基于GIS的村级小麦玉米高产高效管理系统构建与验证
|
摘要
小农户是我国农业生产的主体,由此导致生产中存在产量和资源利用效率地块间变异大的问题。为了提高作物的产量和氮肥利用效率,实现小农户地块的精准管理,本文以GIS技术为平台,利用C#语言,建立村级小麦玉米高产高效管理系统,并通过田间对比试验和农户调研分别进行了系统效果的验证及其可行性评价。结果表明,该系统以农户地块为单元,通过信息查询、分析、作物管理决策、系统管理等功能模块,实现了村域每个农户地块的高产高效(氮肥高效)技术推荐。两年22个对比试验结果表明,与农民习惯相比,系统推荐的高产高效处理小麦季平均增产10.8%,氮肥偏生产力提高28.5%;玉米季平均增产10.3%,氮肥偏生产力增加16.9%,实现小麦玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的同步提高。农户调研结果表明,农户对推荐系统的认可程度较高,利用该系统进行技术推荐具有可行性;农户对小麦玉米的各项推荐技术认知度较高,但采用率差异较大,其中小麦优良品种采用率可达94%,但小麦精量播种技术的采用率只有29%,玉米增密技术和晚收技术的采用率仅仅2%和35%;受科技人员技术推荐影响较大的试验户和辐射户的认知率与采用率均高于普通农户,说明通过技术服务可以促进小麦玉米高产高效管理技术的应用。总之,本系统实现了小农户地块作物管理技术的辅助决策,具有显著增产增效作用,可以为村级实现大面积的作物高产高效提供支持。
Smallholder farmers are the main body of agricultural production in China, but there are big variations in the crop yields and efficiency of resource utilization among these farmers. To increase the yield and nutrient use efficiency of crops and ensure precise management of smallholders' plots, this research established a management system for wheat and maize that produces high yield and nitrogen use efficiency at the village level, based on GIS using C# language. The verification of system effects was carried out through the field comparative test on the farmland and a feasibility evaluation was conducted by investigating farmers. During the farmer survey, the farmers were classified into 3 categories, which included the test farmers in whose fields the comparative test was conducted, radiation farmers who often interacted with researchers, and ordinary farmers who were not influenced by researchers. The results showed that the management system, based on peasant household plots, created high yield and nitrogen use efficiency for each farmer in the village, through information queries, data analyses,management decision making, system management, and other functional modules. The results of 22 comparative experiments in two years showed that, compared with the farmers practice treatment(FP), the treatment with high yield and nitrogen use efficiency(DH), recommended by the system, increased the winter wheat yield and partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity(PFPN) by 10.8% and 28.5%, respectively. The treatment system(DH) recommended during the maize season increased the yield and PFPN by 10.3% and 16.9%, respectively. This indicated that, with technological support from the recommendation system, farmers could be increasing their yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the winter wheat and summer maize, simultaneously. The results of the farmers' investigation showed that smallholders had a high degree of recognition for the management system, making it feasible to use the system for technical recommendations. Farmers had a high recognition for the recommended technologies for winter wheat and summer maize, but the adoption rate varied greatly. In particular, the adoption rate of recommended wheat varieties was 94%, but the adoption rate of precision sowing technology for winter wheat was 29%.The adoption rate of densification technology and late harvest technology of summer maize was only 2% and 35%, respectively. The recognition and adoption rates of the test and radiation households, which were greatly influenced by the technical recommendations made by the scientific and technical personnel, were higher than that of the ordinary peasant households.This indicated that it was feasible to popularize the management system to peasant households. In conclusion, the management system of winter wheat and summer maize for high yield and nitrogen use efficiency incorporated the auxiliary decision-making of crop management technology for smallholder plots, and had a significant effect on increasing the yield and nutrient use efficiency, which provided the possibility of achieving high crop yield and nutrient efficiency in large areas.
