秸秆炭化还田和施氮量对棉田土壤有机氮组分的影响
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摘要
通过5 a田间定位试验,研究棉花秸秆直接还田或炭化还田与氮肥配施对滴灌棉田土壤有机氮及其组分的影响,为合理调控土壤有机氮库、提高土壤肥力提供依据。采用两因素三水平试验设计,秸秆还田模式设对照(秸秆不还田,CK)、秸秆直接还田(SD)和炭化还田(SB) 3个处理;施氮量为0、300和450 kg·hm~(-2)(N0、N300、N450)。结果表明:(1)施氮肥或秸秆还田均显著增加土壤全氮,尤其秸秆还田配施氮肥的作用更显著。在施氮肥条件下(N300、N450),秸秆直接还田和炭化还田处理全氮含量较对照分别增加32. 8%～33. 4%和37. 2%～38. 4%。秸秆炭化还田土壤全氮含量显著高于秸秆直接还田。(2)施氮肥显著增加酸解总氮、铵态氮和氨基糖态氮含量,较对照分别增加8. 1%～10. 8%、20. 6%～40%和32. 3%～42. 9%,而对氨基酸态氮、未知态氮和非酸解氮无影响。秸秆还田配施氮肥土壤有机氮各组分含量均显著增加。2种秸秆还田方式(直接还田和炭化还田)相比,秸秆炭化还田显著增加了铵态氮、氨基糖态氮和非酸解氮含量,分别较秸秆直接还田增加8. 0%～16. 4%、12. 3%～16. 2%和16. 7%;秸秆直接还田主要增加了氨基酸态氮含量,较炭化还田增加15. 8%～20. 5%。(3)秸秆还田和施氮肥也改变了土壤有机氮的组成。秸秆炭化还田增加了酸解未知态氮比例,降低了铵态氮和氨基酸态氮比例;而秸秆直接还田主要增加了氨基酸氮比例,降低了铵态氮比例。本研究表明,秸秆炭化还田配施氮肥既能增加土壤有机氮库,增强土壤供氮能力;又能增加非酸解氮含量和酸解未知态氮比例,提高土壤有机氮库的稳定性。
A 5-year field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of cotton straw or biochar returning combined N fertilizer application on content and fractions of soil organic N in drip irrigation cotton field.The experimental design was a 3× 3 factorial with three cotton straw returning modes and three N application rates.Three modes of cotton straw returning were set as control( CK,no straw returning),cotton straw returning( SD),and cotton straw biochar returning( SB).N application rates were 0,300,and 450 kg·hm~(-2)( noted as N0,N300,and N450,respectively).The results are:(1) N fertilizer application or straw returning significantly increased soil total N content,especially straw returning combined N fertilizer application had a more significant effect on soil total N. Compared with CK( No straw returning),soil total N content increased by 32. 8% ～33. 4% and 37. 2% ～38. 4%,respectively,in the treatments SD and SB under N application rate with 300 and 450 kg·hm~(-2).The total N content of soil in the SB treatment was significantly higher than in the SD treatment.(2) Compared with CK,soil total acidolysable N,ammonia N,and amino sugar N,increased by 8. 1% ～ 10. 8% and 20. 6%～ 40% and 32. 3% ～ 42. 9% in N fertilizer application.while there were no significant differences for amino acid N,unknown N and unhydrolysable N among different N application rate treatments.Straw returning combined N fertilizer application significantly increased the content of each organic N fraction.Compared between the two straw returning modes( straw returning and straw biochar returning),straw biochar returning( SB) increased the content of ammonium N,amino sugar N and un-hydrolysable N content,which was 8% ～ 16. 4%,12. 3% ～ 16. 2%,and 16. 7% higher than those under the SD treament.However,cotton straw returning( SD) increased the content of amino acid N,which increased by 15. 8% ～ 20. 5% compared with straw biochar returning.(3) N fertilizer application and cotton straw returning changed the composition of the soil organic N.Compared with the control,the SB treatment increased the proportion of acid hydrolysis unknown N,but decreased the proportion of the ammonium N and amino acid N; while the SD treatment increased the proportion of amino acid N,and reduced the proportion of ammonia N.The results show that straw biochar returning combined N fertilizer application not only increase soil organic N storage,but also improve soil N supply capacity.In addition,it can increase the un-hydrolysable N content and the proportion of acid hydrolysis unknown N,and enhance the stability of soil organic N reservoir.
