang Na,Qi Xue.From interaction dimensions to interaction function:developing a theoretical model for evaluating interaction in digital libraries[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2016,42(1):66-82.)
[32] 李月琳,肖雪,胡蝶.信息检索实验中的任务设计——真实与模拟仿真工作任务的比较研究[J].图书情报工作,2014,58(16):5-12.(Li Yuelin,Xiao Xue,Hu Die.Task design in information retrieval experiment:a comparative study on real and simulated work tasks[J].Library and Information Service,2014,58(16):5-12.)
[33] May A ,Wachs J ,Anikó H.Gender differences in participation and reward on stack over flow[J].Empirical Software Engineering,2019(1):1-23.
[34] Lin C S,Wu S,Tsai R J.Integrating perceived playfulness into expectation-confirmation model for web portal context[J].Information & Management,2005,42(5):683-693.
[35] Werbach K,Hunter D.For the win:how game thinking can revolutionize your business[M].Philadelphia:Wharton Digital Press,2012.
[36] Venkatesh V,Bala H.Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions[J].Decision Sciences,2008,39(2):273–315.
[37] 杨雅芬,李广建.基于TAM3的数字图书馆用户技术接受模型研究[J].图书情报研究,2012,5(3):15-24.(Yang Yafen,Li Guangjian.A study of the TAM-based technology acceptance model of digital library users[J].Library and Information Studies,2012,5(3):15-24.)
[38] Padilla-Meléndez A,Aguila-Obra A R D,Garrido-Moreno A.Perceived playfulness,gender differences and technology acceptance model in a blended learning scenario[J].Computers & Education,2013,63(1):306-317.
[39] Kaasinen,E.User acceptance of location-aware mobile guides based on seven field studies[J].Behaviour & Information Technology,2005,24(1):37-49.
[40] Wang H Y,Wang S H.User acceptance of mobile internet based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology:investigating the determinants and gender differences [J].Social Behavior & Personality:An International Journal,2010,38(38):415-426.
[41] Venkatesh V,Morris M G,Davis G B,et al.User acceptance of information technology:toward a unified view[J].Mis Quarterly,2003,27(3):425-478.
[42] 顾小清,付世容.移动学习的用户接受度实证研究[J].电化教育研究,2011(6):48-55.(Gu Xiaoqing,Fu Shirong.Empirical research on user acceptance of mobile learning[J].e-Education Research,2011(6):48-55.)李月琳南开大学商学院信息资源管理系教授。天津 300071。何鹏飞南昌大学管理学院讲师。江西南昌 330031。
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