基于肥水资源化的河网区镇域农业面源污染控制系统的构建:以太湖地区新建镇为例
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摘要
河网地区农业面源污染控制不仅要考虑去污效果和成本,还应兼顾资源化利用。以太湖西岸宜兴市新建镇种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业产生的3种污染源为对象,调查获得该镇3种污染源污水负荷、各污染物(总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD)输出负荷及农田灌溉需水量,并估算污水农用灌溉潜力和养殖粪污氮磷农用潜力。结合当地适宜的单项面源污染控制技术,在达到GB 5084—2005《农田灌溉水质标准》要求的前提下,提出了全部畜禽粪污处理后还田(模式Ⅰ)、全部畜禽粪污处理后还田及部分水产养殖污水处理后农灌(模式Ⅱ)2种农业面源污染控制系统,并估算系统各污染物削减量和成本。结果表明,每年全部畜禽养殖污水(71.96×10~3m~3)和部分水产养殖污水(2 277.11×10~3m~3)经处理达标后用于灌溉,可以满足新建镇农田灌溉需水量(模式Ⅱ);该系统总氮、总磷、氨氮和COD入河削减率分别为84.3%、94.2%、89.6%和94.0%,每年N、P肥施用量可分别减少81.8和39.9 kg·hm~(-2)。为了节约成本,仅考虑畜禽养殖污水处理达标用于农灌(71.96×10~3m~3)(模式Ⅰ)可满足3%农田灌溉需水量,该系统总氮、总磷、氨氮和COD入河削减率分别为83.0%、93.7%、88.7%和93.7%,每年N、P肥施用量可分别减少52.0和34.2 kg·hm~(-2)。所提出的2种肥水资源化农业面源污染控制系统可为新建镇污染控制工程建设提供技术参考。
In river network areas,the control of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANPSP)should consider not only the pollutant removal effect and cost but also the resource utilization efficiency. Taking Xinjian Town,Yixing City on the west bank of Taihu Lake as an example,the volume of wastewater and the pollutant loads discharged from three pollution sources(crop farming,livestock and aquaculture)were investigated. The demand of water for irrigation and the potential reuse of wastewater for irrigation and the potential reuse of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P)from manure and wastewater for fertilizing cropland were also estimated. The performance of two schemes of ANPSP control system(Scheme Ⅰ:reuse of all livestock wastewater and manure;Scheme Ⅱ:reuse of all livestock wastewater and manure and some aquaculture wastewater)on pollutant reduction efficiency(TN,TP,NH_3-N,and COD)and economic cost were evaluated. The results show that if all the livestock wastewater(71. 96×10~3 m~3)and some aquaculture wastewater(2 277. 11×10~3 m~3)were reused for irrigation after processing could meet the total irrigation water demand in Xinjian Town(Scheme Ⅱ). The removal efficiencies of Scheme Ⅱ for the pollutants TN,TP,NH_3-N,and COD were 84. 3%,94. 2%,89. 6% and 94. 0%,respectively. In addition,Scheme Ⅱ could reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by nearly 81. 8 kg·hm~(-2) of N and 39. 9 kg·hm~(-2) of P annually. In order to reduce costs,Scheme Ⅰ that only reuse livestock wastewater(71. 96×10~3 m~3) for irrigation after processing could only meet with 3% of irrigation water demand. The removal efficiencies of Scheme I for the pollutants TN,TP,NH_3-N,and COD were 83. 0%,93. 7%,88. 7% and 93. 7%,respectively,and the use of N and P fertilizers can be reduced by nearly 52. 0 and 34. 2 kg·hm~(-2) annually. The proposed two schemes of ANPSP control system with consideration of nutrients and wastewater recycling may provide a reference for the construction of pollution control projects in Xinjian Town.