A 5-year field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of cotton straw or biochar returning combined N fertilizer application on content and fractions of soil organic N in drip irrigation cotton field.The experimental design was a 3× 3 factorial with three cotton straw returning modes and three N application rates.Three modes of cotton straw returning were set as control( CK,no straw returning),cotton straw returning( SD),and cotton straw biochar returning( SB).N application rates were 0,300,and 450 kg·hm~(-2)( noted as N0,N300,and N450,respectively).The results are:(1) N fertilizer application or straw returning significantly increased soil total N content,especially straw returning combined N fertilizer application had a more significant effect on soil total N. Compared with CK( No straw returning),soil total N content increased by 32. 8% ～33. 4% and 37. 2% ～38. 4%,respectively,in the treatments SD and SB under N application rate with 300 and 450 kg·hm~(-2).The total N content of soil in the SB treatment was significantly higher than in the SD treatment.(2) Compared with CK,soil total acidolysable N,ammonia N,and amino sugar N,increased by 8. 1% ～ 10. 8% and 20. 6%～ 40% and 32. 3% ～ 42. 9% in N fertilizer application.while there were no significant differences for amino acid N,unknown N and unhydrolysable N among different N application rate treatments.Straw returning combined N fertilizer application significantly increased the content of each organic N fraction.Compared between the two straw returning modes( straw returning and straw biochar returning),straw biochar returning( SB) increased the content of ammonium N,amino sugar N and un-hydrolysable N content,which was 8% ～ 16. 4%,12. 3% ～ 16. 2%,and 16. 7% higher than those under the SD treament.However,cotton straw returning( SD) increased the content of amino acid N,which increased by 15. 8% ～ 20. 5% compared with straw biochar returning.(3) N fertilizer application and cotton straw returning changed the composition of the soil organic N.Compared with the control,the SB treatment increased the proportion of acid hydrolysis unknown N,but decreased the proportion of the ammonium N and amino acid N; while the SD treatment increased the proportion of amino acid N,and reduced the proportion of ammonia N.The results show that straw biochar returning combined N fertilizer application not only increase soil organic N storage,but also improve soil N supply capacity.In addition,it can increase the un-hydrolysable N content and the proportion of acid hydrolysis unknown N,and enhance the stability of soil organic N reservoir.
引文
[1]张俊清,朱平,张夫道.有机肥和化肥配施对黑土有机氮形态组成及分布的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(3):245-249.Zhang J Q,Zhu P,Zhang F D.Effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined application on the form and distribution of organic nitrogen of black soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers Science,2004,10(3):245-249.
[2]Bremner J M.Organic forms of nitrogen[M]//Black C A,et al.Method of soil analysis Part II:chemical and microbiological properties.Wisconsin:American Society of Agronomy,Soil Science Society of America,1965:1238-1255.
[3]任金凤,周桦,马强,等.长期施肥对潮棕壤有机氮组分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(5):1661-1667.Ren J F,Zou H,Ma Q,et al.Effects of long-term fertilizations on organic nitrogen fractions in aquic brown soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(5):1661-1667.
[4]张玉树,丁洪,王飞,等.长期施用不同肥料的土壤有机氮组分变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1981-1986.Zhang Y S,Ding H,Wang F,et al.Characteristics of organic nitrogen fractions in soils under long-term different fertilization[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):1981-1986.
[5]马芳霞,王忆芸,燕鹏,等.秸秆还田对长期连作棉田土壤有机氮组分的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(08):1459-1465.Ma F X,Wang Y Y,Yan P,et al.Effects of cotton straw incorporation on organic nitrogen fractions in long-term continuous cropping cotton field[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2018,27(8):1459-1465.
[6]肖巧琳,罗建新,杨琼.烟稻轮作中稻草还田对土壤有机氮各组分的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):167-173.Xiao Q L,Luo J X,Yang Q.Effects of rice-straw-returning under tobacco-rice rotation on soil organic nitrogen fractions[J].Soils,2011,43(2):167-173.
[7]茹思博,赵靓,苏倩,等.生物碳和施氮量对棉花生长及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2013,50(7):1185-1191.Ru S B,Zhao J,Su Q,et al.Effects of biochar and nitrogen rate on growth and yield of cotton[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013,50(7):1185-1191.
[8]孙宁川,唐光木,徐万里,等.棉秆炭和炭基专用肥对棉花生长及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(1):163-169.Sun N C,Tang G M,Xu W L,et al.The impact of cotton stalk carbon and carbon-based specialty fertilizer on the cotton growth and yield[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2016,53(1):163-169.
[9]李玥,余亚琳,张欣,等.连续施用炭基肥及生物炭对棕壤有机氮组分的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(10):2903-2909.Li Y,Yu Y L,Zhang X,et al.Effects of continuous application of biochar-based fertilizer and biochar on organic nitrogen fractions in brown soil[J].Chinese Journal of E-cology,2017,36(10):2903-2909.
[10]陈坤.生物炭等有机物料定位施用对土壤微生物群落和有机氮的影响[D].沈阳农业大学硕士学位论文,2017.
[11]吴汉卿,张玉龙,张玉玲,等.土壤有机氮组分研究进展[J].土壤通报,2018,49(5):1240-1246.Wu H Q,Zhang Y L,Zhang Y L,et al.Soil organic nitrogen fractions:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2018,49(5):1240-1246.
[12]赵士诚,曹彩云,李科江,等.长期秸秆还田对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1441-1449.Zhao S C,Cao C Y,Li K J,et al.Effects of long-term straw return on soil fertility,nitrogen pool fractions and crop yields on a fluvo-aquic soil in North China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2014,20(6):1441-1449.
[13]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.长期施肥对土壤有机氮组成的影响[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(1):87-91.Ju X T,Liu X J,Zhang F S.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic nitrogen fractions[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(1):87-91.
[14]Christopher S F,Lal R.Nitrogen management affects carbon sequestration in North American cropland soils[J].Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2007,26(1):45-64.
[15]赵丹丹,王俊,付鑫.长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤全氮及其组分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):303-307.Zhao D D,Wang J,Fu X.Effect of long-term fertilization on soil total nitrogen and its fractions in dryland farming system[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(4):303-307.
[16]张永全,寇长林,马政华,等.长期有机肥与氮肥配施对潮土有机碳和有机氮组分的影响[J].土壤通报,2015,46(3):584-589.Zhang Y Q,Kou C L,Ma Z H,et al.Effects of long term combination application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on organic carbon and organic nitrogen forms of fluvo-aquic soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(3):584-589.
[17]贾倩,廖世鹏,卜容燕,等.不同轮作模式下氮肥用量对土壤有机氮组分的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(6):1547-1558.Jia Q,Liao S P,Bu R Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on fractionation of soil organic nitrogen relative to crop rotation mode[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(6):1547-1558.
[18]李琦,马莉,赵跃,等.不同温度制备的棉花秸秆生物碳对棉花生长及氮肥利用率(15N)的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(3):600-607.Li Q,Ma L,Zhao Y,et al.Growth and 15N use efficiency in cotton affected by biochar made in different temperatures[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2015,21(3):600-607.
[19]Li Q,Liao N,Zhang N,et al.Effects of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)straw and its biochar application on NH3volatilization and N use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2016,62(5-6):534-544.
[20]LüH J,He H B,Zhao J S,et al.Dynamics of fertilizer-derived organic nitrogen fractions in an arable soil during a growing season[J].Plant and Soil,2013,373(1):595-607.
[21]张星,刘杏认,张晴雯,等.生物炭和秸秆还田对华北农田玉米生育期土壤微生物量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(10):1943-1950.Zhang X,Liu X R,Zhang Q W,et al.Effects of biochar and straw direct return on soil microbial biomass during maize growth season in north China Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(10):1943-1950.
[22]王媛,周建斌,杨学云.长期不同培肥处理对土壤有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(6):1182-1189.Wang Y,Zhou J B,Yang X Y.Effects of different longterm fertilization on the fractions of organic nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization in soils[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(6):1182-1189.
[23]徐阳春,沈其荣,茆泽圣.长期施用有机肥对土壤及不同粒级中酸解有机氮含量与分配的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4):403-409.Xu Y C,Shen Q R,Mao Z S.Contents and distribution of forms of organic N in soil and particle size fractions after long-term fertilization[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(4):403-409.
[24]李世清,李生秀,邵明安,等.半干旱农田生态系统长期施肥对土壤有机氮组分和微生物体氮的影响[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(6):859-864.Li S Q,Li S X,Shao M A,et al.Effects of long-term application of fertilizers on soil organic nitrogen components and microbial biomass nitrogen in semiarid farmland ecological system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(6):859-864.
[2]Bremner J M.Organic forms of nitrogen[M]//Black C A,et al.Method of soil analysis Part II:chemical and microbiological properties.Wisconsin:American Society of Agronomy,Soil Science Society of America,1965:1238-1255.
[3]任金凤,周桦,马强,等.长期施肥对潮棕壤有机氮组分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(5):1661-1667.Ren J F,Zou H,Ma Q,et al.Effects of long-term fertilizations on organic nitrogen fractions in aquic brown soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(5):1661-1667.
[4]张玉树,丁洪,王飞,等.长期施用不同肥料的土壤有机氮组分变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1981-1986.Zhang Y S,Ding H,Wang F,et al.Characteristics of organic nitrogen fractions in soils under long-term different fertilization[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):1981-1986.
[5]马芳霞,王忆芸,燕鹏,等.秸秆还田对长期连作棉田土壤有机氮组分的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(08):1459-1465.Ma F X,Wang Y Y,Yan P,et al.Effects of cotton straw incorporation on organic nitrogen fractions in long-term continuous cropping cotton field[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2018,27(8):1459-1465.
[6]肖巧琳,罗建新,杨琼.烟稻轮作中稻草还田对土壤有机氮各组分的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):167-173.Xiao Q L,Luo J X,Yang Q.Effects of rice-straw-returning under tobacco-rice rotation on soil organic nitrogen fractions[J].Soils,2011,43(2):167-173.
[7]茹思博,赵靓,苏倩,等.生物碳和施氮量对棉花生长及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2013,50(7):1185-1191.Ru S B,Zhao J,Su Q,et al.Effects of biochar and nitrogen rate on growth and yield of cotton[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013,50(7):1185-1191.
[8]孙宁川,唐光木,徐万里,等.棉秆炭和炭基专用肥对棉花生长及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(1):163-169.Sun N C,Tang G M,Xu W L,et al.The impact of cotton stalk carbon and carbon-based specialty fertilizer on the cotton growth and yield[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2016,53(1):163-169.
[9]李玥,余亚琳,张欣,等.连续施用炭基肥及生物炭对棕壤有机氮组分的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(10):2903-2909.Li Y,Yu Y L,Zhang X,et al.Effects of continuous application of biochar-based fertilizer and biochar on organic nitrogen fractions in brown soil[J].Chinese Journal of E-cology,2017,36(10):2903-2909.
[10]陈坤.生物炭等有机物料定位施用对土壤微生物群落和有机氮的影响[D].沈阳农业大学硕士学位论文,2017.
[11]吴汉卿,张玉龙,张玉玲,等.土壤有机氮组分研究进展[J].土壤通报,2018,49(5):1240-1246.Wu H Q,Zhang Y L,Zhang Y L,et al.Soil organic nitrogen fractions:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2018,49(5):1240-1246.
[12]赵士诚,曹彩云,李科江,等.长期秸秆还田对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1441-1449.Zhao S C,Cao C Y,Li K J,et al.Effects of long-term straw return on soil fertility,nitrogen pool fractions and crop yields on a fluvo-aquic soil in North China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2014,20(6):1441-1449.
[13]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.长期施肥对土壤有机氮组成的影响[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(1):87-91.Ju X T,Liu X J,Zhang F S.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic nitrogen fractions[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(1):87-91.
[14]Christopher S F,Lal R.Nitrogen management affects carbon sequestration in North American cropland soils[J].Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2007,26(1):45-64.
[15]赵丹丹,王俊,付鑫.长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤全氮及其组分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):303-307.Zhao D D,Wang J,Fu X.Effect of long-term fertilization on soil total nitrogen and its fractions in dryland farming system[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(4):303-307.
[16]张永全,寇长林,马政华,等.长期有机肥与氮肥配施对潮土有机碳和有机氮组分的影响[J].土壤通报,2015,46(3):584-589.Zhang Y Q,Kou C L,Ma Z H,et al.Effects of long term combination application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on organic carbon and organic nitrogen forms of fluvo-aquic soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(3):584-589.
[17]贾倩,廖世鹏,卜容燕,等.不同轮作模式下氮肥用量对土壤有机氮组分的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(6):1547-1558.Jia Q,Liao S P,Bu R Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on fractionation of soil organic nitrogen relative to crop rotation mode[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(6):1547-1558.
[18]李琦,马莉,赵跃,等.不同温度制备的棉花秸秆生物碳对棉花生长及氮肥利用率(15N)的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(3):600-607.Li Q,Ma L,Zhao Y,et al.Growth and 15N use efficiency in cotton affected by biochar made in different temperatures[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2015,21(3):600-607.
[19]Li Q,Liao N,Zhang N,et al.Effects of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)straw and its biochar application on NH3volatilization and N use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2016,62(5-6):534-544.
[20]LüH J,He H B,Zhao J S,et al.Dynamics of fertilizer-derived organic nitrogen fractions in an arable soil during a growing season[J].Plant and Soil,2013,373(1):595-607.
[21]张星,刘杏认,张晴雯,等.生物炭和秸秆还田对华北农田玉米生育期土壤微生物量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(10):1943-1950.Zhang X,Liu X R,Zhang Q W,et al.Effects of biochar and straw direct return on soil microbial biomass during maize growth season in north China Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(10):1943-1950.
[22]王媛,周建斌,杨学云.长期不同培肥处理对土壤有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(6):1182-1189.Wang Y,Zhou J B,Yang X Y.Effects of different longterm fertilization on the fractions of organic nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization in soils[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(6):1182-1189.
[23]徐阳春,沈其荣,茆泽圣.长期施用有机肥对土壤及不同粒级中酸解有机氮含量与分配的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4):403-409.Xu Y C,Shen Q R,Mao Z S.Contents and distribution of forms of organic N in soil and particle size fractions after long-term fertilization[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(4):403-409.
[24]李世清,李生秀,邵明安,等.半干旱农田生态系统长期施肥对土壤有机氮组分和微生物体氮的影响[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(6):859-864.Li S Q,Li S X,Shao M A,et al.Effects of long-term application of fertilizers on soil organic nitrogen components and microbial biomass nitrogen in semiarid farmland ecological system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(6):859-864.
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