Smallholder farmers are the main body of agricultural production in China, but there are big variations in the crop yields and efficiency of resource utilization among these farmers. To increase the yield and nutrient use efficiency of crops and ensure precise management of smallholders' plots, this research established a management system for wheat and maize that produces high yield and nitrogen use efficiency at the village level, based on GIS using C# language. The verification of system effects was carried out through the field comparative test on the farmland and a feasibility evaluation was conducted by investigating farmers. During the farmer survey, the farmers were classified into 3 categories, which included the test farmers in whose fields the comparative test was conducted, radiation farmers who often interacted with researchers, and ordinary farmers who were not influenced by researchers. The results showed that the management system, based on peasant household plots, created high yield and nitrogen use efficiency for each farmer in the village, through information queries, data analyses,management decision making, system management, and other functional modules. The results of 22 comparative experiments in two years showed that, compared with the farmers practice treatment(FP), the treatment with high yield and nitrogen use efficiency(DH), recommended by the system, increased the winter wheat yield and partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity(PFPN) by 10.8% and 28.5%, respectively. The treatment system(DH) recommended during the maize season increased the yield and PFPN by 10.3% and 16.9%, respectively. This indicated that, with technological support from the recommendation system, farmers could be increasing their yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the winter wheat and summer maize, simultaneously. The results of the farmers' investigation showed that smallholders had a high degree of recognition for the management system, making it feasible to use the system for technical recommendations. Farmers had a high recognition for the recommended technologies for winter wheat and summer maize, but the adoption rate varied greatly. In particular, the adoption rate of recommended wheat varieties was 94%, but the adoption rate of precision sowing technology for winter wheat was 29%.The adoption rate of densification technology and late harvest technology of summer maize was only 2% and 35%, respectively. The recognition and adoption rates of the test and radiation households, which were greatly influenced by the technical recommendations made by the scientific and technical personnel, were higher than that of the ordinary peasant households.This indicated that it was feasible to popularize the management system to peasant households. In conclusion, the management system of winter wheat and summer maize for high yield and nitrogen use efficiency incorporated the auxiliary decision-making of crop management technology for smallholder plots, and had a significant effect on increasing the yield and nutrient use efficiency, which provided the possibility of achieving high crop yield and nutrient efficiency in large areas.
引文
[1]CUI Z L,ZHANG H Y,CHEN X P,et al.Pursuing sustainable productivity with millions of smallholder farmers[J].Nature,2018,555(7696):363-366
[2]FAN M S,SHEN J B,YUAN L X,et al.Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(1):13-24
[3]CHEN X P,CUI Z L,VITOUSEK P M,et al.Integrated soil-crop system management for food security[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(16):6399-6404
[4]CHEN X P,CUI Z L,FAN M S,et al.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs[J].Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489
[5]ZHANG W F,CAO G X,LI X L,et al.Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers[J].Nature,2016,537(7622):671-674
[6]吴良泉,陈新平,石孝均,等.“大配方、小调整”区域配肥技术的应用[J].磷肥与复肥,2013,28(3):68-70WU L Q,CHEN X P,SHI X J,et al.Application of region formulation fertilizer technology based on“Regional Fertilizer Formula and Site Specific Adjustment”[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2013,28(3):68-70
[7]CHEN G F,CAO H Z,LIANG J,et al.Factors affecting nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize on smallholder farms in the North China plain[J].Sustainability,2018,10(2):363
[8]武军,谢英丽,安丙俭.我国精准农业的研究现状与发展对策[J].山东农业科学,2013,45(9):118-121WU J,XIE Y L,AN B J.Research status and development countermeasures of precision agriculture in China[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2013,45(9):118-121
[9]燕跃奎,郭澎涛,罗微.基于GIS的儋州民营胶园精细化施肥配方制定研究[J].热带作物学报,2014,35(10):2050-2058YAN Y K,GUO P T,LUO W.Establishing precision fertilization formulas for private rubber plantations of Danzhou County based on geographic information system(GIS)[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2014,35(10):2050-2058
[10]许鑫,张浩,席磊,等.基于WebGIS的小麦精准施肥决策系统[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(S2):94-98XU X,ZHANG H,XI L,et al.Decision-making system for wheat precision fertilization based on WebGIS[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(S2):94-98
