基于OWA多属性决策的生态系统服务最优保护区选择研究——以渭河流域(关天段)为例
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摘要
【目的】通过对生物多样性、固碳、产水以及文化四类生态系统服务进行测算,使用多属性决策方法进行区域最优保护范围的选取,为研究区生态平衡的维护及生态建设研究提供理论依据。【方法】以渭河流域关中-天水经济区(关天段)为研究区,通过InVEST模型测算生物多样性及固碳服务,SWAT模型划分子流域并计算产水服务以及SoLVES模型量化文化服务,在此基础上利用OWA(Ordered Weighted Averaged,有序加权平均)多属性决策方法建立11种情景,筛选出优先保护区。【结果】(1)研究区在子流域尺度上产水量分布不均,整体情况为东部最高,中部地区小于西部地区,平均产水量约为95 mm;子流域固碳量范围为5.041—10.284 t·hm~(-2),单位面积固碳量较高的子流域多为秦岭地区,位于关中平原地区的子流域是城市聚集地区,建设用地密集的区域碳储存十分受限;生物多样性主要由生境质量指标衡量,研究区生境质量范围0.222—0.921,关中平原地区植被覆盖较少,人类活动频繁和城市发展导致威胁因子分布密集,因此生境质量较低,平均值在0.22左右,秦岭地区属于高植被覆盖且距离生境威胁因子较远,生态适宜性高且生物多样性保持良好;研究区文化价值总指数1.298—5.667,审美和精神价值集中在森林公园及秦岭山脉地区,但城市区域的历史文化底蕴浓厚且娱乐设施丰富,因此综合来看城市区域文化服务价值最高。(2)通过设立不同风险值和权重计算OWA算子,共得出11种风险情景及其保护效率。最终选取权衡值最高的风险情景6的覆盖范围为最优保护区范围,其保护效率约为1.499,覆盖范围多位于南部秦岭地区、天水市和宝鸡市交界处等。【结论】结合自然因素与人文因素对研究区生态系统服务进行分析与评价,通过OWA算子平衡不同生态系统服务之间的权衡并选择最优保护区,为提升研究区生态系统服务提供参考。
【Objective】 In present study, based on the calculation of biodiversity, carbon sequestration, water production and cultural ecosystem services, multi-attribute decision-making method is applied to select the optimal protected area of the study area.The work can provides a theoretical basis for the maintenance of ecological balance and ecological construction in the study area.【Method】Our research is illustrated by the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone(Guantian Section) of Weihe River Basin,biodiversity and carbon sequestration services are calculated by InVEST model, SWAT model is used to measure water yield services and divide sub-basins, cultural services are quantified by SoLVES model. On this basis, 11 scenarios are established by using OWA(Ordered Weighted Averaged) multi-attribute decision making method, and the priority protected areas are screened out. 【Result】(1)The distribution of water yield in the study area was uneven on the sub-basin scale. On the whole, the water yield in the eastern region is the highest, and that in the central region is smaller than that in the western region, and the average value is about 95 mm.The range of carbon sequestration on the sub-basin scale is between 5.041 t·hm~(-2) and 10.284 t·hm~(-2). Sub-basins with higher carbon sequestration per unit area are mostly located in Qinling area, and the sub-basins located in Guanzhong Plain are urban agglomeration area, and the regional carbon sequestration with dense construction land is very limited. Biodiversity is mainly measured by habitat quality index, the range of habitat quality in the study area is between 0.222 and 0.921. The vegetation cover is insufficient in Guanzhong Plain area, frequent human activities and urban development lead to dense distribution of threat factors.Therefore, the habitat quality is relatively low with 0.22 in Guanzhong Plain area. The region of Qinling Mountains, with high vegetation cover, is far from the habitat threat factor, its ecological suitability is relatively high and the biodiversity is maintained well. The total index of cultural value in the study area is between 1.298 and 5.667. The aesthetic and spiritual values are concentrated in forest parks and Qinling Mountains, while urban areas are rich in historical heritage and entertainment facilities, as a consequence, the urban area has the highest value of cultural services.(2) By setting up different risk values and weights to calculate OWA operator, 11 risk scenarios are obtained and their protection efficiency are calculated. Finally, risk scenario 6 is selected as the optimal protected area with highest trade-off value, its protection efficiency is about 1.499. The range of risk scenario 6 is mainly located in the southern Qinling area and the junction part of Tianshui City and Baoji City. 【Conclusion】this study analyzes and evaluates ecosystem services in the study area by combining natural and human factors. The OWA operator is used to balance the trade-offs between different ecosystem services and to select the optimal protected areas, which provides a reference for improving ecosystem services in the study area.
【Objective】 In present study, based on the calculation of biodiversity, carbon sequestration, water production and cultural ecosystem services, multi-attribute decision-making method is applied to select the optimal protected area of the study area.The work can provides a theoretical basis for the maintenance of ecological balance and ecological construction in the study area.【Method】Our research is illustrated by the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone(Guantian Section) of Weihe River Basin,biodiversity and carbon sequestration services are calculated by InVEST model, SWAT model is used to measure water yield services and divide sub-basins, cultural services are quantified by SoLVES model. On this basis, 11 scenarios are established by using OWA(Ordered Weighted Averaged) multi-attribute decision making method, and the priority protected areas are screened out. 【Result】(1)The distribution of water yield in the study area was uneven on the sub-basin scale. On the whole, the water yield in the eastern region is the highest, and that in the central region is smaller than that in the western region, and the average value is about 95 mm.The range of carbon sequestration on the sub-basin scale is between 5.041 t·hm~(-2) and 10.284 t·hm~(-2). Sub-basins with higher carbon sequestration per unit area are mostly located in Qinling area, and the sub-basins located in Guanzhong Plain are urban agglomeration area, and the regional carbon sequestration with dense construction land is very limited. Biodiversity is mainly measured by habitat quality index, the range of habitat quality in the study area is between 0.222 and 0.921. The vegetation cover is insufficient in Guanzhong Plain area, frequent human activities and urban development lead to dense distribution of threat factors.Therefore, the habitat quality is relatively low with 0.22 in Guanzhong Plain area. The region of Qinling Mountains, with high vegetation cover, is far from the habitat threat factor, its ecological suitability is relatively high and the biodiversity is maintained well. The total index of cultural value in the study area is between 1.298 and 5.667. The aesthetic and spiritual values are concentrated in forest parks and Qinling Mountains, while urban areas are rich in historical heritage and entertainment facilities, as a consequence, the urban area has the highest value of cultural services.(2) By setting up different risk values and weights to calculate OWA operator, 11 risk scenarios are obtained and their protection efficiency are calculated. Finally, risk scenario 6 is selected as the optimal protected area with highest trade-off value, its protection efficiency is about 1.499. The range of risk scenario 6 is mainly located in the southern Qinling area and the junction part of Tianshui City and Baoji City. 【Conclusion】this study analyzes and evaluates ecosystem services in the study area by combining natural and human factors. The OWA operator is used to balance the trade-offs between different ecosystem services and to select the optimal protected areas, which provides a reference for improving ecosystem services in the study area.
引文
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[3]FISHER B,TURNER R K,MORLING P.Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making.Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):643-653.
[4]SILVA L V D,EVERARD M,SHORE R G.Ecosystem services assessment at Steart Peninsula,Somerset,UK.Ecosystem Services,2014,10:19-34.
[5]BOUMANS R,COSTANZA R,FARLEY J,WILSON M A,PORTELA R,ROTMANS J,VILLA F,GRASSO M.Modeling the dynamics of the integrated earth system and the value of global ecosystem services using the GUMBO model.Ecological Economics,2002,41(3):529-560.
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[7]RODRíGUEZ N,ARMENTERAS D,RETANA J.National ecosystems services priorities for planning carbon and water resource management in Colombia.Land Use Policy,2015,42(42):609-618.
[8]李晶,李红艳,张良.关中-天水经济区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系.生态学报,2016,36(10):1-10.LI J,LI H Y,ZHANG L.Ecosystem service trade-offs and in the Guanzhong-Tianshui economic of China.Acta Ecological Sinica,2016,36(10):1-10.(in Chinese)
[9]吴健生,曹祺文,石淑芹,黄秀兰,卢志强.基于土地利用变化的京津冀生境质量时空演变.应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3457-3466.WU J S,CAO Q W,SHI S Q,HUANG X L,LU Z Q.Spatio-temporal variability of habitat quality in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area based on land use change.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(11):3457-3466.(in Chinese)
[10]BENSON C S,DARIUS J S,JESSICA M C.An application of Social Values for Ecosystem Services(SolVES)to three national forests in Colorado and Wyoming.Ecological Indicators,2014,36(37):68-79.
[11]NAHUELHUAL L,CARMONA A,LATERRA P,BARRENA J,AGUAYO M.A mapping approach to assess intangible cultural ecosystem services:The case of agriculture heritage in Southern Chile.Ecological Indicators,2014,40(5):90-101.
[12]DAW T,BROWN K,ROSENDO S,POMEROY,R.Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation:the need to disaggregate human well-being.Environmental Conservation,2011,38(4):370-379.
[13]CHAN K M A,GUERRY A D,BALVANERA P,KLAIN S,SATTERFIELD T,BASURTO X,BOSTROM A,CHUENPAGDEER,GOULD R,HAPERN B S.LEVINE J,NORTON B,RUCKELSHAUS M,RUSSELL R,TAM J,WOODSIDE U.Where are cultural and social in ecosystem services?A framework for constructive engagement.Bioscience,2012,62(8):744-756.
[14]PLEASANT M M,GRAY S A,LEPCZYK C,FERNANDES A,HUNTER N,FORD D.Managing cultural ecosystem services.Ecosystem Services,2014,8:141-147.
[15]ARBAULT D,RIVIèRE M,RUGANI B,BENETTO E,TIRUTA-BARNA L.Integrated earth system dynamic modeling for life cycle impact assessment of ecosystem services.Science of the Total Environment,2014,472:262-272.
[16]MALCZEWSKI J.Ordered weighted averaging with fuzzy quantifiers:GIS-based multicriteria evaluation for land-use suitability analysis.International Journal of Applied Earth Observations&Geoinformation,2006,8(4):270-277.
[17]ZHANG L W,FU B J,LüY H,ZENG Y.Balancing multiple ecosystem services in conservation priority setting.Landscape Ecology,2015,30(3):535-546.
[18]曾莉,李晶,李婷,杨晓楠,王彦泽.基于贝叶斯网络的水源涵养服务空间格局优化.地理学报,2018,73(9):1809-1822.ZENG L,LI J,LI T,YANG X N,WANG Y Z.A Bayesian belief network approach for mapping water conservation ecosystem service optimization region.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(9):1809-1822.(in Chinese)
[19]吴瑞,刘桂环,文一惠.基于InVEST模型的官厅水库流域产水和水质净化服务时空变化.环境科学研究,2017,30(3):406-414.WU R,LIU G H,WEN Y H.Spatial temporal variations of water yield and water quality purification service functions in Guanting Reservoir Basin based on InVEST model.Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3):406-414.(in Chinese)
[20]陈登帅,李晶,杨晓楠,刘岩.渭河流域生态系统服务权衡优化研究.生态学报,2018,38(9):3260-3271.CHEN D S,LI J,YANG X N,LIU Y.Trade-offs and optimization among ecosystem services in the Weihe River basin.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(9):3260-3271.(in Chinese)
[21]金琳,李玉娥,高清竹,刘运通,万运帆,秦晓波,石锋.中国农田管理土壤碳汇估算.中国农业科学,2008,41(3):734-743.JIN L,LI Y E,GAO Q Z,LIU Y T,WAN Y F,QIN X B,SHI F.Estimate of carbon sequestration under cropland management in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(3):734-743.(in Chinese)
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