增水和施肥对苜蓿-冬小麦轮作系统冬小麦叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量的影响
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摘要
[目的]黄土高原面临着严重的水土流失和土壤肥力下降等问题,将苜蓿引入小麦的作物体系形成草田轮作系统,以缓解过量化肥使用造成的环境问题,同时提高农作物产量。[方法]本研究采用野外控制实验,利用山西农业大学已经建立3年的紫花苜蓿实验平台,翻耕后种植冬小麦,进行增水和施肥处理,监测其叶片光合生理特征和叶绿素含量的变化。[结果]在2017年(10月29日-12月2日),即冬小麦出苗后到越冬期初期,增水和施肥仅提高叶绿素含量2.7%和8.2%;2018年(3月14日-6月4日),即冬小麦从越冬期末期至成熟期,增水提高光合速率20.3%、气孔导度43.8%、蒸腾速率31.4%和叶绿素含量2.3%,但降低叶面饱和蒸气压差6.5%;施肥显著提高叶绿素含量2.0%,但降低气孔导度8.2%。在冬小麦的整个生长季,增水和施肥对以上各指标的影响不存在交互作用。[结论]增水和施肥可以提高小麦叶绿素含量,但随着时间的推移,增水和施肥的作用减弱;增水提高冬小麦叶片光合速率但施肥作用不显著,说明将苜蓿引入小麦的作物体系形成草田轮作系统,小麦可以利用苜蓿固定的氮源,降低肥料的施用,增加经济效益和环境效应。未来草田轮作是绿色农业发展的重点方向,也是可持续农业发展的必要途径。
[Objectives]Loess plateau faced with serious challenges with water scarcity,soil erosion,and soil infertility.Introducing alfalfato crop system will provide soil extra nitrogen,improve soil structure,and alleviate environmental problems caused by excessive fertilizer application in the field.[Methods]A field experiment was conducted in an alfalfa experimental platform established for three years in Shanxi Agricultural University.Alfalfa was plowed down and incorporated into the soil,then winter wheat was seeded.Three treatments,water addition,fertilizer addition,and both water and fertilizer addition were set up with randomized complete block design.The plots without water or fertilizer addition served as control group.The variationof physiological characteristics of photosynthesis and foliar chlorophyll content of winter wheat in each group were measured.[Results]In 2017 experimental season,leaf chlorophyll content of wheats was increased 2.7% and 8.2% for water addition and fertilizer addition,respectively,from wheat emergence to the earlier over-wintering period.While in 2018 growth season,water addition enhanced wheat photosynthetic rate by 20.3%,stomatal conductance by 43.8%,transpiration rate by 31.4%,and foliar chlorophyll content by 2.3%,but significantly reduced foliar saturated vapor pressure deficit by 6.5% from late over-wintering period to mature period.In the fertilizer addition treatment,leaf chlorophyll content was increased by 2.0%,but stomatal conductance was decreased by 8.2% in 2018.In the whole growth season,there was no interaction between photosynthetic rate and leaf chlorophyll content with both water and fertilizer addition.[Conclusion]This study results indicated that leaf chlorophyll content was promoted by both water and fertilizer addition,however the effect was decreased as time went on.Foliar photosynthetic rate was enhanced by water addition,but not affected by fertilizer which suggested that introducing alfalfato crop rotation systemcould increase the economic benefit by reducing the fertilizer application as crop can take advantage from the alfalfa fixed nitrogen source,and also provide benefits to soil system.Therefore,future grassfield rotation system is the key direction in the development of green agriculture,and it is also the necessary way to establish sustainable agricultural development.
[Objectives]Loess plateau faced with serious challenges with water scarcity,soil erosion,and soil infertility.Introducing alfalfato crop system will provide soil extra nitrogen,improve soil structure,and alleviate environmental problems caused by excessive fertilizer application in the field.[Methods]A field experiment was conducted in an alfalfa experimental platform established for three years in Shanxi Agricultural University.Alfalfa was plowed down and incorporated into the soil,then winter wheat was seeded.Three treatments,water addition,fertilizer addition,and both water and fertilizer addition were set up with randomized complete block design.The plots without water or fertilizer addition served as control group.The variationof physiological characteristics of photosynthesis and foliar chlorophyll content of winter wheat in each group were measured.[Results]In 2017 experimental season,leaf chlorophyll content of wheats was increased 2.7% and 8.2% for water addition and fertilizer addition,respectively,from wheat emergence to the earlier over-wintering period.While in 2018 growth season,water addition enhanced wheat photosynthetic rate by 20.3%,stomatal conductance by 43.8%,transpiration rate by 31.4%,and foliar chlorophyll content by 2.3%,but significantly reduced foliar saturated vapor pressure deficit by 6.5% from late over-wintering period to mature period.In the fertilizer addition treatment,leaf chlorophyll content was increased by 2.0%,but stomatal conductance was decreased by 8.2% in 2018.In the whole growth season,there was no interaction between photosynthetic rate and leaf chlorophyll content with both water and fertilizer addition.[Conclusion]This study results indicated that leaf chlorophyll content was promoted by both water and fertilizer addition,however the effect was decreased as time went on.Foliar photosynthetic rate was enhanced by water addition,but not affected by fertilizer which suggested that introducing alfalfato crop rotation systemcould increase the economic benefit by reducing the fertilizer application as crop can take advantage from the alfalfa fixed nitrogen source,and also provide benefits to soil system.Therefore,future grassfield rotation system is the key direction in the development of green agriculture,and it is also the necessary way to establish sustainable agricultural development.
