框架通风锚管多年冻土边坡支护结构的降温效果研究
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摘要
框架通风锚管多年冻土边坡支护结构是基于"积极保护冻土"的原则提出的一种同时具备通风降温功能和锚固功能的新型多年冻土边坡支护结构,为了推动该结构在工程中的应用,现对其降温效果进行研究。首先,对通风锚管与土体之间的管壁换热机制进行分析,得出考虑风速影响的管壁热流密度计算公式;然后建立通风锚管径向传热模型,以管壁热流密度作为锚管边界条件,通过摄动方法求解,得出径向冻结锋面扩展的降温效果评价指标;同时,基于能量守恒定律得出通风锚管轴向坡面融深变化的另一降温效果评价指标;采用自主研发的有限元程序对通风锚管的降温效果进行数值模拟,并结合理论结果进行验证分析。结果表明:管壁的热交换作用是对流换热和蒸发散热两种作用的叠加;通风锚管具备较好的降温效果,且受管壁开孔率的影响较大;给出的评价指标能够全面的评价通风锚管的降温效果;有限元结果也证实了通风锚管良好的降温效果以及评价指标的合理性。研究成果能够为结构的设计提供理论依据和指导。
Permafrost slope supporting structure with frame ventilation anchor pipes has both ventilation cooling and anchoring functions. In order to promote the application of this structure in engineering,its cooling effect was studied. Firstly,the heat exchange mechanism between the ventilation pipe and the soil was analyzed,and a formula for calculating the heat flux of the pipe wall under the influence of the wind speed was obtained. Then,a radial heat transfer model of the ventilation anchor pipe was established,and an evaluation index of cooling effect of radial frozen front expansion was obtained by taking the heat flux density of the pipe wall as the anchor pipe boundary condition adopting the perturbation method. Meanwhile,another evaluation index of cooling effect of thawed depth variation on the axial slope under the supporting of ventilation anchor pipes was obtained based on the energy conservation law. In addition,the cooling effect of the ventilation anchor pipe was simulated with the self-developed finite element program and verified combined with the theoretical results. The results show that the heat exchange action of the pipe wall is the superposition of convective heat transfer and evaporative heat dissipation and that the ventilation anchor pipe has a good cooling effect which is greatly affected by the open porosity of the pipe wall. It is also indicated that the evaluation indexes can comprehensively evaluate the cooling effect of the ventilation anchor pipe. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the design of the structure.
Permafrost slope supporting structure with frame ventilation anchor pipes has both ventilation cooling and anchoring functions. In order to promote the application of this structure in engineering,its cooling effect was studied. Firstly,the heat exchange mechanism between the ventilation pipe and the soil was analyzed,and a formula for calculating the heat flux of the pipe wall under the influence of the wind speed was obtained. Then,a radial heat transfer model of the ventilation anchor pipe was established,and an evaluation index of cooling effect of radial frozen front expansion was obtained by taking the heat flux density of the pipe wall as the anchor pipe boundary condition adopting the perturbation method. Meanwhile,another evaluation index of cooling effect of thawed depth variation on the axial slope under the supporting of ventilation anchor pipes was obtained based on the energy conservation law. In addition,the cooling effect of the ventilation anchor pipe was simulated with the self-developed finite element program and verified combined with the theoretical results. The results show that the heat exchange action of the pipe wall is the superposition of convective heat transfer and evaporative heat dissipation and that the ventilation anchor pipe has a good cooling effect which is greatly affected by the open porosity of the pipe wall. It is also indicated that the evaluation indexes can comprehensively evaluate the cooling effect of the ventilation anchor pipe. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the design of the structure.
引文
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[9]李忠,朱彦鹏.框架预应力锚杆边坡支护结构稳定性计算方法及其应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(21):3 922-3 926.(LIZhong,ZHU Yanpeng.Stability calculation methods for grillage supporting structure with prestressed anchor and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(21):3 922-3 926.(in Chinese))
[10]叶帅华,朱彦鹏,王邓峮,等.框架-预应力锚杆-土体系统地震动相互作用分析模型及地震响应分析[J].土木工程学报,2014,47(5):102-109.(YE Shuaihua,ZHU Yanpeng,WANG Dengjun,et al.Seismic interaction analysis model and seismic response analysis of frame-prestressed anchor-soil system[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2014,47(5):102-109.(in Chinese))
[11]杨丽君,孙斌祥,王伟,等.寒区路堤通风管的自然通风能力[J].中国公路学报,2008,21(4):25-29.(YANG Lijun,SUN Binxiang,WANG Wei,et al.Natural ventilation capability of ventilation duct of embankment in permafrost region[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2008,21(4):25-29.(in Chinese))
[12]张相庭.结构风压和风振计算[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1985:136-151.(ZHANG Xiangting.Structural wind pressure and wind vibration calculation[M].Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1985:136-151.(in Chinese))
[13]ZHANG M Y,LAI Y M,NIU F J,et al.A numerical model of the coupled heat transfer for duct-ventilated embankment under wind action in cold regions and its application[J].Cold Regions Science Technology,2006,45(2):103-113.
[14]王汉青.通风工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007:238-246.(WANG Hanqing.Ventilation Engineering[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2007:238-246.(in Chinese))
[15]陆耀庆.供暖通风设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987:817-823.(LU Yaoqing.Handbook of heating and ventilation design[M].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1987:817-823.(in Chinese))
[16]孙一坚,沈恒根.工业通风[M].4版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010:244-249.(SUN Yijian,SHEN Henggen.Industrial ventilation[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2010:244-249.(in Chinese))
[17]刘艳峰.阳光间式靠山窑洞室内热环境动态模拟[硕士学位论文][D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,1999.(LIU Yanfeng.Dynamic simulation of the indoor thermal environment in cave dwelling building with sunspace[M.S.Thesis][D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,1999.(in Chinese))
[18]李国玉,李宁,全晓娟.可调控通风管路基的降温效果[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(18):3 287-3 291.(LI Guoyu,LI Ning,QUAN Xiaojuan.Cooling effect on adjustable ventilated embankment[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(18):3 287-3 291.(in Chinese))
[19]孙斌祥,杨丽君,王伟,等.透壁通风管路堤的对流换热和蒸发散热[J].岩土力学,2012,33(3):674-680.(SUN Binxiang,YANGLijun,WANG Wei,et al.Convective heat transfer and evaporative heat removal in embankment with perforated ventilation pipe[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(3):674-680.(in Chinese))
[20]毛雪松,马骉.基于水热耦合效应的冻土路基稳定性研究[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2011:35-48.(MAO Xuesong,MA Biao.Study on stability of frozen soil roadbed based on hydrothermal coupling effect[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2011:35-48.(in Chinese))
[21]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2003:238-241.(YANG Shiming,TAO Wenquan.Heat transfer[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2003:238-241.(in Chinese))
[22]YAO J M,ZHAO L,DING Y J,et al.The surface energy budget and evapotranspiration in the Tanggula region on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,52(3):326-340.
[23]魏宁,茜平一,傅旭东.降雨和蒸发对土质边坡稳定性的影响[J].岩土力学,2006,27(5):778-781.(WEI Ning,QIAN Pingyi,FUXudong.Effects of rainfall infiltration and evaporation on soil slope stability[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(5):778-781.(in Chinese))
[24]徐斅祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:49-68.(XU Xiaozu,WANG Jiacheng,ZHANG Lixin.Permafrost physics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001:49-68.(in Chinese))
[25]夏才初,张国柱,肖素光.考虑衬砌和隔热层的寒区隧道温度场解析解[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(9):1 767-1 773.(XIACaichu,ZHANG Guozhu,XIAO Suguang.Analytical solution to temperature fields of tunnel in cold region considering lining and insulation layer[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(9):1 767-1 773.(in Chinese))
[26]赖远明,喻文兵,吴紫汪,等.寒区圆形截面隧道温度场的解析解[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(2):126-130.(LAI Yuanming,YU Wenbing,WU Ziwang,et al.Approximate analytical solution for the temperature fields of a circular tunnel in cold regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):126-130.(in Chinese))
[27]陈赵育,李国玉,穆彦虎,等.不同升温模式下冻土地区装配式基础热稳定性研究[J].地震工程学报,2013,35(4):877-884.(CHENZhaoyu,LI Guoyu,MU Yanhu,et al.Thermal stability of fabricated foundations with different warming patterns in permafrost regions[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(4):877-884.(in Chinese))
[28]刘戈,章金钊,吴青柏.青藏公路多年冻土区热棒路基的设计计算[J].中外公路,2010,30(6):14-16.(LIU Ge,ZHANG Jinzhao,WU Qingbai.Design and calculation of thermal rod subgrade in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet highway[J].Journal of China and Foreign Highway,2010,30(6):14-16.(in Chinese))
[29]NIU F,LIU X,MA W,et al.Monitoring study on the boundary thermal conditions of duct-ventilated embankment in permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,53(3):305-316.
[2]刘华,牛富俊,牛永红,等.季节性冻土区高速铁路换填路基冻结特征的有限元分析[J].工程地质学报,2013,21(4):516-524.(LIU Hua,NIU Fujun,NIU Yonghong,et al.Finite element analysis on frozen characteristic of road-bed with exchange filling material in high-speed railway in seasonal frozen ground[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2013,21(4):516-524.(in Chinese))
[3]TAI B W,LIU J K,FANG J H,et al.Calculation model of permafrost table of XPS insulated board subgrade in warm permafrost regions[J].Journal of Chang′an University:Natural Science,2017,27(4):1-11.
[4]STAMATOPOULOS C A,BASSANOU M,BRENNAN A J,et al.Mitigation of the seismic motion near the edge of cliff-type topographies[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2007,27(12):1 082-1 100.
[5]侯彦东,吴青柏,孙志忠,等.青藏铁路碎石护坡-热管复合措施的补强效果研究[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):118-125.(HOUYandong,WU Qingbai,SUN Zhizhong,et al.The coupled reinforcing effect of crushed rock slope protection and thermosyphons in Qinghai-Tibet railway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):118-125.(in Chinese))
[6]JOHNSON G H.Permafrost engineering design and construction[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,1981,8(3):406-407.
[7]KONDRATJAV V G.Strengthening railroad roadbed bases constructed on icy permafrost soils[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering.Fairbanks:ASCE,1996:688-699.
[8]杨永鹏,蒋富强.青藏高原多年冻土区通风管路基温度特性分析[J].中国铁道科学,2010,(4):7-11.(YANG Yongpeng,JIANG Fuqiang.Analysis on the temperature characteristics of the ventilation pipeline embankment in the permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].China Railway Science,2010,(4):7-11.(in Chinese))
[9]李忠,朱彦鹏.框架预应力锚杆边坡支护结构稳定性计算方法及其应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(21):3 922-3 926.(LIZhong,ZHU Yanpeng.Stability calculation methods for grillage supporting structure with prestressed anchor and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(21):3 922-3 926.(in Chinese))
[10]叶帅华,朱彦鹏,王邓峮,等.框架-预应力锚杆-土体系统地震动相互作用分析模型及地震响应分析[J].土木工程学报,2014,47(5):102-109.(YE Shuaihua,ZHU Yanpeng,WANG Dengjun,et al.Seismic interaction analysis model and seismic response analysis of frame-prestressed anchor-soil system[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2014,47(5):102-109.(in Chinese))
[11]杨丽君,孙斌祥,王伟,等.寒区路堤通风管的自然通风能力[J].中国公路学报,2008,21(4):25-29.(YANG Lijun,SUN Binxiang,WANG Wei,et al.Natural ventilation capability of ventilation duct of embankment in permafrost region[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2008,21(4):25-29.(in Chinese))
[12]张相庭.结构风压和风振计算[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1985:136-151.(ZHANG Xiangting.Structural wind pressure and wind vibration calculation[M].Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1985:136-151.(in Chinese))
[13]ZHANG M Y,LAI Y M,NIU F J,et al.A numerical model of the coupled heat transfer for duct-ventilated embankment under wind action in cold regions and its application[J].Cold Regions Science Technology,2006,45(2):103-113.
[14]王汉青.通风工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007:238-246.(WANG Hanqing.Ventilation Engineering[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2007:238-246.(in Chinese))
[15]陆耀庆.供暖通风设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987:817-823.(LU Yaoqing.Handbook of heating and ventilation design[M].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1987:817-823.(in Chinese))
[16]孙一坚,沈恒根.工业通风[M].4版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010:244-249.(SUN Yijian,SHEN Henggen.Industrial ventilation[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2010:244-249.(in Chinese))
[17]刘艳峰.阳光间式靠山窑洞室内热环境动态模拟[硕士学位论文][D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,1999.(LIU Yanfeng.Dynamic simulation of the indoor thermal environment in cave dwelling building with sunspace[M.S.Thesis][D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,1999.(in Chinese))
[18]李国玉,李宁,全晓娟.可调控通风管路基的降温效果[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(18):3 287-3 291.(LI Guoyu,LI Ning,QUAN Xiaojuan.Cooling effect on adjustable ventilated embankment[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(18):3 287-3 291.(in Chinese))
[19]孙斌祥,杨丽君,王伟,等.透壁通风管路堤的对流换热和蒸发散热[J].岩土力学,2012,33(3):674-680.(SUN Binxiang,YANGLijun,WANG Wei,et al.Convective heat transfer and evaporative heat removal in embankment with perforated ventilation pipe[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(3):674-680.(in Chinese))
[20]毛雪松,马骉.基于水热耦合效应的冻土路基稳定性研究[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2011:35-48.(MAO Xuesong,MA Biao.Study on stability of frozen soil roadbed based on hydrothermal coupling effect[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2011:35-48.(in Chinese))
[21]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2003:238-241.(YANG Shiming,TAO Wenquan.Heat transfer[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2003:238-241.(in Chinese))
[22]YAO J M,ZHAO L,DING Y J,et al.The surface energy budget and evapotranspiration in the Tanggula region on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,52(3):326-340.
[23]魏宁,茜平一,傅旭东.降雨和蒸发对土质边坡稳定性的影响[J].岩土力学,2006,27(5):778-781.(WEI Ning,QIAN Pingyi,FUXudong.Effects of rainfall infiltration and evaporation on soil slope stability[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(5):778-781.(in Chinese))
[24]徐斅祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:49-68.(XU Xiaozu,WANG Jiacheng,ZHANG Lixin.Permafrost physics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001:49-68.(in Chinese))
[25]夏才初,张国柱,肖素光.考虑衬砌和隔热层的寒区隧道温度场解析解[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(9):1 767-1 773.(XIACaichu,ZHANG Guozhu,XIAO Suguang.Analytical solution to temperature fields of tunnel in cold region considering lining and insulation layer[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(9):1 767-1 773.(in Chinese))
[26]赖远明,喻文兵,吴紫汪,等.寒区圆形截面隧道温度场的解析解[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(2):126-130.(LAI Yuanming,YU Wenbing,WU Ziwang,et al.Approximate analytical solution for the temperature fields of a circular tunnel in cold regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):126-130.(in Chinese))
[27]陈赵育,李国玉,穆彦虎,等.不同升温模式下冻土地区装配式基础热稳定性研究[J].地震工程学报,2013,35(4):877-884.(CHENZhaoyu,LI Guoyu,MU Yanhu,et al.Thermal stability of fabricated foundations with different warming patterns in permafrost regions[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(4):877-884.(in Chinese))
[28]刘戈,章金钊,吴青柏.青藏公路多年冻土区热棒路基的设计计算[J].中外公路,2010,30(6):14-16.(LIU Ge,ZHANG Jinzhao,WU Qingbai.Design and calculation of thermal rod subgrade in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet highway[J].Journal of China and Foreign Highway,2010,30(6):14-16.(in Chinese))
[29]NIU F,LIU X,MA W,et al.Monitoring study on the boundary thermal conditions of duct-ventilated embankment in permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,53(3):305-316.
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