人文主义地理学蕴含的现象学——对大卫·西蒙《生活世界地理学》的评介
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摘要
中国大陆地理学界对人文主义地理学与现象学之关系的介绍不甚充分,引介的文章数量十分有限,且多集中介绍段义孚先生的作品和观点。文章通过评介另一位著名人文主义地理学家大卫·西蒙的《生活世界地理学——动、静和相遇》,旨在促进人们更为深入地了解人文主义地理学。此书是人文主义地理学的代表著作之一,出版之际正值西方人文主义地理学盛行。全书共分为5大部分,其中第二、三、四部分集中了作者的学术观点,分别对应该书副标题中的"动""静"和"相遇"。现象学是人文主义地理学的哲学基础,内容比较艰涩。因此文章结合该书提到的例子和经验中的例子,凝练出该书的重要观点,并使其形象化。文章评介该书的基本观点是:第一,该书通过抽象的现象学的概念和方法实现了对大量日常环境经验的描述;第二,该书内容对规划设计以及环境教育相关人士具有启发性和指导意义;第三,该书并没有实现人文主义地理学与"科学的"现代地理学的直观对比,因此尚未显性化现象学研究方法的优长;第四,以现象学态度反观本评介,本评介当然也带有两位作者的主体性。
The introduction of the relationship between humanistic geography and phenomenology is limited among Chinese geographers who mainly focus on Yi-Fu Tuan's works and opinions. David Seamon is another key figure in humanistic geographic study. By reviewing Seamon's book on A Geography of the Lifeworld:Movement, Rest and Encounter, this article aims to enhance people's understanding of humanistic geography.This book is one of the representative works of the realm, and its publication coincided with the prevalence of western humanistic geography. Through the perspective of phenomenology, Seamon explores the interaction between the experience of human body and the daily geographical world, creatively introduces concepts of bodysubject and perception. He emphasizes that the place ballet based on body-subject is the result of the interaction between human and environment in a specific time and space, that is, the dynamics of time-space rhythm. The book is divided into five parts, among which the second, third and fourth parts concentrate the author's main academic views corresponding to the "movement", "rest" and "encounter" in the subtitle of the book,respectively. Phenomenology is the philosophical foundation of humanistic geography with its obscure content.This article examines cases both from the book and from our daily experiences to introduce Seamon's main ideas. In our viewpoints, first, this book makes the abstract phenomenological concepts and methods more accessible and understandable by describing abundant environmental experiences in our everyday life. For example, fingers of a pianist freely press the piano keys without seeing musical score; a person's feet can automatically adjust his or her pace according to the road conditions. Seamon calls such movements as "body ballet", which implies the movement sequence of such pre-conscious body. This review article gives an example in hand to explain how body ballet links to place ballet. In a traditional market, it is quite usual to hear peddlers' yo-heave-ho, and to see sellers weighing and packing goods, and then making change for the customers… The series of actions are the vendor's body ballet. The body ballet of both customers and vendors constitutes the place ballet of the market. Second, the content of this book may be useful for those who engage in urban planning/design and environmental education. Seamon suggests that the street pattern, porch design, and other physical space planning could enhance or weaken the integration and coordination of the place ballet in a community. As for environmental education, Seamon stresses that our attention should be paid more to the process that might lead people to sensitize to all sorts of settings. He also attempts to make people realize that ways to encounter with environments are diverse and dynamic, and even promotes to enhance the ability to observe and experience the environment with the help of technology. In this way, any individual could increase such sensitivity of his/her own, and find meanings and beauties in seemingly ordinary places. Third, it is a pity that the comparison between humanistic geography and 'scientific' modern geography has not been aroused enough attention yet, and the advantages of phenomenological research methods should been unfolded much better. Fourth, with the phenomenological attitude, there is no doubt that this article reveals the subjectivity and intentionality of the two authors.