引文
[1]罗珠珠,牛伊宁,李玲玲,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤物理性质对苜蓿种植年限的响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(11):1500-1507.
[2]任继周.黄土高原草地的生态生产力特征[C]//任继周.黄土高原农业系统国际学术会议论文集.兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1992:3-6.
[3]蔡斌,王法宏,张宾,等.冬前镇压和灌溉对冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2019,39(1):73-81.
[4]Guo Z,Yu Z,Wang D,et al.Photosynthesis and winter wheat yield responses to supplemental irrigation based on measurement of water content in various soil layers[J].Field Crops Research,2014,166:102-111.
[5]Man J,Shi Y,Yu Z,et al.Dry Matter Production,Photosynthesis of Flag Leaves and Water Use in Winter Wheat Are Affected by Supplemental Irrigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China[J].Plos One,2015,10(9):e0137274.
[6]赵海波,林琪,刘义国,等.氮磷肥配施对超高产冬小麦灌浆期光合日变化及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2545-2550.
[7]王志强,李会,徐心志,等.氮肥水平对限制灌溉下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(6):806-812.
[8]Chapin F S,III,Matson P A,Mooney H A.Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology[M].New York:Springer,2002:176-196.
[9]Song X,Wang Y,Lv X.Responses of plant biomass,photosynthesis and lipid peroxidation to warming and precipitation change in two dominant species(Stipagrandis and Leymus chinensis)from North China Grasslands.Ecology and Evolution,2016,6(6):1871-1882.
[10]祁娟,师尚礼,徐长林,等.4种披碱草属植物光合作用光响应特性的比较[J].草业学报,2013,22(6):100-107.
[11]Ahmad Z,Waraich E A,Ahmad R,et al.Modulation in water relations,chlorophyll contents and antioxidants activity of maize by foliar phosphorus application under drought stress[J].Pakistan Journal of Botany,2017,49(1):11-19.
[12]Galloway J N,Townsend A R,Erisman J W,et al.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:recent trends,questions,and potential solutions[J].Science,2008,320(5878):889-892.
[13]沈禹颖,南志标,高崇岳,等.黄土高原苜蓿-冬小麦轮作系统土壤水分时空动态及产量响应[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):640-647.
[14]田福平,师尚礼,洪绂曾,等.我国草田轮作的研究历史及现状[J].草业科学,2012,29(2):320-326.
[2]任继周.黄土高原草地的生态生产力特征[C]//任继周.黄土高原农业系统国际学术会议论文集.兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1992:3-6.
[3]蔡斌,王法宏,张宾,等.冬前镇压和灌溉对冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2019,39(1):73-81.
[4]Guo Z,Yu Z,Wang D,et al.Photosynthesis and winter wheat yield responses to supplemental irrigation based on measurement of water content in various soil layers[J].Field Crops Research,2014,166:102-111.
[5]Man J,Shi Y,Yu Z,et al.Dry Matter Production,Photosynthesis of Flag Leaves and Water Use in Winter Wheat Are Affected by Supplemental Irrigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China[J].Plos One,2015,10(9):e0137274.
[6]赵海波,林琪,刘义国,等.氮磷肥配施对超高产冬小麦灌浆期光合日变化及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2545-2550.
[7]王志强,李会,徐心志,等.氮肥水平对限制灌溉下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(6):806-812.
[8]Chapin F S,III,Matson P A,Mooney H A.Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology[M].New York:Springer,2002:176-196.
[9]Song X,Wang Y,Lv X.Responses of plant biomass,photosynthesis and lipid peroxidation to warming and precipitation change in two dominant species(Stipagrandis and Leymus chinensis)from North China Grasslands.Ecology and Evolution,2016,6(6):1871-1882.
[10]祁娟,师尚礼,徐长林,等.4种披碱草属植物光合作用光响应特性的比较[J].草业学报,2013,22(6):100-107.
[11]Ahmad Z,Waraich E A,Ahmad R,et al.Modulation in water relations,chlorophyll contents and antioxidants activity of maize by foliar phosphorus application under drought stress[J].Pakistan Journal of Botany,2017,49(1):11-19.
[12]Galloway J N,Townsend A R,Erisman J W,et al.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:recent trends,questions,and potential solutions[J].Science,2008,320(5878):889-892.
[13]沈禹颖,南志标,高崇岳,等.黄土高原苜蓿-冬小麦轮作系统土壤水分时空动态及产量响应[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):640-647.
[14]田福平,师尚礼,洪绂曾,等.我国草田轮作的研究历史及现状[J].草业科学,2012,29(2):320-326.
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