[11]危常州,侯振安,朱和明,等.基于GIS的棉田精准施肥和土壤养分管理系统的研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(6):678-685WEI C Z,HOU Z A,ZHU H M,et al.Study on precision fertilizer recommendation and soil nutrition management in cotton land based on GIS system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(6):678-685
[12]江厚龙,刘国顺,杨超,等.基于GIS丘陵土壤分区与烤烟推荐施肥研究[J].中国烟草科学,2013,34(2):10-17JIANG H L,LIU G S,YANG C,et al.Flue-cured tobacco fertilizer recommendations based on GIS soil delineation at hilly areas[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2013,34(2):10-17
[13]柳云龙,姜丽娜.基于GIS的农田养分管理与推荐施肥系统设计与开发[J].农业网络信息,2007,(8):23-26LIU Y L,JIANG L N.Research on recommended fertilization system and farmland nutrient management based on GIS[J].Agriculture Network Information,2007,(8):23-26
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005BAO S D.Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2005
[15]池建.精通ArcGIS地理信息系统[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2011:303-306CHI J.Proficient in ArcGIS Geographic Information System[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2011:303-306
[16]张福锁,陈新平,陈清,等.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009:10-15ZHANG F S,CHEN X P,CHEN Q,et al.Guidelines for Fertilization of Major Crops in China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009:10-15
[17]WEBB R A.Use of the boundary line in the analysis of biological data[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1972,47(3):309-319
[18]DOBERMANN A R.Nitrogen Use Efficiency-State of the Art[R].Frankfurt,Germany:Paper presented at the IFAInternational Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers,2005:28-30
[19]屈红蕊.基于GIS的村级作物高产高效管理系统的优化与应用[D].保定:河北农业大学,2017QU H R.Optimization and application of the crop management system with high crop yield and high nitrogen use efficiency based on GIS at village level[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2017
[20]王昊丹.基于GIS的村级玉米高产高效管理系统的构建与验证[D].保定:河北农业大学,2016WANG H D.Establish and assess the planting system with high maize yield and high nitrogen use efficiency based on GIS at village level[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2016
[21]袁学敏.基于模型与GIS的小麦精确栽培方案生成技术研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012YUAN X M.Model and GIS-based on precise cultivation prescription generation technology in wheat[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012
[22]巨晓棠,何忠俊.加拿大Alberta省的以水定产测土施肥技术体系[J].干旱地区农业研究,1998,16(1):84-89JU X T,HE Z J.Technical system of soil test and fertilizer recommendation based on the available water for crops in Alberta,Canada[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1998,16(1):84-89
[23]邹宗杰.目标产量法经验公式计算问题初探[J].青海农林科技,1987,(4):38-41ZOU Z J.A preliminary study on the empirical formula of target production method[J].Agricultural Science and Technology of Qinghai Province,1987,(4):38-41
[24]陈冬冬.冬小麦-夏玉米大面积高产高效的限制因素与技术途径研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2016CHEN D D.Study on limiting factors and technical approaches for high-yield and high-efficiency of winter wheat and summer corn[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2016
[25]李国强,王猛,胡峰,等.基于GIS的夏玉米氮肥精确管理系统设计与实现[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(2):186-189LI G Q,WANG M,HU F,et al.Design and implement of GIS-based precision nitrogen management system in summer maize[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(2):186-189
[26]刘小军,曹静,汤亮,等.基于模型和GIS的水稻生产管理决策支持系统构建与应用[J].中国水稻科学,2010,24(3):297-302LIU X J,CAO J,TANG L,et al.Development and application of a model and GIS-based decision support system for rice production management[J].Chinese Journal of Rice Science,2010,24(3):297-302
[27]李向岭,李丛锋,葛均筑,等.播期和种植密度对玉米产量性能的影响[J].玉米科学,2011,19(2):95-100LI X L,LI C F,GE J Z,et al.Effects of planting date and planting density on yield performance of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2011,19(2):95-100
[28]张福锁,陈新平,崔振岭,等.主要作物高产高效技术规程[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2010ZHANG F S,CHEN X P,CUI Z L,et al.Technical Regulations for High Yield and High Efficiency of Main Crops[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2010
[29]张福锁,张朝春.高产高效养分管理技术创新与应用[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2017ZHANG F S,ZHANG C C.Innovation and Application of Nutrient Management Technology for Double High Agriculture[J].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2017
[2]FAN M S,SHEN J B,YUAN L X,et al.Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(1):13-24
[3]CHEN X P,CUI Z L,VITOUSEK P M,et al.Integrated soil-crop system management for food security[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(16):6399-6404
[4]CHEN X P,CUI Z L,FAN M S,et al.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs[J].Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489
[5]ZHANG W F,CAO G X,LI X L,et al.Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers[J].Nature,2016,537(7622):671-674
[6]吴良泉,陈新平,石孝均,等.“大配方、小调整”区域配肥技术的应用[J].磷肥与复肥,2013,28(3):68-70WU L Q,CHEN X P,SHI X J,et al.Application of region formulation fertilizer technology based on“Regional Fertilizer Formula and Site Specific Adjustment”[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2013,28(3):68-70
[7]CHEN G F,CAO H Z,LIANG J,et al.Factors affecting nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize on smallholder farms in the North China plain[J].Sustainability,2018,10(2):363
[8]武军,谢英丽,安丙俭.我国精准农业的研究现状与发展对策[J].山东农业科学,2013,45(9):118-121WU J,XIE Y L,AN B J.Research status and development countermeasures of precision agriculture in China[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2013,45(9):118-121
[9]燕跃奎,郭澎涛,罗微.基于GIS的儋州民营胶园精细化施肥配方制定研究[J].热带作物学报,2014,35(10):2050-2058YAN Y K,GUO P T,LUO W.Establishing precision fertilization formulas for private rubber plantations of Danzhou County based on geographic information system(GIS)[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2014,35(10):2050-2058
[10]许鑫,张浩,席磊,等.基于WebGIS的小麦精准施肥决策系统[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(S2):94-98XU X,ZHANG H,XI L,et al.Decision-making system for wheat precision fertilization based on WebGIS[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(S2):94-98
[11]危常州,侯振安,朱和明,等.基于GIS的棉田精准施肥和土壤养分管理系统的研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(6):678-685WEI C Z,HOU Z A,ZHU H M,et al.Study on precision fertilizer recommendation and soil nutrition management in cotton land based on GIS system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(6):678-685
[12]江厚龙,刘国顺,杨超,等.基于GIS丘陵土壤分区与烤烟推荐施肥研究[J].中国烟草科学,2013,34(2):10-17JIANG H L,LIU G S,YANG C,et al.Flue-cured tobacco fertilizer recommendations based on GIS soil delineation at hilly areas[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2013,34(2):10-17
[13]柳云龙,姜丽娜.基于GIS的农田养分管理与推荐施肥系统设计与开发[J].农业网络信息,2007,(8):23-26LIU Y L,JIANG L N.Research on recommended fertilization system and farmland nutrient management based on GIS[J].Agriculture Network Information,2007,(8):23-26
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005BAO S D.Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2005
[15]池建.精通ArcGIS地理信息系统[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2011:303-306CHI J.Proficient in ArcGIS Geographic Information System[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2011:303-306
[16]张福锁,陈新平,陈清,等.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009:10-15ZHANG F S,CHEN X P,CHEN Q,et al.Guidelines for Fertilization of Major Crops in China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009:10-15
[17]WEBB R A.Use of the boundary line in the analysis of biological data[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1972,47(3):309-319
[18]DOBERMANN A R.Nitrogen Use Efficiency-State of the Art[R].Frankfurt,Germany:Paper presented at the IFAInternational Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers,2005:28-30
[19]屈红蕊.基于GIS的村级作物高产高效管理系统的优化与应用[D].保定:河北农业大学,2017QU H R.Optimization and application of the crop management system with high crop yield and high nitrogen use efficiency based on GIS at village level[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2017
[20]王昊丹.基于GIS的村级玉米高产高效管理系统的构建与验证[D].保定:河北农业大学,2016WANG H D.Establish and assess the planting system with high maize yield and high nitrogen use efficiency based on GIS at village level[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2016
[21]袁学敏.基于模型与GIS的小麦精确栽培方案生成技术研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012YUAN X M.Model and GIS-based on precise cultivation prescription generation technology in wheat[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012
[22]巨晓棠,何忠俊.加拿大Alberta省的以水定产测土施肥技术体系[J].干旱地区农业研究,1998,16(1):84-89JU X T,HE Z J.Technical system of soil test and fertilizer recommendation based on the available water for crops in Alberta,Canada[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1998,16(1):84-89
[23]邹宗杰.目标产量法经验公式计算问题初探[J].青海农林科技,1987,(4):38-41ZOU Z J.A preliminary study on the empirical formula of target production method[J].Agricultural Science and Technology of Qinghai Province,1987,(4):38-41
[24]陈冬冬.冬小麦-夏玉米大面积高产高效的限制因素与技术途径研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2016CHEN D D.Study on limiting factors and technical approaches for high-yield and high-efficiency of winter wheat and summer corn[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2016
[25]李国强,王猛,胡峰,等.基于GIS的夏玉米氮肥精确管理系统设计与实现[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(2):186-189LI G Q,WANG M,HU F,et al.Design and implement of GIS-based precision nitrogen management system in summer maize[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(2):186-189
[26]刘小军,曹静,汤亮,等.基于模型和GIS的水稻生产管理决策支持系统构建与应用[J].中国水稻科学,2010,24(3):297-302LIU X J,CAO J,TANG L,et al.Development and application of a model and GIS-based decision support system for rice production management[J].Chinese Journal of Rice Science,2010,24(3):297-302
[27]李向岭,李丛锋,葛均筑,等.播期和种植密度对玉米产量性能的影响[J].玉米科学,2011,19(2):95-100LI X L,LI C F,GE J Z,et al.Effects of planting date and planting density on yield performance of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2011,19(2):95-100
[28]张福锁,陈新平,崔振岭,等.主要作物高产高效技术规程[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2010ZHANG F S,CHEN X P,CUI Z L,et al.Technical Regulations for High Yield and High Efficiency of Main Crops[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2010
[29]张福锁,张朝春.高产高效养分管理技术创新与应用[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2017ZHANG F S,ZHANG C C.Innovation and Application of Nutrient Management Technology for Double High Agriculture[J].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2017
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |