基于GIS的中国2大草地分类系统类的兼容性分析
|
摘要
以植被-生境学分类(vegetation-habitat classification system of grassland,VHCS)方法为基础的定性的中国草地分类系统,以及定量的气候-土地-植被综合顺序分类系统(comprehensive and sequential classification system of grassland,CSCS)是我国常用的2大草地分类系统。在实际应用中,因"草原"和"草地"概念的重叠、混淆和交叉,以及定性分类和定量分类的差异,造成了操作上的困扰,研究结果亦不便相互交流。本研究通过2大系统一级单位-"类"的分类指标、名称和属性的对比,分析了2个系统"类"的兼容性,建立了两者间的对应关系,并利用基本同期的CSCS分类图和数字化的中国草地资源图(VHCS),以内蒙古自治区和甘肃省为例,在ArcGIS平台上进行了验证分析。研究结果表明:1)以广义草原或草地概念为基础的CSCS是一个大系统,兼容了以中国为例的VHCS分类系统;2)兼容VHCS的CSCS的类,两者在分类指标、名称和属性方面均能达到统一;3)空间叠置分析表明,若不考虑森林和非地带性类,内蒙古和甘肃区域2个分类系统分类结果的兼容性分别达到61.4%和61.1%;有差异的区域,基本上表现出草地实际调查结果(VHCS)是比原生潜在草地(CSCS)在更恶劣气候条件下的低分类级别的草地类,说明人为干扰已超过了原生草地生态系统的生存阈限,导致草地逆行演替;4)对CSCS与VHCS分类结果的对比分析研究,可科学地揭示人为干扰下草地的演替状态,并明确草地恢复和重建的目标。
The qualitative vegetation-habitat classification system(VHCS) and the quantitative comprehensive and sequential classification system(CSCS) are the two major grassland classification systems in China. However, the use in practice of the classification results from these two systems has been difficult due to the different approaches(qualitative vs quantitative) and grassland definitions adopted by the two systems, causing difficulties in comparing the grassland types classified from these two systems. Through overlaying the CSCS classification map and the digitized VHCS map in ArcGIS for the grasslands in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Gansu Province, this study compared the criterion and characteristics of the two systems at the first classification level(class), analyzed their compatibility and developed the corresponding relationships to translate the types between two systems. The results show: 1) CSCS is generally compatible with VHCS when comparing the broad grassland types(class); 2) at the class level, the VHCS and CSCS system are generally in agreement when comparing the class names, characteristics and parameters used; 3) if not considering forest and non-zoning classes, the results of the spatial overly indicated that the compatibility of two systems can be as high as 61.4% and 61.1% for Inner Mongolia and Gansu, respectively. The areas where the grassland classes from the two systems were different were mainly degraded from the potential natural vegetation(as classified by CSCS) and were observed as classes in the VHCS system as low-level grassland under more severe climate conditions. This indicates that the human disturbance has surpassed the survival thresholds of these potential natural grassland vegetation categories, resulting in retrogressive succession of the grasslands; 4) the results from the comparative analyses of the CSCS and VHCS systems provided insight into the succession mechanisms of grassland ecosystems under human disturbance, and are helpful in grassland management with regard to system restoration and reestablishment.
