格尔木枸杞地农药残留水平与膳食暴露风险评估
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摘要
围绕格尔木地区枸杞果农药残留问题,开展从枸杞植株-蜂蜜-土壤-地下水系统迁移环境中农药残留水平及枸杞果膳食暴露风险评估研究。采集地下水、枸杞果实、枸杞茎叶、枸杞蜂蜜以及土壤样品76个,对11种常用农药进行检测,在各种农药残留水平分析的基础上,分别利用急性参考剂量和每日允许摄入量进行急性和慢性膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明,76份样品共检出吡虫啉、阿维菌素、草甘膦和多菌灵4种农药,农药种类残留最多的是枸杞叶和土壤样。从平均残留量和最高残留量来看,吡虫啉在枸杞果实、枸杞叶和土壤中残留量相对较高,最高残留量达88μg·kg~(-1),而在地下水和蜂蜜样中相对较低;其余农药的残留主要集中在土壤和枸杞叶中,阿维菌素和草甘膦在土壤中最高分别达45.5μg·kg~(-1)和1 270μg·kg~(-1),多菌灵在枸杞叶中达到8 400μg·kg~(-1)。4种农药在系统迁移过程中的差异性:草甘膦在土壤中降解性能好,主要残留于土壤中,呈现地表累积特征;多菌灵不溶于水,不易迁移,多残留在枸杞的植株中;吡虫啉具有渗透性强,附着力好、耐冲刷等特点,在土壤、地下水、果实及植物等环境中表现出较明显的稳定性;阿维菌素在酸性和碱性条件下降解不稳定,同时受夏季雨水的冲刷作用,在土壤-地下水迁移过程中表现出不稳定的特征。急性膳食暴露风险和慢性膳食暴露风险均小于100%,暴露风险处于可接受水平。
To address the problem of pesticide residue in wolfberry from Golmud area, a study on pesticide residue distribution in wolfberry and a risk assessment of dietary exposure was conducted. A total of 76 samples from groundwater, wolfberry fruit,wolfberry stems and leaves, wolfberry honey, soil and groundwater were collected. Then, 11 commonly used pesticides were tested to analyze the pesticide residue level, and the acute reference dose(H, %) and allowable daily intake(I, %) were employed to conduct risk assessments for acute and chronic dietary exposure. The results showed that a total of four pesticides were detected for imidacloprid, abamectin, glyphosate and carbendazim in 76 samples. The residual amount of those four pesticides differed in different samples. Imidacloprid was detected in all sample types, abamectin was detected in four sample types(it was not detected in fruit samples), carbendazim was only detected in wolfberry leaves, and glyphosate was only detected in soil samples. The most pesticide types were detected in leaf and soil samples. The imidacloprid in wolfberry fruit, leaves, and soil were relatively higher,reaching 88 μg·kg~(-1) while those in groundwater and honey samples were relatively lower. Other pesticide residues were mainly concentrated in soil and wolfberry leaf samples, and the amount of residues from abamectin and glyphosate in soil were as high as 45.5 and 1 270 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. The carbendazim residue in wolfberry leaves reached 8 400 μg·kg~(-1). The distribution reflects the differences of four pesticides in the migration process of the system. Glyphosate has a good degradation performance in soil,which is mainly residual in the soil and shows the characteristics of surface accumulation. Polyfungicide is insoluble in water,difficult to migrate, and residues in lycium barbarum plants. Imidacloprid has the characteristics of strong permeability, good adhesion and erosion resistance, and shows obvious stability in soil, groundwater, fruits, plants and other environments. Abamectin is unstable characteristics under acidic and alkaline conditions from soil to groundwater. The acute dietary exposure risk was<100%,the chronic dietary exposure risk was<100%, and the exposure risks were both at low levels.
To address the problem of pesticide residue in wolfberry from Golmud area, a study on pesticide residue distribution in wolfberry and a risk assessment of dietary exposure was conducted. A total of 76 samples from groundwater, wolfberry fruit,wolfberry stems and leaves, wolfberry honey, soil and groundwater were collected. Then, 11 commonly used pesticides were tested to analyze the pesticide residue level, and the acute reference dose(H, %) and allowable daily intake(I, %) were employed to conduct risk assessments for acute and chronic dietary exposure. The results showed that a total of four pesticides were detected for imidacloprid, abamectin, glyphosate and carbendazim in 76 samples. The residual amount of those four pesticides differed in different samples. Imidacloprid was detected in all sample types, abamectin was detected in four sample types(it was not detected in fruit samples), carbendazim was only detected in wolfberry leaves, and glyphosate was only detected in soil samples. The most pesticide types were detected in leaf and soil samples. The imidacloprid in wolfberry fruit, leaves, and soil were relatively higher,reaching 88 μg·kg~(-1) while those in groundwater and honey samples were relatively lower. Other pesticide residues were mainly concentrated in soil and wolfberry leaf samples, and the amount of residues from abamectin and glyphosate in soil were as high as 45.5 and 1 270 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. The carbendazim residue in wolfberry leaves reached 8 400 μg·kg~(-1). The distribution reflects the differences of four pesticides in the migration process of the system. Glyphosate has a good degradation performance in soil,which is mainly residual in the soil and shows the characteristics of surface accumulation. Polyfungicide is insoluble in water,difficult to migrate, and residues in lycium barbarum plants. Imidacloprid has the characteristics of strong permeability, good adhesion and erosion resistance, and shows obvious stability in soil, groundwater, fruits, plants and other environments. Abamectin is unstable characteristics under acidic and alkaline conditions from soil to groundwater. The acute dietary exposure risk was<100%,the chronic dietary exposure risk was<100%, and the exposure risks were both at low levels.
引文
ARIAS-ESTEVEZ M,LOPEZ-PERIAGO E,MARTINEZ-CARBALLO E,et al.,2008.Themobility and degradation of pesticides in soils and the pollution of groundwater resources[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,123(4):247-260.
The Veterinary Residues Committee,2014.Annual report on surveillance for veterinary residues in food in the UK2010[EB/OL].http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/VRC/pdf/reports/Vrcar.Pdf.
陈然,2016.中阿维菌素在水体和土壤中的残留特征研究[D].成都:西南交通大学:60-80.CHEN R,2016.Residue characteristics of Avermectin in water and soil[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiao Tong University:60-80.
陈霞,卢春霞,王静,2016.新疆枸杞农药残留及重金属污染物风险评估[J].农产品加工,408(5):54-59.CHEN X,LU C X,WANG J,2016.Risk assessment of pesticide residues and heavy metal concentrations in wolfberry of Xinjiang[J].Farm Products Processing,408(5):54-59.
郭卫芸,李光辉,杨旗,等,2017.蜂蜜中农药残留研究进展[J].食品研究与开发,38(23):201-205.GUO W Y,LI G H,YANG Q,et al.,2017.Progress in the pesticides residue of honey[J].Food Research and Development,38(23):201-205.
国家技术监督局,1996.GB15670-1995,农药登记毒理学试验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社.State Bureau of Technical Supervision,1996.GB15670-1995,Toxicological test methods for pesticide registration[S].Beijing:China Standards Publishing House.
何嘉,王芳,胡荣梅,等,2016.枸杞主要病害综合防治技术[J].宁夏农林科技,57(10):39-41.HE J,WANG F,HU R M,et al.,2016.Integrated Control Techniques of Main Wolfberry Diseases[J].Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,57(10):39-41.
洪文英,吴燕君,王道泽,等,2011.乙酰甲胺磷及其高毒代谢物甲胺磷在白菜中的残留动态[J].农业环境科学学报,30(5):860-866.HONG W Y,WU Y J,WANG D Z,et al.,2011.Residue dynamics of aeephate and its metabolite methamidophos in pakchoi[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,30(5):860-866.
李湄琳,2017.农药残留及其对环境的污染[J].环境与发展,34(9):56-58.LI M L,2017.Pesticide residues and their environmental pollution[J].Environment and Development,34(9):56-58.
卢碧林,吴继洪,2011.荆州城郊蔬菜基地土壤农药残留污染分析[J].湖北农业科学,50(9):1898-1900.LU B L,WU J H,2011.Analysis on pesticide residue in the soil of vegetables base in Jingzhou suburb[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,50(9):1898-1900.
乔浩,孙小凤,韩燕,等,2017.柴达木地区枸杞农药残留风险评估[J].风险监测与评估(5):39-43.QIAO H,SUN X F,HAN Y,et al.,2017.Risk assessment of Lycium barbarum pesticide residues in Qaidam region[J].Risk monitoring and Assessment(5):39-43.
如克亚·加帕尔,孙玉敬,钟烈州,等,2013.枸杞植物化学成分及其生物活性的研究进展[J].中国食品学报,13(8):161-165.RU K Y,SUN Y J,ZHONG L Z,et al.,2013.A Review of Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive of Lycium Barbarum Fruit(Goji)[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology,13(8):161-165.
汤丽华,马桂娟,朱捷,等,2017.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定枸杞中31种农药残留[J].食品工业科技,38(14):26-30.TANG L H,MA G J,ZHU J,et al.,2017.Determination of 31pesticide residues in Chinese wolfcherry by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,38(14):26-30.
陶美霞,胡虎,胡兰文,等,2018.上饶市某铜矿废弃地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].生态环境学报,27(6):1153-1159.TAO M X,HU H,HU L W,et al.,2018.Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in polluted abandon soil of Shangrao,Jiangxi[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(6):1153-1159.
王佳,刘斌,肖柏林,等,2018.重庆城区市售蔬菜重金属污染评价与健康风险评估[J].生态环境学报,27(5):942-949.WANG J,LIU B,XIAO B L,et al.,2018.Evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in vegetables sold in markets in Chongqing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(5):942-949.
魏淑花,孙海霞,沈娟,2009.宁夏枸杞产区土壤中有机磷农药残留现状分析[J].中国农学通报,25(24):488-490.WEI S H,SUN H X,SHEN J,2009.Study on the residues of organ ophosphorus pesticides in the soil of chinese wolfberry produce district in Ningxia[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,25(24):488-490.
徐常青,刘赛,徐荣,等,2014.我国枸杞主产区生产现状调研及建议[J].中国中药杂志,39(11):1979-1984.XU C Q,LIU S,XU R,et al.,2014.Investigation of production status in major wolfberry producing areas of China and some suggestions[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,39(11):1979-1984.
严林,郭蕊,李琳琳,等,2017.青海省枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类调查[J].植物保护,43(5):189-197.YAN L,GUO R,LI L L,et al.,2017.Investigation of Lycium diseases and insect pest and their natural enemies on Lyciumwoods in Qinhai Province[J].Plant Protection,43(5):189-197.
张艳,吴燕,牛艳,等,2016.枸杞制干对农药残留量的影响及膳食暴露评估[J].食品研究与开发,37(13):176-180.ZHANG Y,WU Y,NIU Y,et al.,2016.Effects of drying methods on pesticide residues in wolfberry and its dietary exposure assessment[J].Food Research and Development,37(13):176-180.
中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员,2014.GB 2763-2014,食品安全国家标准-食品中农药最大残留限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticides in Food of National Food Safety Standard,2014.GB2763-2014,National food the state health and family planning commission of the People's Republic of China[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会,2016.GB 2763-2016,食品安全国家标准-食品中农药最大残留限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticides in Food of National Food Safety Standard,2016.GB2763-2016,National food the state health and family planning commission of the People's Republic of China[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
中华人民共和国农业部,2016.GB 23200.10-2016,食品安全国家标准桑枝?金银花?枸杞子和荷叶中488种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China,2016.GB23200.10-2016,National Food Safety Standard Determination of 488Pesticides and Related Chemicals Residues in Mulberry Branches,Honeysuckle,Lycium Barbarum and Lotus Leaves[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
中华人民共和国农业部,2016.GB23200.11-2016食品安全国家标准桑枝?金银花?枸杞子和荷叶中413种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China,2016.GB23200.11-2016,National Food Safety Standard Determination of413 Pesticides and Related Chemicals Residues in Mulberry Branches,Honeysuckle,Lycium Barbarum and Lotus Leaves[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
周婕成,陈振楼,毕春娟,等,2010.上海崇明农田土壤中有机磷农药的残留特征[J].土壤通报,41(6):1456-1459.ZHOU J C,CHEN Z L,BI C J,et al.,2010.Residues of organo phosphorus pesticides in agricultural fields of Chongming Islandin Shanghai[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,41(6):1456-1459.
The Veterinary Residues Committee,2014.Annual report on surveillance for veterinary residues in food in the UK2010[EB/OL].http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/VRC/pdf/reports/Vrcar.Pdf.
陈然,2016.中阿维菌素在水体和土壤中的残留特征研究[D].成都:西南交通大学:60-80.CHEN R,2016.Residue characteristics of Avermectin in water and soil[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiao Tong University:60-80.
陈霞,卢春霞,王静,2016.新疆枸杞农药残留及重金属污染物风险评估[J].农产品加工,408(5):54-59.CHEN X,LU C X,WANG J,2016.Risk assessment of pesticide residues and heavy metal concentrations in wolfberry of Xinjiang[J].Farm Products Processing,408(5):54-59.
郭卫芸,李光辉,杨旗,等,2017.蜂蜜中农药残留研究进展[J].食品研究与开发,38(23):201-205.GUO W Y,LI G H,YANG Q,et al.,2017.Progress in the pesticides residue of honey[J].Food Research and Development,38(23):201-205.
国家技术监督局,1996.GB15670-1995,农药登记毒理学试验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社.State Bureau of Technical Supervision,1996.GB15670-1995,Toxicological test methods for pesticide registration[S].Beijing:China Standards Publishing House.
何嘉,王芳,胡荣梅,等,2016.枸杞主要病害综合防治技术[J].宁夏农林科技,57(10):39-41.HE J,WANG F,HU R M,et al.,2016.Integrated Control Techniques of Main Wolfberry Diseases[J].Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,57(10):39-41.
洪文英,吴燕君,王道泽,等,2011.乙酰甲胺磷及其高毒代谢物甲胺磷在白菜中的残留动态[J].农业环境科学学报,30(5):860-866.HONG W Y,WU Y J,WANG D Z,et al.,2011.Residue dynamics of aeephate and its metabolite methamidophos in pakchoi[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,30(5):860-866.
李湄琳,2017.农药残留及其对环境的污染[J].环境与发展,34(9):56-58.LI M L,2017.Pesticide residues and their environmental pollution[J].Environment and Development,34(9):56-58.
卢碧林,吴继洪,2011.荆州城郊蔬菜基地土壤农药残留污染分析[J].湖北农业科学,50(9):1898-1900.LU B L,WU J H,2011.Analysis on pesticide residue in the soil of vegetables base in Jingzhou suburb[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,50(9):1898-1900.
乔浩,孙小凤,韩燕,等,2017.柴达木地区枸杞农药残留风险评估[J].风险监测与评估(5):39-43.QIAO H,SUN X F,HAN Y,et al.,2017.Risk assessment of Lycium barbarum pesticide residues in Qaidam region[J].Risk monitoring and Assessment(5):39-43.
如克亚·加帕尔,孙玉敬,钟烈州,等,2013.枸杞植物化学成分及其生物活性的研究进展[J].中国食品学报,13(8):161-165.RU K Y,SUN Y J,ZHONG L Z,et al.,2013.A Review of Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive of Lycium Barbarum Fruit(Goji)[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology,13(8):161-165.
汤丽华,马桂娟,朱捷,等,2017.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定枸杞中31种农药残留[J].食品工业科技,38(14):26-30.TANG L H,MA G J,ZHU J,et al.,2017.Determination of 31pesticide residues in Chinese wolfcherry by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,38(14):26-30.
陶美霞,胡虎,胡兰文,等,2018.上饶市某铜矿废弃地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].生态环境学报,27(6):1153-1159.TAO M X,HU H,HU L W,et al.,2018.Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in polluted abandon soil of Shangrao,Jiangxi[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(6):1153-1159.
王佳,刘斌,肖柏林,等,2018.重庆城区市售蔬菜重金属污染评价与健康风险评估[J].生态环境学报,27(5):942-949.WANG J,LIU B,XIAO B L,et al.,2018.Evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in vegetables sold in markets in Chongqing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(5):942-949.
魏淑花,孙海霞,沈娟,2009.宁夏枸杞产区土壤中有机磷农药残留现状分析[J].中国农学通报,25(24):488-490.WEI S H,SUN H X,SHEN J,2009.Study on the residues of organ ophosphorus pesticides in the soil of chinese wolfberry produce district in Ningxia[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,25(24):488-490.
徐常青,刘赛,徐荣,等,2014.我国枸杞主产区生产现状调研及建议[J].中国中药杂志,39(11):1979-1984.XU C Q,LIU S,XU R,et al.,2014.Investigation of production status in major wolfberry producing areas of China and some suggestions[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,39(11):1979-1984.
严林,郭蕊,李琳琳,等,2017.青海省枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类调查[J].植物保护,43(5):189-197.YAN L,GUO R,LI L L,et al.,2017.Investigation of Lycium diseases and insect pest and their natural enemies on Lyciumwoods in Qinhai Province[J].Plant Protection,43(5):189-197.
张艳,吴燕,牛艳,等,2016.枸杞制干对农药残留量的影响及膳食暴露评估[J].食品研究与开发,37(13):176-180.ZHANG Y,WU Y,NIU Y,et al.,2016.Effects of drying methods on pesticide residues in wolfberry and its dietary exposure assessment[J].Food Research and Development,37(13):176-180.
中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员,2014.GB 2763-2014,食品安全国家标准-食品中农药最大残留限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticides in Food of National Food Safety Standard,2014.GB2763-2014,National food the state health and family planning commission of the People's Republic of China[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会,2016.GB 2763-2016,食品安全国家标准-食品中农药最大残留限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticides in Food of National Food Safety Standard,2016.GB2763-2016,National food the state health and family planning commission of the People's Republic of China[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
中华人民共和国农业部,2016.GB 23200.10-2016,食品安全国家标准桑枝?金银花?枸杞子和荷叶中488种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China,2016.GB23200.10-2016,National Food Safety Standard Determination of 488Pesticides and Related Chemicals Residues in Mulberry Branches,Honeysuckle,Lycium Barbarum and Lotus Leaves[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
中华人民共和国农业部,2016.GB23200.11-2016食品安全国家标准桑枝?金银花?枸杞子和荷叶中413种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社.Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China,2016.GB23200.11-2016,National Food Safety Standard Determination of413 Pesticides and Related Chemicals Residues in Mulberry Branches,Honeysuckle,Lycium Barbarum and Lotus Leaves[S].Beijing:China Standard Press.
周婕成,陈振楼,毕春娟,等,2010.上海崇明农田土壤中有机磷农药的残留特征[J].土壤通报,41(6):1456-1459.ZHOU J C,CHEN Z L,BI C J,et al.,2010.Residues of organo phosphorus pesticides in agricultural fields of Chongming Islandin Shanghai[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,41(6):1456-1459.
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