人工模拟降雨条件下坡面侵蚀特性的模型试验研究
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摘要
工程斜坡体水土流失主要由水力侵蚀的导致,为研究土壤侵蚀的水动力过程,通过足尺模型试验,人工模拟降雨条件下不同降雨强度和坡度对坡面侵蚀特征的影响。试验结果表明,坡度由15°增大至53°、降雨强度由50 mm/h上升至100 mm/h时:①坡面初始产流时间减小,径流强度曲线以指数型增长,坡度与径流强度成负相关,这是由于雨滴打击作用致使降雨初期径流强度缓慢增长,后快速增大至峰值;②由于径流作用,径流含沙量前阶段出现短时间减小,随后恢复增大趋势,且降雨强度和坡度增幅越明显,径流含沙量越大,两者交互作用大于单指标对径流含沙量的影响程度,这是由于雨滴击溅作用加强了水流对泥沙的迁移能力,进而增大了径流含沙量,且产沙量与径流量的关系密切,径流强度直接影响产沙量的大小,两者的增长趋势成正相关;③坡面侵蚀最先产生细沟,细沟侵蚀导致产沙量快速增加,随着降雨历时的推移,侵蚀类型最终发展为浅沟、切沟,并成为侵蚀产沙的主要方式,这是由于雨滴打击作用促进了侵蚀沟的发育,增强了径流对颗粒的分选能力,从而增加了细粒土的流失。
The soil erosion of engineering slope is mainly caused by hydraulic erosion.In order to study the hydrodynamic process of soil erosion,this paper simulates the influence of different rainfall intensity and gradient on the slope erosion characteristics under rainfall conditions through model test.The test results show that when the slope increases from 15° to 53°,and the rainfall intensity increases from 50 mm/h to 100 mm/h,①the initial slope runoff time decreases,the runoff intensity shows exponential growth,and slope is negatively related to the intensity of runoff.The impact of raindrop makes the intensity of runoff increase slowly at the beginning of rainfall and then increases rapidly to the peak;②due to the runoff effect,the sediment concentration in the pre-stage decreases for a short time and then recovers the trend of increase.In addition,the more obvious the increase of rainfall intensity and gradient,the greater the sediment concentration in runoff,and the interaction between the two is greater than that of single index.Because of the impact of raindrop splash,the ability of water flow to sediment transport is strengthened,and thus the sediment content of runoff is increased.Sediment yield is closely related to runoff,and runoff intensity directly affects sediment yield;③the slope erosion first produces rills,and rill erosion leads to rapid increase of sediment yield.With the passage of rainfall,erosion type eventually develops into shallow gullies and gullies,and becomes the main method of erosion and sediment production.Raindrop impact promotes the development of erosion gully,enhances the ability of runoff to separate particles,and increases the loss of fine soil.
The soil erosion of engineering slope is mainly caused by hydraulic erosion.In order to study the hydrodynamic process of soil erosion,this paper simulates the influence of different rainfall intensity and gradient on the slope erosion characteristics under rainfall conditions through model test.The test results show that when the slope increases from 15° to 53°,and the rainfall intensity increases from 50 mm/h to 100 mm/h,①the initial slope runoff time decreases,the runoff intensity shows exponential growth,and slope is negatively related to the intensity of runoff.The impact of raindrop makes the intensity of runoff increase slowly at the beginning of rainfall and then increases rapidly to the peak;②due to the runoff effect,the sediment concentration in the pre-stage decreases for a short time and then recovers the trend of increase.In addition,the more obvious the increase of rainfall intensity and gradient,the greater the sediment concentration in runoff,and the interaction between the two is greater than that of single index.Because of the impact of raindrop splash,the ability of water flow to sediment transport is strengthened,and thus the sediment content of runoff is increased.Sediment yield is closely related to runoff,and runoff intensity directly affects sediment yield;③the slope erosion first produces rills,and rill erosion leads to rapid increase of sediment yield.With the passage of rainfall,erosion type eventually develops into shallow gullies and gullies,and becomes the main method of erosion and sediment production.Raindrop impact promotes the development of erosion gully,enhances the ability of runoff to separate particles,and increases the loss of fine soil.
引文
[1] 曾立雄,肖文发,黄志霖,等.三峡库区不同退耕还林模式水土流失特征及其影响因子[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(1):146-152.
[2] 徐涵秋.水土流失区生态变化的遥感评估[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):91-97,294.
[3] 汪洋,贾洪彪,马淑芝.小降雨入渗的非饱和土边坡稳定性计算方法研究[J].安全与环境工程,2016,23(6):41-45.
[4] 吴志斌,王陈琦,曾江波,等.不同降雨强度下渣土受纳场边坡地下水渗流和稳定性的数值模拟分析[J].安全与环境工程,2017,24(4):148-153.
[5] 刘加琼,刘章,杨明义,等.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带坡面土壤侵蚀特征及其影响因素[J].水土保护研究,2018,25(1):1-6,22.
[6] 史志华,宋长青.土壤水蚀过程研究回顾[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):1-10.
[7] Gong T,Zhu Y,Shao M.Effect of embedded-rock fragments on slope soil erosion during rainfall events under simulated laboratory conditions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,563:811-817.
[8] Selby M J.Slope erosion due to extreme rainfall:A case study from New Zealand[J].GeografiskaAnnaler,1976,58(3):131-138.
[9] 王晓燕,毕华兴,高路博,等.晋西黄土区不同空间尺度径流影响因子的辨析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(1):159-166.
[10]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):162-170.
[11]李桂芳,郑粉莉,卢嘉,等.降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):147-154,182.
[12]赵宏渠,易武,黄海峰,等.不同降雨强度下库岸滑坡体含水率及其稳定性分析[J].安全与环境工程,2016,23(6):53-58.
[13]谭贞学,王占礼,王莎.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(6):1-5.
[14]Riekezapp D H,Nearing M A.Slope shape effects on erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69(5):1463-1471.
[15]Shen H,Zheng F,Wen L,et al.Impacts of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on rill erosion processes at loessial hillslope[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2016,155:429-436.
[16]任瑞雪,张风宝,杨明义,等.坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳流失特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):15-19.
[17]姜义亮,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8207-8215.
[18]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):104-112,89.
[19]郑粉莉.坡面降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀研究[J].水土保持通报,1998(6):20-24.
[20]Brodie I,Rosewell C.Theoretical relationships between rainfall intensity and kinetic energy variants associated with stormwater particle washoff[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,340(1):40-47.
[21]柯奇画,张科利.我国人工降雨侵蚀相关试验的研究进展回顾[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(2):134-143.
[22]罗榕婷,张光辉,沈瑞昌,等.染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳测流区长度研究[J].水文,2010,30(3):5-9.
[23]姚冲,查瑞波,黄少燕,等.模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(3):10-15.
[24]李裕元,邵明安.降雨条件下坡地水分转化特征实验研究[J].水利学报,2004(4):48-53.
[25]丁文峰,张平仓,王爱娟,等.几种坡面土壤侵蚀测量方法的比较研究[J].长江科学院院报,2015,32(11):14-18.
[26]姜义亮,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8207-8215.
[27]王坤,王保田,唐平慧,等.植被对红壤坡面侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].河北工程大学学报(自然科学版),2018,35(1):28-31.
[28]安娟,卢嘉,郑粉莉,等.不同地表条件下黑土区坡耕地侵蚀过程中土壤团聚体迁移[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(6):100-104.
[29]叶火炎,鲁莎.考虑颗粒级配影响的滑带土宏观力学和微观结构特性研究[J].安全与环境工程,2018,25(3):34-40.
[30]赵本海,吕擎峰,汪鹏飞,等.非均匀砂坡面沟蚀起动粒径[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(1):103-108
[31]Liu G,Xiao H,Liu P.Relationships between slope erosion processes and aggregate stability of Ultisols from subtropical China during rainstorms[C]//19th EGU General Assembly Conference.Vienna,Austria:EGV General Assembly,2017.
[32]李君兰,蔡强国,孙莉英,等.降雨强度、坡度及坡长对细沟侵蚀的交互效应分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):8-13.
[33]Kinnell P I A.The effect of slope length on sediment concentrations associated with side-slope erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(3):1004-1008.
[2] 徐涵秋.水土流失区生态变化的遥感评估[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):91-97,294.
[3] 汪洋,贾洪彪,马淑芝.小降雨入渗的非饱和土边坡稳定性计算方法研究[J].安全与环境工程,2016,23(6):41-45.
[4] 吴志斌,王陈琦,曾江波,等.不同降雨强度下渣土受纳场边坡地下水渗流和稳定性的数值模拟分析[J].安全与环境工程,2017,24(4):148-153.
[5] 刘加琼,刘章,杨明义,等.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带坡面土壤侵蚀特征及其影响因素[J].水土保护研究,2018,25(1):1-6,22.
[6] 史志华,宋长青.土壤水蚀过程研究回顾[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):1-10.
[7] Gong T,Zhu Y,Shao M.Effect of embedded-rock fragments on slope soil erosion during rainfall events under simulated laboratory conditions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,563:811-817.
[8] Selby M J.Slope erosion due to extreme rainfall:A case study from New Zealand[J].GeografiskaAnnaler,1976,58(3):131-138.
[9] 王晓燕,毕华兴,高路博,等.晋西黄土区不同空间尺度径流影响因子的辨析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(1):159-166.
[10]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):162-170.
[11]李桂芳,郑粉莉,卢嘉,等.降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):147-154,182.
[12]赵宏渠,易武,黄海峰,等.不同降雨强度下库岸滑坡体含水率及其稳定性分析[J].安全与环境工程,2016,23(6):53-58.
[13]谭贞学,王占礼,王莎.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(6):1-5.
[14]Riekezapp D H,Nearing M A.Slope shape effects on erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69(5):1463-1471.
[15]Shen H,Zheng F,Wen L,et al.Impacts of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on rill erosion processes at loessial hillslope[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2016,155:429-436.
[16]任瑞雪,张风宝,杨明义,等.坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳流失特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):15-19.
[17]姜义亮,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8207-8215.
[18]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):104-112,89.
[19]郑粉莉.坡面降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀研究[J].水土保持通报,1998(6):20-24.
[20]Brodie I,Rosewell C.Theoretical relationships between rainfall intensity and kinetic energy variants associated with stormwater particle washoff[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,340(1):40-47.
[21]柯奇画,张科利.我国人工降雨侵蚀相关试验的研究进展回顾[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(2):134-143.
[22]罗榕婷,张光辉,沈瑞昌,等.染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳测流区长度研究[J].水文,2010,30(3):5-9.
[23]姚冲,查瑞波,黄少燕,等.模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(3):10-15.
[24]李裕元,邵明安.降雨条件下坡地水分转化特征实验研究[J].水利学报,2004(4):48-53.
[25]丁文峰,张平仓,王爱娟,等.几种坡面土壤侵蚀测量方法的比较研究[J].长江科学院院报,2015,32(11):14-18.
[26]姜义亮,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8207-8215.
[27]王坤,王保田,唐平慧,等.植被对红壤坡面侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].河北工程大学学报(自然科学版),2018,35(1):28-31.
[28]安娟,卢嘉,郑粉莉,等.不同地表条件下黑土区坡耕地侵蚀过程中土壤团聚体迁移[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(6):100-104.
[29]叶火炎,鲁莎.考虑颗粒级配影响的滑带土宏观力学和微观结构特性研究[J].安全与环境工程,2018,25(3):34-40.
[30]赵本海,吕擎峰,汪鹏飞,等.非均匀砂坡面沟蚀起动粒径[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(1):103-108
[31]Liu G,Xiao H,Liu P.Relationships between slope erosion processes and aggregate stability of Ultisols from subtropical China during rainstorms[C]//19th EGU General Assembly Conference.Vienna,Austria:EGV General Assembly,2017.
[32]李君兰,蔡强国,孙莉英,等.降雨强度、坡度及坡长对细沟侵蚀的交互效应分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):8-13.
[33]Kinnell P I A.The effect of slope length on sediment concentrations associated with side-slope erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(3):1004-1008.
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