The qualitative vegetation-habitat classification system(VHCS) and the quantitative comprehensive and sequential classification system(CSCS) are the two major grassland classification systems in China. However, the use in practice of the classification results from these two systems has been difficult due to the different approaches(qualitative vs quantitative) and grassland definitions adopted by the two systems, causing difficulties in comparing the grassland types classified from these two systems. Through overlaying the CSCS classification map and the digitized VHCS map in ArcGIS for the grasslands in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Gansu Province, this study compared the criterion and characteristics of the two systems at the first classification level(class), analyzed their compatibility and developed the corresponding relationships to translate the types between two systems. The results show: 1) CSCS is generally compatible with VHCS when comparing the broad grassland types(class); 2) at the class level, the VHCS and CSCS system are generally in agreement when comparing the class names, characteristics and parameters used; 3) if not considering forest and non-zoning classes, the results of the spatial overly indicated that the compatibility of two systems can be as high as 61.4% and 61.1% for Inner Mongolia and Gansu, respectively. The areas where the grassland classes from the two systems were different were mainly degraded from the potential natural vegetation(as classified by CSCS) and were observed as classes in the VHCS system as low-level grassland under more severe climate conditions. This indicates that the human disturbance has surpassed the survival thresholds of these potential natural grassland vegetation categories, resulting in retrogressive succession of the grasslands; 4) the results from the comparative analyses of the CSCS and VHCS systems provided insight into the succession mechanisms of grassland ecosystems under human disturbance, and are helpful in grassland management with regard to system restoration and reestablishment.
引文
[1]Ren J Z.Classification and cluster applicable for grassland type.Acta Agrestla Sinica,2008,16(1):4-10.任继周.分类、聚类与草原类型.草地学报,2008,16(1):4-10.
[2]Guo R,Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,et al.Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China.Journal of Environmental Science,2006,18(5):1024-1030.
[3]Hu Z Z.Progress on grassland classification.Animal Husbandry Abroad-Grassland and Herbage,1994,(4):1-9.胡自治.草地分类方法研究的新进展.国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1994,(4):1-9.
[4]Liu Q.Classification of natural grassland in China.Journal of Sichuan Grassland,1996,(2):1-5.刘起.中国天然草地的分类.四川草原,1996,(2):1-5.
[5]Xu P.Grassland resources survey and planning.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:11-24.许鹏.草地资源调查规划学.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:11-24.
[6]Chen Z Z,Wang Y F,Wang S P,et al.Preliminary studies on the classification of grassland ecosystem in China.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2002,10(2):81-86.陈佐忠,王艳芬,汪诗平,等.中国草地生态系统分类初步研究.草地学报,2002,10(2):81-86.
[7]Ren J Z,Hu Z Z,Mu X D,et al.Comprehensive sequential classification of grassland and its significance in grassland genesis.Chinese Journal of Grassland,1980,(1):12-24,38.任继周,胡自治,牟新待,等.草原的综合顺序分类法及其草原发生学意义.中国草原,1980,(1):12-24,38.
[8]Hu Z Z.Introduction to grassland taxonomy.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1997:203-205.胡自治.草原分类学概论.北京:中国农业出版社,1997:203-205.
[9]Ren J Z,Hu Z Z,Zhao J,et al.A grassland classification system and its application in China.The Rangeland Journal,2008,30:199-209.
[10]Ren J Z,Hu Z Z,Mu X D.Bioclimatic indicators for first class classification of grassland types in China.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,1965,(2):48-64.任继周,胡自治,牟新待.我国草原类型第一级分类的生物气候指标.甘肃农业大学学报,1965,(2):48-64.
[11]Hu Z Z,Gao C X.Improvement of the comprehensive and sequential classification system of grasslands I indices of grassland classes and index chart.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,1995,4(3):1-7.胡自治,高彩霞.草原综合顺序分类法的新改进Ⅰ类的划分指标及其分类检索图.草业学报,1995,4(3):1-7.
[12]Gao C X,Hu Z Z,Long R J,et al.Advance of the comprehensive and sequential classification of grasslandⅡindex on computer of class.Pratacultural Science,1995,12(5):1-8.高彩霞,胡自治,龙瑞军,等.草原综合顺序分类法的新改进Ⅱ类的计算机检索.草业科学,1995,12(5):1-8.
[13]Chang Z Y.A new improved stepwise comprehensive classification method for grassland III:Typicality discrimination and discrimination of classes.Pratacultural Science,1995,12(6):2-24.常中央.草原综合顺序分类法的新改进III:类的典型性判别与判别法.草业科学,1995,12(6):2-24.
[14]Zhao J,Hu Z Z.The index chart of comprehensive and sequential classification of grassland in view of eco-information topu.Grassland and Turf,2005,25(2):12-14.赵军,胡自治.从生态信息图谱的角度看草原综合顺序分类法检索图.草原与草坪,2005,25(2):12-14.
[15]Che Y J,Zhao J,Zhang M J,et al.Potential vegetation and its sensitivity under different climate change scenarios from 2070to 2099in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(10):2885-2895.车彦军,赵军,张明军,等.不同气候变化情景下2070-2099年中国潜在植被及其敏感性.生态学报,2016,36(10):2885-2895.
[16]Hu Z Z.Comments on the classification of grassland types.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,1963,(1):19-32.胡自治.关于草原类型划分意见的述评.甘肃农业大学学报,1963,(1):19-32.
[17]Hu Z Z.What is grassland.Animal Husbandry Abroad-Grassland and Herbage 1994,(3):1-6.胡自治.什么是草原.国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1994,(3):1-6.
[18]Su D X.1∶1000000compilation and research of grassland resource map in China.Journal of Natural Resources,1996,11(1):75-82.苏大学.1∶1000000中国草地资源图的编制与研究.自然资源学报,1996,11(1):75-82.
[19]Su D X.1∶4million compilation of grassland resource map in China.Acta Agrestia Sinica,1996,4(4):252-259.苏大学.1∶400万中国草地资源图的编制.草地学报,1996,4(4):252-259.
[20]An expert system for grassland development and ecological construction in China.http://www.ecograss.com.cn/,2008.中国草业开发与生态建设专家系统.http://www.ecograss.com.cn/,2008.
[21]Wang H X.Integration of Chinese two grassland classification systems and its application in grassland of Inner Mongolia.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2013:22-52.王红霞.中国两种草地分类系统类的归并及在内蒙古草地类划分中的应用.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013:22-52.
[22]Gao H Y,Guo J,Ren Z C,et al.Establishment of global grassland map based on the CSCS.Grassland and Turf,2011,31(3),15-19.高怀瀛,郭婧,任正超,等.世界草地综合顺序分类图的制作.草原与草坪,2011,31(3),15-19.
[23]Liu X N,Guo J,Ren Z C,et al.Chinese rangeland CSCS classification based on optimal simulation for spatial distribution of meteorological factors.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(9):222-229.柳小妮,郭婧,任正超,等.基于气象要素空间分布模拟优化的中国草地综合顺序分类.农业工程学报,2012,28(9):222-229.
[24]Liu X N,Wang H X,Guo J,et al.Spatially-explicit modelling of grassland classes-an improved method of integrating a climate-based classification model with interpolated climate surfaces.The Rangeland Journal,2014,36(2):1-8.
[25]Wang H X,Liu X N,Guo J,et al.Improvement of AMMRR interpolation and application in CSCS classification of Inner Mongolia grassland.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(7):904-912.王红霞,柳小妮,郭婧,等.AMMRR插值法的改进及其在内蒙古草地综合顺序分类中的应用.中国生态农业学报,2013,21(7):904-912.
[26]Guo J,Liu X N,Ren Z C.CSCS based grassland classification by AMMRR interpolation-A case study in Gansu Province.Pratacultural Science,2012,29(3):384-391.郭婧,柳小妮,任正超.基于AMMRR插值法的草地综合顺序分类研究---以甘肃省为例.草业科学,2012,29(3):384-391.
[27]Yang Q,He Q.Interrelationship of climate change,runoff and human activities in Tarim River Basin.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2003,14(3):310-321.杨青,何清.塔里木河流域的气候变化、径流量及人类活动间的相互影响.应用气象学报,2003,14(3):310-321.
[28]Ma Z H.Study on ecological environment quality evaluation of desert steppe in Inner Mongolia.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2008:1-4.马治华.内蒙古荒漠草原生态环境质量评价研究.北京:中国农业科学院,2008:1-4.
[29]Ma C M,Jia X Y,Yang J,et al.The current situation and cause analysis of ecological environment degeneration of Inner Mongolia grassland.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2000,21(1):117-120.马春梅,贾鲜艳,杨静,等.内蒙古草地生态环境退化现状及成因分析.内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(1):117-120.
[30]Zhang H B,Tang H J,Yang G X,et al.Changes of spatial-temporal characteristics based on MODIS NDVI data in Inner Mongolia grassland from 2000to 2008.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(9):168-175.张宏斌,唐华俊,杨桂霞,等.2000-2008年内蒙古草原MODIS NDVI时空特征变化.农业工程学报,2009,25(9):168-175.
[31]Shen J G,Bai M L,Li Y P.Influence of climate change and humanity activities on ecological environment in eastern area of Inner Mongolia.Journal of Natural Resources,2006,15(6):83-96.沈建国,白美兰,李云鹏.气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古生态环境的影响.自然资源学报,2006,15(6):83-96.
[32]Su Z Z,Lu Q,Wu B,et al.Potential impact of climatic change and human activities on desertification in China.Journal of Desert Research,2006,26(3):329-335.苏志珠,卢琦,吴波,等.气候变化和人类活动对我国荒漠化的可能影响.中国沙漠,2006,26(3):329-335.
[33]Wu X H,Cao Y F,Chen S H.The change of grassland ecological environment in Inner Mongolia and their dynamics response to climate change.Acta Agriculture Boreali-Sinica,2005,20:65-68.吴学宏,曹艳芳,陈素华.内蒙古草原生态环境的变化及其对气候因子的动态响应.华北农学报,2005,20:65-68.
[34]Chen C Y.A preliminary study of climate and vegetation types in Loess Plateau,Gansu Province.Journal of Natural Resources,1987,2(4):347-357.陈昌毓.甘肃黄土高原气候植被类型初探.自然资源学报,1987,2(4):347-357.
[35]Liu X N,Zhang B S,Beverley H,et al.Assessing the impact of historical and future climate change on potential natural vegetation types and net primary productivity in Australian grazing lands.The Rangeland Journal,2017,39:387-400.
[36]Li F,Zhao J,Zhao C Y,et al.Succession of potential vegetation in arid and semi-arid area of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica.2011,31(3):689-697.李飞,赵军,赵传燕,等.中国干旱半干旱区潜在植被演替.生态学报,2011,31(3):689-697.
[2]Guo R,Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,et al.Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China.Journal of Environmental Science,2006,18(5):1024-1030.
[3]Hu Z Z.Progress on grassland classification.Animal Husbandry Abroad-Grassland and Herbage,1994,(4):1-9.胡自治.草地分类方法研究的新进展.国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1994,(4):1-9.
[4]Liu Q.Classification of natural grassland in China.Journal of Sichuan Grassland,1996,(2):1-5.刘起.中国天然草地的分类.四川草原,1996,(2):1-5.
[5]Xu P.Grassland resources survey and planning.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:11-24.许鹏.草地资源调查规划学.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:11-24.
[6]Chen Z Z,Wang Y F,Wang S P,et al.Preliminary studies on the classification of grassland ecosystem in China.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2002,10(2):81-86.陈佐忠,王艳芬,汪诗平,等.中国草地生态系统分类初步研究.草地学报,2002,10(2):81-86.
[7]Ren J Z,Hu Z Z,Mu X D,et al.Comprehensive sequential classification of grassland and its significance in grassland genesis.Chinese Journal of Grassland,1980,(1):12-24,38.任继周,胡自治,牟新待,等.草原的综合顺序分类法及其草原发生学意义.中国草原,1980,(1):12-24,38.
[8]Hu Z Z.Introduction to grassland taxonomy.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1997:203-205.胡自治.草原分类学概论.北京:中国农业出版社,1997:203-205.
[9]Ren J Z,Hu Z Z,Zhao J,et al.A grassland classification system and its application in China.The Rangeland Journal,2008,30:199-209.
[10]Ren J Z,Hu Z Z,Mu X D.Bioclimatic indicators for first class classification of grassland types in China.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,1965,(2):48-64.任继周,胡自治,牟新待.我国草原类型第一级分类的生物气候指标.甘肃农业大学学报,1965,(2):48-64.
[11]Hu Z Z,Gao C X.Improvement of the comprehensive and sequential classification system of grasslands I indices of grassland classes and index chart.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,1995,4(3):1-7.胡自治,高彩霞.草原综合顺序分类法的新改进Ⅰ类的划分指标及其分类检索图.草业学报,1995,4(3):1-7.
[12]Gao C X,Hu Z Z,Long R J,et al.Advance of the comprehensive and sequential classification of grasslandⅡindex on computer of class.Pratacultural Science,1995,12(5):1-8.高彩霞,胡自治,龙瑞军,等.草原综合顺序分类法的新改进Ⅱ类的计算机检索.草业科学,1995,12(5):1-8.
[13]Chang Z Y.A new improved stepwise comprehensive classification method for grassland III:Typicality discrimination and discrimination of classes.Pratacultural Science,1995,12(6):2-24.常中央.草原综合顺序分类法的新改进III:类的典型性判别与判别法.草业科学,1995,12(6):2-24.
[14]Zhao J,Hu Z Z.The index chart of comprehensive and sequential classification of grassland in view of eco-information topu.Grassland and Turf,2005,25(2):12-14.赵军,胡自治.从生态信息图谱的角度看草原综合顺序分类法检索图.草原与草坪,2005,25(2):12-14.
[15]Che Y J,Zhao J,Zhang M J,et al.Potential vegetation and its sensitivity under different climate change scenarios from 2070to 2099in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(10):2885-2895.车彦军,赵军,张明军,等.不同气候变化情景下2070-2099年中国潜在植被及其敏感性.生态学报,2016,36(10):2885-2895.
[16]Hu Z Z.Comments on the classification of grassland types.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,1963,(1):19-32.胡自治.关于草原类型划分意见的述评.甘肃农业大学学报,1963,(1):19-32.
[17]Hu Z Z.What is grassland.Animal Husbandry Abroad-Grassland and Herbage 1994,(3):1-6.胡自治.什么是草原.国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1994,(3):1-6.
[18]Su D X.1∶1000000compilation and research of grassland resource map in China.Journal of Natural Resources,1996,11(1):75-82.苏大学.1∶1000000中国草地资源图的编制与研究.自然资源学报,1996,11(1):75-82.
[19]Su D X.1∶4million compilation of grassland resource map in China.Acta Agrestia Sinica,1996,4(4):252-259.苏大学.1∶400万中国草地资源图的编制.草地学报,1996,4(4):252-259.
[20]An expert system for grassland development and ecological construction in China.http://www.ecograss.com.cn/,2008.中国草业开发与生态建设专家系统.http://www.ecograss.com.cn/,2008.
[21]Wang H X.Integration of Chinese two grassland classification systems and its application in grassland of Inner Mongolia.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2013:22-52.王红霞.中国两种草地分类系统类的归并及在内蒙古草地类划分中的应用.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013:22-52.
[22]Gao H Y,Guo J,Ren Z C,et al.Establishment of global grassland map based on the CSCS.Grassland and Turf,2011,31(3),15-19.高怀瀛,郭婧,任正超,等.世界草地综合顺序分类图的制作.草原与草坪,2011,31(3),15-19.
[23]Liu X N,Guo J,Ren Z C,et al.Chinese rangeland CSCS classification based on optimal simulation for spatial distribution of meteorological factors.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(9):222-229.柳小妮,郭婧,任正超,等.基于气象要素空间分布模拟优化的中国草地综合顺序分类.农业工程学报,2012,28(9):222-229.
[24]Liu X N,Wang H X,Guo J,et al.Spatially-explicit modelling of grassland classes-an improved method of integrating a climate-based classification model with interpolated climate surfaces.The Rangeland Journal,2014,36(2):1-8.
[25]Wang H X,Liu X N,Guo J,et al.Improvement of AMMRR interpolation and application in CSCS classification of Inner Mongolia grassland.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(7):904-912.王红霞,柳小妮,郭婧,等.AMMRR插值法的改进及其在内蒙古草地综合顺序分类中的应用.中国生态农业学报,2013,21(7):904-912.
[26]Guo J,Liu X N,Ren Z C.CSCS based grassland classification by AMMRR interpolation-A case study in Gansu Province.Pratacultural Science,2012,29(3):384-391.郭婧,柳小妮,任正超.基于AMMRR插值法的草地综合顺序分类研究---以甘肃省为例.草业科学,2012,29(3):384-391.
[27]Yang Q,He Q.Interrelationship of climate change,runoff and human activities in Tarim River Basin.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2003,14(3):310-321.杨青,何清.塔里木河流域的气候变化、径流量及人类活动间的相互影响.应用气象学报,2003,14(3):310-321.
[28]Ma Z H.Study on ecological environment quality evaluation of desert steppe in Inner Mongolia.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2008:1-4.马治华.内蒙古荒漠草原生态环境质量评价研究.北京:中国农业科学院,2008:1-4.
[29]Ma C M,Jia X Y,Yang J,et al.The current situation and cause analysis of ecological environment degeneration of Inner Mongolia grassland.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2000,21(1):117-120.马春梅,贾鲜艳,杨静,等.内蒙古草地生态环境退化现状及成因分析.内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(1):117-120.
[30]Zhang H B,Tang H J,Yang G X,et al.Changes of spatial-temporal characteristics based on MODIS NDVI data in Inner Mongolia grassland from 2000to 2008.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(9):168-175.张宏斌,唐华俊,杨桂霞,等.2000-2008年内蒙古草原MODIS NDVI时空特征变化.农业工程学报,2009,25(9):168-175.
[31]Shen J G,Bai M L,Li Y P.Influence of climate change and humanity activities on ecological environment in eastern area of Inner Mongolia.Journal of Natural Resources,2006,15(6):83-96.沈建国,白美兰,李云鹏.气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古生态环境的影响.自然资源学报,2006,15(6):83-96.
[32]Su Z Z,Lu Q,Wu B,et al.Potential impact of climatic change and human activities on desertification in China.Journal of Desert Research,2006,26(3):329-335.苏志珠,卢琦,吴波,等.气候变化和人类活动对我国荒漠化的可能影响.中国沙漠,2006,26(3):329-335.
[33]Wu X H,Cao Y F,Chen S H.The change of grassland ecological environment in Inner Mongolia and their dynamics response to climate change.Acta Agriculture Boreali-Sinica,2005,20:65-68.吴学宏,曹艳芳,陈素华.内蒙古草原生态环境的变化及其对气候因子的动态响应.华北农学报,2005,20:65-68.
[34]Chen C Y.A preliminary study of climate and vegetation types in Loess Plateau,Gansu Province.Journal of Natural Resources,1987,2(4):347-357.陈昌毓.甘肃黄土高原气候植被类型初探.自然资源学报,1987,2(4):347-357.
[35]Liu X N,Zhang B S,Beverley H,et al.Assessing the impact of historical and future climate change on potential natural vegetation types and net primary productivity in Australian grazing lands.The Rangeland Journal,2017,39:387-400.
[36]Li F,Zhao J,Zhao C Y,et al.Succession of potential vegetation in arid and semi-arid area of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica.2011,31(3):689-697.李飞,赵军,赵传燕,等.中国干旱半干旱区潜在植被演替.生态学报,2011,31(3):689-697.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |