不同比例苎麻和象草混合青贮饲料品质比较研究
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摘要
本试验旨在比较不同比例苎麻和象草混合青贮饲料品质,为调制高品质的苎麻青贮饲料提供理论依据。以苎麻和象草为原料,按苎麻和象草干物质比例为2∶8、3∶7、4∶6和10∶0(A、B、C、D组)进行混合青贮,青贮45 d后测定混合青贮饲料的营养成分、青贮发酵品质及瘤胃降解特性。结果表明:1)单独青贮苎麻的丁酸含量高,弗氏评分等级仅为"劣",添加象草进行混合青贮可显著提高苎麻青贮饲料的品质;混合青贮饲料的营养价值随象草比例增加而显著提高,其青贮发酵品质在混合青贮比例高于70%时显著降低(P<0.05);苎麻和象草以2∶8的比例混合青贮时其青贮饲料品质最佳,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF))含量和氨态氮/总氮较低,而粗蛋白质和乳酸含量较高。2) A、B、C组混合青贮饲料在6～72 h的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、NDF和ADF等营养物质在瘤胃中的降解率随其在瘤胃停留时间的延长而逐渐增加;对于干物质、有机物、ADF而言,A组降解率最高,C组次之,B组最低。对于粗蛋白质、NDF而言,3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但A组混合青贮饲料的粗蛋白质、NDF有效降解率最高。综合分析,建议在生产中苎麻和象草混合青贮的最适比例为2∶8。
Effect of different mixing ratios on the quality of ramie and grassy silage was discussed,which provided a theoretical basis for the preparation of high quality ramie silage. Ramie and grassy were used as rawmaterials for mixed silage according to the dry matter ratio of ramie to grassy: 2∶8,3∶7,4∶6 and 10∶0( A,B,C and D groups). The results showed as follows: 1) individual silage ramie had a high butyric acid content,and the Freund's rating was only "inferior",and mixed silage by adding grassy could significantly improve the fermentation quality; the nutritional value of mixed silage was increased significantly with the increase of the ratio of grass,and the silage quality decreased significantly when the mixed silage ratio was higher than 70%( P<0.05); the quality of silage was the best when ramie to grassy mixed ratio at 2∶8,besides the fiber components( neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber) and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen were lower and the crude protein and lactic acid contents were higher than other mixing ratios. 2) In the rumen degradation characteristics experiment,the degradation rate of nutrients such as dry matter,organic matter,crude protein,neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of mixed silage in the rumen of A,B and C groups was gradually increased with the prolongation of the rumen staying time from 6 to 72 h; for dry matter,organic matter and acid detergent fiber,the degradation rate of group A was the highest,followed by group C,the lowest was group B. There was no significant difference in the degradation rate of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber among three groups( P>0.05),but the crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of mixed silage of group A had the highest effective degradation rate. Considering comprehensively,it is recommended that the optimum ratio of ramie to grassy mixed silage is 2∶8 in production.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2830-2841]
Effect of different mixing ratios on the quality of ramie and grassy silage was discussed,which provided a theoretical basis for the preparation of high quality ramie silage. Ramie and grassy were used as rawmaterials for mixed silage according to the dry matter ratio of ramie to grassy: 2∶8,3∶7,4∶6 and 10∶0( A,B,C and D groups). The results showed as follows: 1) individual silage ramie had a high butyric acid content,and the Freund's rating was only "inferior",and mixed silage by adding grassy could significantly improve the fermentation quality; the nutritional value of mixed silage was increased significantly with the increase of the ratio of grass,and the silage quality decreased significantly when the mixed silage ratio was higher than 70%( P<0.05); the quality of silage was the best when ramie to grassy mixed ratio at 2∶8,besides the fiber components( neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber) and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen were lower and the crude protein and lactic acid contents were higher than other mixing ratios. 2) In the rumen degradation characteristics experiment,the degradation rate of nutrients such as dry matter,organic matter,crude protein,neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of mixed silage in the rumen of A,B and C groups was gradually increased with the prolongation of the rumen staying time from 6 to 72 h; for dry matter,organic matter and acid detergent fiber,the degradation rate of group A was the highest,followed by group C,the lowest was group B. There was no significant difference in the degradation rate of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber among three groups( P>0.05),but the crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of mixed silage of group A had the highest effective degradation rate. Considering comprehensively,it is recommended that the optimum ratio of ramie to grassy mixed silage is 2∶8 in production.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2830-2841]
引文
[1]左应梅,黄必志.云南牧草引种概况及草业发展建议[J].四川草原,2006(6):33-35,39.
[2]梁欢,刘贵波,吴佳海,等.混贮模式对高丹草青贮发酵品质及体外产气动力学特性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):188-196.
[3]刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮饲料的合理调制与质量评定标准(续)[J].饲料工业,1999,20(4):3-5.
[4]李向林,万里强.苜蓿青贮技术研究进展[J].草业学报,2005,14(2):9-15.
[5]金莎,黄世章,钟毅,等.香蕉茎叶与柱花草混贮饲料的品质.草业科学,2016,33(3):512-518.
[6]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6435-2006饲料中水分和其他挥发性物质含量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[7]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432-1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[8]VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.M ethods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[9]OWENS V N,ALBRECHT K A,MUCK R E,DUKES H.Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested w ith varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates[J].Crop Science,1999,39(6):1873-1880.
[10]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436-2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[11]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6437-2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[12]玉柱,孙启忠.饲草青贮技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011:156.
[13]冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(6/7):37.
[14]常维毅.不同季节日粮组成对狍瘤胃微生物区系、瘤胃内环境及血清生化指标的影响[D].博士学位论文.长春:吉林大学,2012.
[15]梁欢,赵向辉,许兰娇,等.烟酸、果寡糖及柠檬酸稀土组合对肉牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及菌群结构的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(5):1996-2005.
[16]RSKOV E R,MCDONALD I.The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements w eighted according to rate of passage[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1979,92(2):499-503.
[17]陈晓琳,孙娟,陈丹丹,等.5种常用粗饲料的肉羊瘤胃外流速率[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(7):1981-1987.
[18]BORREANI G,TABACCO E,SCHMIDT R J,et al.Silage review:factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(5):3952-3979.
[19]陈国富,张文昌,江伟伟,等.绿汁发酵液、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶对灵芝菌糟发酵饲料品质的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2014,41(12):146-152.
[20]魏春秋,王明玖.高加索三叶草青贮饲料的制作及质量变化[J].草业科学,2010,27(2):134-138.
[21]王郝为,戴求仲,侯振平,等.饲用苎麻青贮特性及其青贮前后营养成分与饲用价值比较[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(1):293-298.
[22]任继周.草业科学研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[23]王延周,喻春明,唐守伟,等.纤用苎麻“中苎2号”饲草化刈割模式研究[J].中国麻业科学,2017,39(3):120-129.
[24]叶方.切碎长度对玉米青贮品质的影响研究[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(15):6725-6727.
[25]陈鑫珠,刘远,高承芳,等.不同添加剂对葛藤青贮品质的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2015,36(8):50-54.
[26]张英俊,玉柱,罗海玲,等.葛藤玉米混合青贮品质研究[J].中国畜牧杂志2006,42(23):57-58.
[27]庄益芬,张文昌,陈鑫珠,等.混合比例对水葫芦与玉米秸秆混合青贮效果的影响[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(18):32-34.
[28]陈鑫珠,刘远,高承芳,等.苎麻与杂交狼尾草不同混合比例的青贮效果[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(9):836-840.
[29]SELMER-OLSEN I.Enzymes as silage additives for grass-clover mixtures[J].Grass and Forage Science,1994,49(3):305-315.
[30]王林,孙启忠,张慧杰.苜蓿与玉米混贮质量研究[J].草业学报,2011,20(4):202-209.
[31]FAIRBAIRN R,ALLI I,BAKER B E.Proteolysis associated w ith the ensiling of chopped alfalfa[J].Journal of dairy science,1988,71(1):152-158.
[32]WEINBERG Z G,MUCK R E.New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage[J].FEM S M icrobiology Review s,2010,19(1):53-68.
[33]HVELPLUND T,MADSEN J.Amino acid passage to the small intestine in dairy cow s compared w ith estimates of microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein from analysis on the feed[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,1985,25:21-36.
[34]吴仙,韩勇,夏先林,等.不同饲料饲草营养物质瘤胃降解率研究[J].饲料工业,2011,32(15):39-42.
[35]王兴菊.山羊常用饲料瘤胃降解率的研究[D].硕士学位论文.重庆:西南大学,2011.
[36]王福春,瞿明仁,欧阳克蕙,等.油菜秸秆与皇竹草混合微贮料瘤胃动态降解参数的研究[J].饲料工业,2015,36(11):51-55.
[37]黎力之,潘珂,欧阳克蕙,等.苎麻副产物的瘤胃降解特性研究[J].中国饲料,2015(17):36-37,40.
[2]梁欢,刘贵波,吴佳海,等.混贮模式对高丹草青贮发酵品质及体外产气动力学特性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):188-196.
[3]刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮饲料的合理调制与质量评定标准(续)[J].饲料工业,1999,20(4):3-5.
[4]李向林,万里强.苜蓿青贮技术研究进展[J].草业学报,2005,14(2):9-15.
[5]金莎,黄世章,钟毅,等.香蕉茎叶与柱花草混贮饲料的品质.草业科学,2016,33(3):512-518.
[6]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6435-2006饲料中水分和其他挥发性物质含量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[7]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432-1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[8]VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.M ethods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[9]OWENS V N,ALBRECHT K A,MUCK R E,DUKES H.Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested w ith varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates[J].Crop Science,1999,39(6):1873-1880.
[10]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436-2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[11]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6437-2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[12]玉柱,孙启忠.饲草青贮技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011:156.
[13]冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(6/7):37.
[14]常维毅.不同季节日粮组成对狍瘤胃微生物区系、瘤胃内环境及血清生化指标的影响[D].博士学位论文.长春:吉林大学,2012.
[15]梁欢,赵向辉,许兰娇,等.烟酸、果寡糖及柠檬酸稀土组合对肉牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及菌群结构的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(5):1996-2005.
[16]RSKOV E R,MCDONALD I.The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements w eighted according to rate of passage[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1979,92(2):499-503.
[17]陈晓琳,孙娟,陈丹丹,等.5种常用粗饲料的肉羊瘤胃外流速率[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(7):1981-1987.
[18]BORREANI G,TABACCO E,SCHMIDT R J,et al.Silage review:factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(5):3952-3979.
[19]陈国富,张文昌,江伟伟,等.绿汁发酵液、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶对灵芝菌糟发酵饲料品质的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2014,41(12):146-152.
[20]魏春秋,王明玖.高加索三叶草青贮饲料的制作及质量变化[J].草业科学,2010,27(2):134-138.
[21]王郝为,戴求仲,侯振平,等.饲用苎麻青贮特性及其青贮前后营养成分与饲用价值比较[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(1):293-298.
[22]任继周.草业科学研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[23]王延周,喻春明,唐守伟,等.纤用苎麻“中苎2号”饲草化刈割模式研究[J].中国麻业科学,2017,39(3):120-129.
[24]叶方.切碎长度对玉米青贮品质的影响研究[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(15):6725-6727.
[25]陈鑫珠,刘远,高承芳,等.不同添加剂对葛藤青贮品质的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2015,36(8):50-54.
[26]张英俊,玉柱,罗海玲,等.葛藤玉米混合青贮品质研究[J].中国畜牧杂志2006,42(23):57-58.
[27]庄益芬,张文昌,陈鑫珠,等.混合比例对水葫芦与玉米秸秆混合青贮效果的影响[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(18):32-34.
[28]陈鑫珠,刘远,高承芳,等.苎麻与杂交狼尾草不同混合比例的青贮效果[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(9):836-840.
[29]SELMER-OLSEN I.Enzymes as silage additives for grass-clover mixtures[J].Grass and Forage Science,1994,49(3):305-315.
[30]王林,孙启忠,张慧杰.苜蓿与玉米混贮质量研究[J].草业学报,2011,20(4):202-209.
[31]FAIRBAIRN R,ALLI I,BAKER B E.Proteolysis associated w ith the ensiling of chopped alfalfa[J].Journal of dairy science,1988,71(1):152-158.
[32]WEINBERG Z G,MUCK R E.New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage[J].FEM S M icrobiology Review s,2010,19(1):53-68.
[33]HVELPLUND T,MADSEN J.Amino acid passage to the small intestine in dairy cow s compared w ith estimates of microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein from analysis on the feed[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,1985,25:21-36.
[34]吴仙,韩勇,夏先林,等.不同饲料饲草营养物质瘤胃降解率研究[J].饲料工业,2011,32(15):39-42.
[35]王兴菊.山羊常用饲料瘤胃降解率的研究[D].硕士学位论文.重庆:西南大学,2011.
[36]王福春,瞿明仁,欧阳克蕙,等.油菜秸秆与皇竹草混合微贮料瘤胃动态降解参数的研究[J].饲料工业,2015,36(11):51-55.
[37]黎力之,潘珂,欧阳克蕙,等.苎麻副产物的瘤胃降解特性研究[J].中国饲料,2015(17):36-37,40.
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