市政有限空间气体危害因素检测及作业安全风险评估
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摘要
市政有限空间是有限空间作业事故的高发场所。以市政热力、排污和电力有限空间为研究对象,检测了有限空间内部存在的气体危害因素,分析了市政有限空间气体危害特点,明确了影响市政有限空间作业安全的相关因素,并采用层次分析法计算了各因素的权重,分析了作业风险。结果表明,不同市政有限空间气体危害差异较大。根据检测结果,热力有限空间缺氧危害较为严重,尤其是密闭检查室更为严重;排污有限空间气体危害因素较多,其中以中毒窒息危害较为严重;电力有限空间内部相对环境较好。层析分析法能综合考虑各种因素对作业风险的影响,可作为评价作业风险的有效方法。
In order to identify the main gas-explosion hazards in the municipal confined space and assess the particular features of their working manners,the present paper has tested and registered the confined space of the municipal thermos radiation,the pollution situation brought about by the urban sewage and the electric power application. Through the above mentioned analysis means,we have also made more comprehensive discussion over the factors that are likely to affect the environment safety of such confined space so as to work out the weights of each factor through an analytic hierarchical process. At the same time,we have also examined the concentration rate of the harmful,inflammable and explosive gas hidden in the atmospheric space with the on-site test done. According to the results of the above said onsite experiment and testing,we have found that the concentration of the oxygen in the heat confined space tends to be generally low,with the oxygen deficiency being more serious in the enclosed testing chamber. On the contrary,the concentration of the carbon dioxide in the space tends to be high in the examination chamber but there may still exist a serious deficiency of oxygen.What is more,there may also exist a dangerous potential and potential liability to lead to the risk of hypoxia asphyxia,and the possibility of poisoning and explosion should be said rather mere in the given confined space. Besides,there may also exist lots of other kinds of gas hazards in the said sewage confined space,of which hydrogen sulfide poisoning should be of the most dangerous ones,such as those brought about by the hypoxia suffocation,though the risk of methane explosion should be taken as rather meager. In spite of this,if the blockage causes methane to gather and clustered in the individual spots,it would remain inevitable for it to get exploded,though the risk of the carbon monoxide poisoning can be rather small. For example,in the process of regular operation of the electrically confined space,the internal atmosphere can be kept relatively proper,which can help to get fully rid of the risk for the hypoxia asphyxia,poisoning and explosion. Furthermore,on the basis of the inherent risk levels,such as those of the oxygen concentration,the toxic and harmful gas accumulation,it would be possible to deduce the working risk in the confined space and even to revise it in accordance with the specific operators and the safety management. In so doing,it would be possible to detect and create a kind of technical approach to identifying and determining the inherent risks in the confined space to control the inherent risks by working out an improved risk-control model. Thus,it can be seen that there should lie a lot more of potential available factors in the analytic hierarchy process to be taken into account in analyzing the risk behaviors in such confined space.
In order to identify the main gas-explosion hazards in the municipal confined space and assess the particular features of their working manners,the present paper has tested and registered the confined space of the municipal thermos radiation,the pollution situation brought about by the urban sewage and the electric power application. Through the above mentioned analysis means,we have also made more comprehensive discussion over the factors that are likely to affect the environment safety of such confined space so as to work out the weights of each factor through an analytic hierarchical process. At the same time,we have also examined the concentration rate of the harmful,inflammable and explosive gas hidden in the atmospheric space with the on-site test done. According to the results of the above said onsite experiment and testing,we have found that the concentration of the oxygen in the heat confined space tends to be generally low,with the oxygen deficiency being more serious in the enclosed testing chamber. On the contrary,the concentration of the carbon dioxide in the space tends to be high in the examination chamber but there may still exist a serious deficiency of oxygen.What is more,there may also exist a dangerous potential and potential liability to lead to the risk of hypoxia asphyxia,and the possibility of poisoning and explosion should be said rather mere in the given confined space. Besides,there may also exist lots of other kinds of gas hazards in the said sewage confined space,of which hydrogen sulfide poisoning should be of the most dangerous ones,such as those brought about by the hypoxia suffocation,though the risk of methane explosion should be taken as rather meager. In spite of this,if the blockage causes methane to gather and clustered in the individual spots,it would remain inevitable for it to get exploded,though the risk of the carbon monoxide poisoning can be rather small. For example,in the process of regular operation of the electrically confined space,the internal atmosphere can be kept relatively proper,which can help to get fully rid of the risk for the hypoxia asphyxia,poisoning and explosion. Furthermore,on the basis of the inherent risk levels,such as those of the oxygen concentration,the toxic and harmful gas accumulation,it would be possible to deduce the working risk in the confined space and even to revise it in accordance with the specific operators and the safety management. In so doing,it would be possible to detect and create a kind of technical approach to identifying and determining the inherent risks in the confined space to control the inherent risks by working out an improved risk-control model. Thus,it can be seen that there should lie a lot more of potential available factors in the analytic hierarchy process to be taken into account in analyzing the risk behaviors in such confined space.
引文
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[2] LIU Yan(刘艳),YANG Chunli(杨春丽). Characteristics and causes of accident in confined spaces[J]. China Safety Science Journal(中国安全科学学报),2017,27(3):141-145.
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[15] GBZ 2. 1—2007 Occupational exposure limits for hazardous agents in the workplace—Part 1:Chemical hazardous agents(工作场所有害因素职业接触限值———第1部分:化学有害因素)[S].
[16] LIU Yan(刘艳),TAN Cong(谭聪),WANG Tong(汪彤),et al. On the field testing and the analysis of the anoxia asphyxia in the confined space for pipeline heating treatment[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(6):2180-2184.
[17] LIU Xiaohui(刘晓慧). The characteristics of constituent and emissions on rural wastewater in Anhui Province(安徽省农村生活污水成分特征与排放规律研究)[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2016.
[18] CHEN Wei(陈卫),SONG Peidi(宋佩娣),ZHENG Xingcan(郑兴灿). Review of H2S emission and safety issue in wastewater systems[J]. Water&Wastwater Engineering(给水排水),2006,32(1):15-18.
[19] CAO Qinggui(曹庆贵). Enterprise risk management and monitoring early warning technology(企业风险管理与监控预警技术)[M]. Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2006.
[20] ZHOU Dehong(周德红),WANG Haoran(王浩然),LI Wen(李文),et al. Risk analysis of liquid ammonia leakage based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy theory[J]. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Technology(武汉工程大学学报),2017,39(3):281-287.
[21] FENG Changgen(冯长根),LI Jie(李杰),LI Shengcai(李生才). Application of the analytical hierarchy process method to the safety science research in China[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2018,18(6):2126-2130.
[22] LIANG Li(梁力),LIU Qi(刘奇),LI Ming(李明).Dam-break risk assessment model of tailings reservoir based on variable weight synthesis and analytic hierarchy process[J]. Journal of Northeastern University:Natural Science(东北大学学报:自然科学版),2017,38(12):1790-1794.
[2] LIU Yan(刘艳),YANG Chunli(杨春丽). Characteristics and causes of accident in confined spaces[J]. China Safety Science Journal(中国安全科学学报),2017,27(3):141-145.
[3] VEASEY D A,MCCORMICK L C,HILYER B M,et al.Confined space entry and emergency response[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc.,2005.
[4] BROWNE G J,CRIST G S. Confined space rescue[M].New York:Delmar Publisher Inc.,1999.
[5] MEYER S. Fatal occupational injuries involving confined spaces,1997-2001[J]. Occupational Health&Safety,2003,72(11):58-64.
[6] TANKARD A R,BAGNALL D J T. Fatalities due to vitiated air produced by the oxidation of vegetable refuse[J].Analyst,1930,656:673-676.
[7] MICHAELSEN G S,PARK W E. Asphyxiation in street manholes[J]. Public Health Reports,1954,69(1):29-36.
[8] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a recommended standard:working in confined spaces[M]. Morgantown:DHHS(NIOSH)Publication,1979.
[9] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Request for assistance in preventing occupational fatalities in confined spaces[M]. Morgantown:DHHS(NIOSH)Publication,1986.
[10] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. A guide to safety in confined spaces[M]. Morgantown:DHHS(NIOSH)Publication,1987.
[11] EIJO-RIO E,PETIT-BOIX A,VILLALBA G,et al.Municipal sewer networks as sources of nitrous oxide,methane and hydrogen sulphide emissions:a review and case studies[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2015,3(3):2084-2094.
[12] XU Shaotang(许少堂),ZHENG Naisen(郑乃森),CHEN Shuifa(陈水发). Investigation of 3 harmful gases in 5 types of septic tanks[J]. People’s Military Surgeon(人民军医),1984(4):33-35.
[13] ZHOU Xinyun(周新云),NING Ping(宁平),HUANG Jianhong(黄建洪). The study of characteristics of H2S spilled out in sewers[J]. Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Science Edition(云南大学学报:自然科学版),2012,34(2):210-217.
[14] ZHANG Tao(张涛). Study on harmful gas distribution and hazard control in urban sewage pipeline(城市排污管道有害气体分布规律与危害控制研究)[D]. Beijing:Capital University of Economics and Business,2016.
[15] GBZ 2. 1—2007 Occupational exposure limits for hazardous agents in the workplace—Part 1:Chemical hazardous agents(工作场所有害因素职业接触限值———第1部分:化学有害因素)[S].
[16] LIU Yan(刘艳),TAN Cong(谭聪),WANG Tong(汪彤),et al. On the field testing and the analysis of the anoxia asphyxia in the confined space for pipeline heating treatment[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(6):2180-2184.
[17] LIU Xiaohui(刘晓慧). The characteristics of constituent and emissions on rural wastewater in Anhui Province(安徽省农村生活污水成分特征与排放规律研究)[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2016.
[18] CHEN Wei(陈卫),SONG Peidi(宋佩娣),ZHENG Xingcan(郑兴灿). Review of H2S emission and safety issue in wastewater systems[J]. Water&Wastwater Engineering(给水排水),2006,32(1):15-18.
[19] CAO Qinggui(曹庆贵). Enterprise risk management and monitoring early warning technology(企业风险管理与监控预警技术)[M]. Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2006.
[20] ZHOU Dehong(周德红),WANG Haoran(王浩然),LI Wen(李文),et al. Risk analysis of liquid ammonia leakage based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy theory[J]. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Technology(武汉工程大学学报),2017,39(3):281-287.
[21] FENG Changgen(冯长根),LI Jie(李杰),LI Shengcai(李生才). Application of the analytical hierarchy process method to the safety science research in China[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2018,18(6):2126-2130.
[22] LIANG Li(梁力),LIU Qi(刘奇),LI Ming(李明).Dam-break risk assessment model of tailings reservoir based on variable weight synthesis and analytic hierarchy process[J]. Journal of Northeastern University:Natural Science(东北大学学报:自然科学版),2017,38(12):1790-1794.
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