In river network areas,the control of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANPSP)should consider not only the pollutant removal effect and cost but also the resource utilization efficiency. Taking Xinjian Town,Yixing City on the west bank of Taihu Lake as an example,the volume of wastewater and the pollutant loads discharged from three pollution sources(crop farming,livestock and aquaculture)were investigated. The demand of water for irrigation and the potential reuse of wastewater for irrigation and the potential reuse of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P)from manure and wastewater for fertilizing cropland were also estimated. The performance of two schemes of ANPSP control system(Scheme Ⅰ:reuse of all livestock wastewater and manure;Scheme Ⅱ:reuse of all livestock wastewater and manure and some aquaculture wastewater)on pollutant reduction efficiency(TN,TP,NH_3-N,and COD)and economic cost were evaluated. The results show that if all the livestock wastewater(71. 96×10~3 m~3)and some aquaculture wastewater(2 277. 11×10~3 m~3)were reused for irrigation after processing could meet the total irrigation water demand in Xinjian Town(Scheme Ⅱ). The removal efficiencies of Scheme Ⅱ for the pollutants TN,TP,NH_3-N,and COD were 84. 3%,94. 2%,89. 6% and 94. 0%,respectively. In addition,Scheme Ⅱ could reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by nearly 81. 8 kg·hm~(-2) of N and 39. 9 kg·hm~(-2) of P annually. In order to reduce costs,Scheme Ⅰ that only reuse livestock wastewater(71. 96×10~3 m~3) for irrigation after processing could only meet with 3% of irrigation water demand. The removal efficiencies of Scheme I for the pollutants TN,TP,NH_3-N,and COD were 83. 0%,93. 7%,88. 7% and 93. 7%,respectively,and the use of N and P fertilizers can be reduced by nearly 52. 0 and 34. 2 kg·hm~(-2) annually. The proposed two schemes of ANPSP control system with consideration of nutrients and wastewater recycling may provide a reference for the construction of pollution control projects in Xinjian Town.
引文
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[3]刘莉,胡正义.基于污染物削减效果和成本的农业面源污染控制技术优选:以太湖地区为例[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(4):608-616.[LIU Li,HU Zheng-yi.Selection of Optimal Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Prevention and Control Techniques Based on Effect and Cost of Their Pollution Reduction:A Case Study of the Taihu Region[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(4):608-616.]
[4]杨林章,施卫明,薛利红,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:总体思路与“4R”治理技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):1-8.[YANG Lin-zhang,SHI Wei-ming,XUELi-hong,et al.Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore Technology for the Controlling the Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Countryside in China:General Countermeasures and Technologies[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(1):1-8.]
[5]ZHANG J F.Forestry Measures for Ecologically Controlling Non-Point Source Pollution in Taihu Lake Watershed,China[M].Singapore:Springer Singapore,2016:1.
[6]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会.关于印发太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案(2013年修编)的通知[EB/OL].(2013-12-30)[2018-07-01].http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fzgggz/dqjj/zhdt/201401/t20140114_575733.html.
[7]秦忠,耿清蔚,臧贵敏.太湖流域平原水网区面源污染现状与控制对策[J].中国工程科学,2010,12(6):113-116.[QINZhong,GENG Qing-wei,ZANG Gui-min.Statistics and Countermeasures of Non-Point Source Pollution in Plain River Network of Taihu Basin[J].Engineering Sciences,2010,12(6):113-116.]
[8]刘莉.农业面源污染控制技术在太湖流域宜兴地区的适用性评估[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016.
[9]郝昊,王晓昌,张琼华,等.宜兴城市内河污染物时空分布及解析[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(1):125-130.[HAO Hao,WANG Xiao-chang,ZHANG Qiong-hua,et al.Spatiotemporal Distribution and Analysis for Pollutants in Inland Rivers of Yixing,China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(1):125-130.]
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[14]董文涛,程先富,张群,等.SCS-CN模型在巢湖流域地表产流估算中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(3):174-177,187.[DONG Wen-tao,CHENG Xian-fu,ZHANG Qun,et al.Application of SCS-CN Model Estimating Surface Runoff to Chaohu Lake Basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(3):174-177,187.]
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