论词汇意义的构建:以语言与情境模拟理论为视角
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摘要
语境中的词汇意义具有多变性的本质,这在语义学界已成共识。但是,这多变的词汇意义如何构建,构建过程具有怎样的认知心理,值得深入探讨。词汇意义、词汇语义、词汇概念是不同的概念,但学界常混淆使用。本研究基于语言与情境模拟理论,将词义构建问题与心理学研究相结合,力图阐释词汇意义构建的心理表征,并论证词汇意义、词汇语义、词汇概念之间的区分具有认知心理现实基础。首先,实际语言理解中,语言层面的词汇语义通过语义确认、语义关联和语义组合等机制进行表层加工,同时导引概念层面的词汇概念进行深层加工,而词汇概念的深层加工其本质是一种心理情境模拟过程,通过语言与情境模拟的融合交互作用,基于特定语境的词汇意义得到适切的解读和构建。其次,基于语言使用的假设,特定语境的词汇意义的解读和构建本身就是词汇概念形成的过程,而词汇概念经固化入语言便成为词汇语义。因此,词汇语义、词汇概念和词汇意义,在不同层面的相互作用是词汇意义构建的认知心理现实。
In the semantic research field, it is widely accepted that word meaning in contexts appears to be protean in nature. Howe-ver, how is the protean meaning constructed? And what is the cognitive psychological state involved during the process of construction? These are the two issues that deserve investigation. Besides, lexical meaning, lexical semantics and lexical concepts are three distinct concepts which, however, are often confused or misused as being substitutable. By integrating word meaning construction with the psychological theory of Language and Situated Simulation, the present research attempts to expound the cognitive psychological representation and further present the argument that the distinction among lexical meaning, lexical semantics and lexical concepts has a foundation of reality from cognitive psychology. There are two main findings the research has obtained:(1) During practical language understanding, lexical semantics in linguistic system makes a shallow processing by means of semantic identification, semantic association and semantic combination. Meanwhile, lexical semantics serves as a pointer to a deep processing of lexical concepts in conceptual system. The deep processing of lexical concepts is essentially the process of situated simulation. Through mixtures and interplays of linguistic processing and simulation, lexical meaning in a particular context will be adequately interpreted and constructed.(2) From a usage-based perspective, lexical meaning interpretation and construction in particular contexts are the development of lexical concepts, and lexical concepts will be lexical semantics once they are entrenched into language. Therefore, interactions of lexical semantics, lexical concepts and lexical meanings on distinct layers are the cognitive psychological reality of word meaning construction.
In the semantic research field, it is widely accepted that word meaning in contexts appears to be protean in nature. Howe-ver, how is the protean meaning constructed? And what is the cognitive psychological state involved during the process of construction? These are the two issues that deserve investigation. Besides, lexical meaning, lexical semantics and lexical concepts are three distinct concepts which, however, are often confused or misused as being substitutable. By integrating word meaning construction with the psychological theory of Language and Situated Simulation, the present research attempts to expound the cognitive psychological representation and further present the argument that the distinction among lexical meaning, lexical semantics and lexical concepts has a foundation of reality from cognitive psychology. There are two main findings the research has obtained:(1) During practical language understanding, lexical semantics in linguistic system makes a shallow processing by means of semantic identification, semantic association and semantic combination. Meanwhile, lexical semantics serves as a pointer to a deep processing of lexical concepts in conceptual system. The deep processing of lexical concepts is essentially the process of situated simulation. Through mixtures and interplays of linguistic processing and simulation, lexical meaning in a particular context will be adequately interpreted and constructed.(2) From a usage-based perspective, lexical meaning interpretation and construction in particular contexts are the development of lexical concepts, and lexical concepts will be lexical semantics once they are entrenched into language. Therefore, interactions of lexical semantics, lexical concepts and lexical meanings on distinct layers are the cognitive psychological reality of word meaning construction.
引文
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尚国文.语言理解的感知基础[J].外语学刊,2011(4).‖Shang,G.-W.Perceptual Basis for Language Comprehension[J].Foreign Language Research,2011(4).
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叶浩生.“具身认知”专题研究[J].心理研究,2018(2).‖Ye,H.-S.Monographic Research on “Embodied Cognition”[J].Psychological Research,2018(2).
殷融 叶浩生.语言与情境仿真理论:概念与展望[J].心理学探新,2013(4).‖Yin,R.,Ye,H.-S.Language and Situated Simulation Theory:Concept and Outlook[J].Psychological Exploration,2013(4).
Adams,F.Embodied Cognition[J].Phenomenology and Cognitive Science,2010(9).
Barsalou,L.W.Perceptual Symbol Systems[J].Behavioral and Brain Science,1999(2).
Barsalou,L.W.Grounded Cognition[J].Annual Review of Psychology,2008(9).
Barsalou,L.W.Simulation,Situated Conceptualization,and Prediction[J].Biological Sciences,2009(4).
Barsalou,L.W.On Staying Grounded and Avoiding Quixotic Dead Ends[J].Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,2016(4).
Barsalou,L.W.,Santos,A.,Simons,W.K.,Wilson,C.D.Language and Simulation in Conceptual Processing [A].In:De Vega,M.,Glenberg,A.,Graesser,A.(Eds.),Symbols and Embodiment:Debates on Meaning and Cognition[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.
Bergen,B.Experimental Methods for Simulation Semantics[A].In:Gonzalez-Marquez,M.(Ed.),Methods in Cognitive Linguistics [C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2007.
Bergen,B.,Chang,N.Embodied Construction Grammar in Simulation-based Language Understanding[A].In:?st-man,J.,Fried,M.(Eds.),Construction Grammars:Cognitive Grounding and Theoretical Extensions[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2005.
Boroditsky,L.,Ramscar,M.The Roles of Body and Mind in Abstract Thought[J].Psychological Science,2002(13).
Collins,M.,Loftus,F.A Spreading-activation Theory of Semantic Processing[J].Psychological Review,1975(6).
Coulson,S.Semantic Leaps:Frame-shifting and Conceptual Blending in Meaning Construction[M].Beijing:World Book Publishing Incorporation,2010.
Cruse,D.A.Lexical Semantics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986.
Dabrowska,E.Cognitive Linguistics' Seven Deadly Sins[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2016(4).
Evans,V.How Words Mean:Lexical Concepts,Cognitive Models,and Meaning Construction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010.
Evans,V.Cognitive Linguistics[J].Wires Cognitive Science,2012(2).
Fauconnier,G.Mappings in Thought and Language[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
Feldman,J.,Narayanan,S.Embodied Meaning in a Neural Theory of Language[J].Brain and Language,2004(9).
Fodor,J.A.The Modularity of Mind:An Essay on Faculty Psychology[M].London:The MIT Press,1983.
Geeraerts,D.Theories of Lexical Semantics[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010.
Hjelmslev,L.Prolegomena to a Theory of Language[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1953.
Jackendoff,R.Semantic Structure[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1990.
Kaschak,M.P.,Madden,C.J.,Therriault,D.J.,Yaxley,R.H.,Aveyard,M.,Blanchard,A.A.,Zwaan,R.A.Perception of Motion Affects Language Processing[J].Cognition,2005(9).
Louwerse,M.M.,Jeuniaux,P.The Linguistic and Embodied Nature of Conceptual Processing[J].Cognition,2010(4).
Lyons,J.Structural Semantics[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1963.
Pustejovsky,J.The Generative Lexicon[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1995.
Ramscar,M.,Boroditsky,L.On the Experiential Link Between Spatial and Temporal Language[J].Cognitive Science,2005(4).
Searle,J.Minds,Brains and Programs[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences,1980(3).
Searle,J.Intentionality[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
Simon,H.A.Information Processing Models of Cognition[J].Annual Review of Psychology,1979(3).
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