The introduction of the relationship between humanistic geography and phenomenology is limited among Chinese geographers who mainly focus on Yi-Fu Tuan's works and opinions. David Seamon is another key figure in humanistic geographic study. By reviewing Seamon's book on A Geography of the Lifeworld:Movement, Rest and Encounter, this article aims to enhance people's understanding of humanistic geography.This book is one of the representative works of the realm, and its publication coincided with the prevalence of western humanistic geography. Through the perspective of phenomenology, Seamon explores the interaction between the experience of human body and the daily geographical world, creatively introduces concepts of bodysubject and perception. He emphasizes that the place ballet based on body-subject is the result of the interaction between human and environment in a specific time and space, that is, the dynamics of time-space rhythm. The book is divided into five parts, among which the second, third and fourth parts concentrate the author's main academic views corresponding to the "movement", "rest" and "encounter" in the subtitle of the book,respectively. Phenomenology is the philosophical foundation of humanistic geography with its obscure content.This article examines cases both from the book and from our daily experiences to introduce Seamon's main ideas. In our viewpoints, first, this book makes the abstract phenomenological concepts and methods more accessible and understandable by describing abundant environmental experiences in our everyday life. For example, fingers of a pianist freely press the piano keys without seeing musical score; a person's feet can automatically adjust his or her pace according to the road conditions. Seamon calls such movements as "body ballet", which implies the movement sequence of such pre-conscious body. This review article gives an example in hand to explain how body ballet links to place ballet. In a traditional market, it is quite usual to hear peddlers' yo-heave-ho, and to see sellers weighing and packing goods, and then making change for the customers… The series of actions are the vendor's body ballet. The body ballet of both customers and vendors constitutes the place ballet of the market. Second, the content of this book may be useful for those who engage in urban planning/design and environmental education. Seamon suggests that the street pattern, porch design, and other physical space planning could enhance or weaken the integration and coordination of the place ballet in a community. As for environmental education, Seamon stresses that our attention should be paid more to the process that might lead people to sensitize to all sorts of settings. He also attempts to make people realize that ways to encounter with environments are diverse and dynamic, and even promotes to enhance the ability to observe and experience the environment with the help of technology. In this way, any individual could increase such sensitivity of his/her own, and find meanings and beauties in seemingly ordinary places. Third, it is a pity that the comparison between humanistic geography and 'scientific' modern geography has not been aroused enough attention yet, and the advantages of phenomenological research methods should been unfolded much better. Fourth, with the phenomenological attitude, there is no doubt that this article reveals the subjectivity and intentionality of the two authors.
引文
丹尼尔·托马斯·普里莫兹克.2003.梅洛-庞蒂[M].关群德,译.北京:中华书局:55.[Primozic D.2003.On MerleauPonty.Translated by Guan Q D.Beijing,China:Zhonghua Book Company:55.]
埃德蒙特·胡塞尔.1986.现象学的观念[M].倪梁康,译.上海:上海译文出版社.[Edmund H.1986.The idea of phenomenology.Translated by Ni L K.Shanghai,China:Shanghai Translation Publishing House.]
简·雅各布斯.2005.美国大城市的死与生[M].金衡山,译.北京:译林出版社:52-53.[Jacobs J.2005.The death and life of great American cities.Translated by Jin H S.Beijing,China:Yilin Press:52-53.]
利科.2004.活的隐喻[M].汪堂家,译.上海:上海译文出版社.[Ricoeur P.2004.La Métaphore vive.Translated by Wang T J.Shanghai,China:Shanghai Translation Publishing House.]
李悦.2014.皖南古村落地方芭蕾与地方意义研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.[Li Y.2014.Study on place ballet and place meaning of ancient villages in southern Anhui Province:Take Hongcun and Xidi as examples.Beijing,China:Beijing Forestry University.]
刘苏.2016.上海市嘉定区拾荒者地方认同研究:人文主义地理学的视角[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社.[Liu S.2016.Study on the place identity of scavengers in Jiading District of Shanghai:From the perspective of humanistic geography.Chongqing,China:Southwest Normal University Press.]
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.2001.知觉现象学[M].姜志辉,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Merleau-Ponty M.2001.Phénoménologie de la perception.Translated by Jiang Z H.Beijing,China:Commercial Press.]
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.2003.符号[M].姜志辉,译.北京:商务印书馆:191.[Merleau-Ponty M.2003.Signes.Translated by Jiang Z H.Beijing,China:Commercial Press:191.]
史亚娟.2013.浅析胡塞尔现象学的意向性[J].学理论,55(18):51-52.[Shi Y J.2013.A brief analysis of Husserl's phenomenological intentionality.Theory Research,55(18):51-52.]
唐晓峰,李平.2001.人文地理学理论的多元性[J].人文地理,16(2):46-48.[Tang X F,Li P.2001.The theoretical variety in the studies of human geography.Human Geography,16(2):46-48.]
王笛.2001.学术规范与学术批评:谈中国问题与西方经验[J].开放时代,(12):56-65.[Wang D.2001.Academic norms and academic criticism:On Chinese issues and western experience.Open Times,(12):56-65.]
张骁鸣.2016.论段义孚早期的环境经验研究及其现象学态度[J].人文地理,31(3):40-44.[Zhang X.2016.Tuan Yifu's early inquiries of environmental experience and his phenomenological attitude.Human Geography,31(3):40-44.]
周尚意,杨鸿雁,孔翔.2011.地方性形成机制的结构主义与人文主义分析:以798和M50两个艺术区在城市地方性塑造中的作用为例[J].地理研究,30(9):1566-1576.[Zhou S Y,Yang H Y,Kong X.2011.The structuralistic and humanistic mechanism of placeness:A case study of798 and M50 art districts.Geographical Research,30(9):1566-1576.]
周尚意,张春梅.2005.从逃避主义透视人文主义地理学:读段义孚《逃避主义》有感[M]//朱传耿,沈正平,孟召宜.科学发展观与人文地理学研究新进展.北京:科学出版社:24-30.[Zhou S Y,Zhang C M.2005.A perspective of humanistic geography from escapism:After reading Tuan Yi-fu's escapism//Zhu C G,Shen Z P,Meng Z Y.The scientific outlook on development and new progress in human geography.Beijing,China:Science Press:24-30.]
Bannan J F.1967.The philosophy of Merleau-Ponty[M].New York,NY:Harcourt,Brace and World:38.
Boseovski J J,Hughes C,Miller S E.2016.Expertise in unexpected places:Children's acceptance of information from gender counter-stereotypical experts[J].Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,141:161-176.
Buttimer A.2015.Grasping the dynamism of lifeworld[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,66(2):277-292.
Coles R.1973.The old ones[M].Albuquerque,NM:University of New Mexico Press:6.
Graber L.1981.A geography of the lifeworld[J].Geographical Review,71(2):225-226.
Lewicka M.2011.Place attachment:How far have we come in the last 40 years?[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,31(3):207-230.
Lindsey R.1976.Los Angeles car habit hard to break[N].New York Times,1976-10-20(26).
Malpas J.2001.Comparing Topologies[J].Philosophy and geography,4(2):231-38.
Meier L.2013.Encounters with haunted industrial workplaces and emotions of loss:Class-related senses of place within the memories of metal workers[J].Cultural Geographies,20(4):467-483.
Philo C.1991.'Peopling'human geography and the development of humanistic approaches[M]//Cloke P,Philo C,Sadler D.Approaching human geography.London,UK:Guildford Press:79.
Relph E.1970.An enquiry into the relations between phenomenology and geography[J].Canadian Geographer,14(3):193-201.
Relph E.1976.Place and placelessness[M].London,UK:Pion:51-55.
Relph T.1980.A geography of the lifeworld:Movement,rest and encounter[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,70(2):300-301.
Relph E.1981.Rational landscapes and humanistic geography[M].New York,NY:Barnes and Noble:177.
Scruton R.1995.A short history of modern philosophy:From descartes to wittgenstein[M].2nd revised edition.Abingdon,UK:Routledge.
Seamon D.1977.Movement,rest,and encounter:A phenomenology of everyday environmental experience[D].Worcester,MA:Clark University.
Seamon D.1979.A geography of the lifeworld:Movement,rest,and encounter[M].London,UK:Croom Helm:15-17,20,39-41,57,61,64-65.
Seamon D.2013a.Lived bodies,place,and phenomenology:Implications for human rights and environmental justice[J].Journal of Human Rights and the Environment,4(2):143-166.
Seamon D.2013b.Place attachment and phenomenology:The synergistic dynamism of place[M]//Manzo L C,DevineWright P.Place attachment:Advances in theory,methods and applications.London:Routledge:11-22.
Seamon D.2015.Lived emplacement and locality of being[M]//Aiken S,Valentine G.Approaches to human geography.London,UK:Sage:35.
Spiegelberg H.1994.The phenomenological movement:An historical introduction[M].3rd edition.London,UK:Kluwer Academic Publishers:747.
Tuan Y-F.1971.Geography,phenomenology,and the study of human nature[J].Canadian Geographer,15(3):181-192.
埃德蒙特·胡塞尔.1986.现象学的观念[M].倪梁康,译.上海:上海译文出版社.[Edmund H.1986.The idea of phenomenology.Translated by Ni L K.Shanghai,China:Shanghai Translation Publishing House.]
简·雅各布斯.2005.美国大城市的死与生[M].金衡山,译.北京:译林出版社:52-53.[Jacobs J.2005.The death and life of great American cities.Translated by Jin H S.Beijing,China:Yilin Press:52-53.]
利科.2004.活的隐喻[M].汪堂家,译.上海:上海译文出版社.[Ricoeur P.2004.La Métaphore vive.Translated by Wang T J.Shanghai,China:Shanghai Translation Publishing House.]
李悦.2014.皖南古村落地方芭蕾与地方意义研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.[Li Y.2014.Study on place ballet and place meaning of ancient villages in southern Anhui Province:Take Hongcun and Xidi as examples.Beijing,China:Beijing Forestry University.]
刘苏.2016.上海市嘉定区拾荒者地方认同研究:人文主义地理学的视角[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社.[Liu S.2016.Study on the place identity of scavengers in Jiading District of Shanghai:From the perspective of humanistic geography.Chongqing,China:Southwest Normal University Press.]
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.2001.知觉现象学[M].姜志辉,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Merleau-Ponty M.2001.Phénoménologie de la perception.Translated by Jiang Z H.Beijing,China:Commercial Press.]
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.2003.符号[M].姜志辉,译.北京:商务印书馆:191.[Merleau-Ponty M.2003.Signes.Translated by Jiang Z H.Beijing,China:Commercial Press:191.]
史亚娟.2013.浅析胡塞尔现象学的意向性[J].学理论,55(18):51-52.[Shi Y J.2013.A brief analysis of Husserl's phenomenological intentionality.Theory Research,55(18):51-52.]
唐晓峰,李平.2001.人文地理学理论的多元性[J].人文地理,16(2):46-48.[Tang X F,Li P.2001.The theoretical variety in the studies of human geography.Human Geography,16(2):46-48.]
王笛.2001.学术规范与学术批评:谈中国问题与西方经验[J].开放时代,(12):56-65.[Wang D.2001.Academic norms and academic criticism:On Chinese issues and western experience.Open Times,(12):56-65.]
张骁鸣.2016.论段义孚早期的环境经验研究及其现象学态度[J].人文地理,31(3):40-44.[Zhang X.2016.Tuan Yifu's early inquiries of environmental experience and his phenomenological attitude.Human Geography,31(3):40-44.]
周尚意,杨鸿雁,孔翔.2011.地方性形成机制的结构主义与人文主义分析:以798和M50两个艺术区在城市地方性塑造中的作用为例[J].地理研究,30(9):1566-1576.[Zhou S Y,Yang H Y,Kong X.2011.The structuralistic and humanistic mechanism of placeness:A case study of798 and M50 art districts.Geographical Research,30(9):1566-1576.]
周尚意,张春梅.2005.从逃避主义透视人文主义地理学:读段义孚《逃避主义》有感[M]//朱传耿,沈正平,孟召宜.科学发展观与人文地理学研究新进展.北京:科学出版社:24-30.[Zhou S Y,Zhang C M.2005.A perspective of humanistic geography from escapism:After reading Tuan Yi-fu's escapism//Zhu C G,Shen Z P,Meng Z Y.The scientific outlook on development and new progress in human geography.Beijing,China:Science Press:24-30.]
Bannan J F.1967.The philosophy of Merleau-Ponty[M].New York,NY:Harcourt,Brace and World:38.
Boseovski J J,Hughes C,Miller S E.2016.Expertise in unexpected places:Children's acceptance of information from gender counter-stereotypical experts[J].Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,141:161-176.
Buttimer A.2015.Grasping the dynamism of lifeworld[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,66(2):277-292.
Coles R.1973.The old ones[M].Albuquerque,NM:University of New Mexico Press:6.
Graber L.1981.A geography of the lifeworld[J].Geographical Review,71(2):225-226.
Lewicka M.2011.Place attachment:How far have we come in the last 40 years?[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,31(3):207-230.
Lindsey R.1976.Los Angeles car habit hard to break[N].New York Times,1976-10-20(26).
Malpas J.2001.Comparing Topologies[J].Philosophy and geography,4(2):231-38.
Meier L.2013.Encounters with haunted industrial workplaces and emotions of loss:Class-related senses of place within the memories of metal workers[J].Cultural Geographies,20(4):467-483.
Philo C.1991.'Peopling'human geography and the development of humanistic approaches[M]//Cloke P,Philo C,Sadler D.Approaching human geography.London,UK:Guildford Press:79.
Relph E.1970.An enquiry into the relations between phenomenology and geography[J].Canadian Geographer,14(3):193-201.
Relph E.1976.Place and placelessness[M].London,UK:Pion:51-55.
Relph T.1980.A geography of the lifeworld:Movement,rest and encounter[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,70(2):300-301.
Relph E.1981.Rational landscapes and humanistic geography[M].New York,NY:Barnes and Noble:177.
Scruton R.1995.A short history of modern philosophy:From descartes to wittgenstein[M].2nd revised edition.Abingdon,UK:Routledge.
Seamon D.1977.Movement,rest,and encounter:A phenomenology of everyday environmental experience[D].Worcester,MA:Clark University.
Seamon D.1979.A geography of the lifeworld:Movement,rest,and encounter[M].London,UK:Croom Helm:15-17,20,39-41,57,61,64-65.
Seamon D.2013a.Lived bodies,place,and phenomenology:Implications for human rights and environmental justice[J].Journal of Human Rights and the Environment,4(2):143-166.
Seamon D.2013b.Place attachment and phenomenology:The synergistic dynamism of place[M]//Manzo L C,DevineWright P.Place attachment:Advances in theory,methods and applications.London:Routledge:11-22.
Seamon D.2015.Lived emplacement and locality of being[M]//Aiken S,Valentine G.Approaches to human geography.London,UK:Sage:35.
Spiegelberg H.1994.The phenomenological movement:An historical introduction[M].3rd edition.London,UK:Kluwer Academic Publishers:747.
Tuan Y-F.1971.Geography,phenomenology,and the study of human nature[J].Canadian Geographer,15(3):181-192.
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