利用风廓线雷达对广东前汛期短时强降水类暴雨过程低空风场特征的研究
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摘要
为了更加深入地了解暴雨中尺度系统,利用风廓线雷达资料,对2012—2014年发生在广东前汛期的短时强降水的暴雨过程临近时次的低空急流强度、低空急流高度、低空急流指数以及各层垂直风切变等物理量进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:(1)在广东前汛期,86%的暴雨过程都会有短时强降水的出现;(2)2 km高度以下最大风速呈正态分布特征,主要集中在10～21 m/s之间,60%以上的强降水发生前3小时低空急流便已经存在,且随着强降水的临近,低空急流的比例逐渐增大,超过80%的过程强降水出现时有低空急流相配合;(3)暴雨发生前低空急流强度基本维持,最低高度逐渐降低。强降水出现时次,低空急流表现出逐渐加强的特征,最低高度也明显下降,从而导致低空急流指数I增大;(4)地面到不同等压面的垂直风切变随着高度的增加而逐渐减小,其中强降水发生时地面到925 hPa垂直风切变相较于暴雨发生前有所增大,而地面到850 hPa及700 hPa垂直风切变在强降水发生时则表现出下降的特征;(5)选取暴雨发生前各类物理量的中值作为暴雨发生的阈值,则低空急流强度在13.5 m/s左右,最低高度为1 km左右,低空急流指数I为6×10-3s-1左右,地面到925hPa、850 hPa以及700 hPa之间的垂直风切变分别在7.3×10-3s-1、6×10-3s-1以及4×10-3s-1左右。
By using the wind-profiler data from 2012 to 2014, the mesoscale weather system characteristics of rainstorms containing short-range heavy rainfall which occurred during April to June rainy season in Guangdong are studied. First, it is indicated that 86% rainstorms which occurred during the period from April to June in Guangdong are accompanied by short-range heavy rainfall. Second, the maximum wind speed below 2 km height is distributed normally, mainly concentrated in the range of 10—21 m/s.Low-level jets already exist 3 hours prior to the occurrence of more than 60% short-range heavy rainfall,and the proportion increases gradually with the approach of heavy rainfall. Third, before the rainstorm, the intensity of low-level jets generally maintains, and the lowest height gradually decreases. When short-range heavy rainfall occurs, the low-level jet gradually enhances, and the lowest height also decreases significantly, leading to a noticeable increase in the low-level jet Index I. Fourth, vertical wind shear from ground to different isobaric surfaces decreases with the increase of altitude. The vertical wind shear from ground to 925 hPa increases but decreases from ground to 850 hPa and 700 hPa, when short-range heavy rainfall occurs. Finally, the following pre-rainstorm median values of all kinds of physical quantities are selected as the threshold of rainstorm occurrence, 13.5 m/s for the intensity of low-level jet, 1 km for the lowest altitude, 6×10-3 s-1 for the low-level jet Index I, and 7.3×10-3 s-1, 6×10-3 s-1 and 4×10-3 s-1 for the vertical wind shear between surface to 925 hPa, 850 hPa and 700 hPa, respectively.
By using the wind-profiler data from 2012 to 2014, the mesoscale weather system characteristics of rainstorms containing short-range heavy rainfall which occurred during April to June rainy season in Guangdong are studied. First, it is indicated that 86% rainstorms which occurred during the period from April to June in Guangdong are accompanied by short-range heavy rainfall. Second, the maximum wind speed below 2 km height is distributed normally, mainly concentrated in the range of 10—21 m/s.Low-level jets already exist 3 hours prior to the occurrence of more than 60% short-range heavy rainfall,and the proportion increases gradually with the approach of heavy rainfall. Third, before the rainstorm, the intensity of low-level jets generally maintains, and the lowest height gradually decreases. When short-range heavy rainfall occurs, the low-level jet gradually enhances, and the lowest height also decreases significantly, leading to a noticeable increase in the low-level jet Index I. Fourth, vertical wind shear from ground to different isobaric surfaces decreases with the increase of altitude. The vertical wind shear from ground to 925 hPa increases but decreases from ground to 850 hPa and 700 hPa, when short-range heavy rainfall occurs. Finally, the following pre-rainstorm median values of all kinds of physical quantities are selected as the threshold of rainstorm occurrence, 13.5 m/s for the intensity of low-level jet, 1 km for the lowest altitude, 6×10-3 s-1 for the low-level jet Index I, and 7.3×10-3 s-1, 6×10-3 s-1 and 4×10-3 s-1 for the vertical wind shear between surface to 925 hPa, 850 hPa and 700 hPa, respectively.
引文
[1]何立富,周庆亮,陈涛.“05.6”华南特大暴雨过程大尺度水汽输送特征[J].气象与减灾研究, 2009, 16(1):10-16.
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[3]王东海,夏茹娣,刘英. 2008年华南前汛期致洪暴雨特征及其对比分析[J].气象学报, 2011, 69(1):137-148.
[4]林良勋,吴乃庚,黄忠,等.广东2008年罕见“龙舟水”特点及成因诊断分析[J].气象, 2009, 35(4):43-50.
[5]伍志方,李怀宇,吴乃庚,等.广东2010年5月一周两次暴雨过程的对比分析[J].自然灾害学报, 2011, 20(1):68-77.
[6]鲍名.两次华南持续性暴雨过程中热带西太平洋对流异常作用的比较[J].热带气象学报, 2008, 24(1):27-36.
[7]林晓霞,冯业荣,张诚忠,等.华南一次暴雨过程热力和动力特征的诊断分析[J].热带气象学报, 2017, 33(6):975-984.
[8]张晓美,蒙伟光,张艳霞,等.华南暖区暴雨中尺度对流系统的分析[J].热带气象学报, 2009, 25(5):551-560.
[9]黄燕燕,万齐林,陈子通,等.加密探空资料在华南暴雨数值预报的应用试验[J].热带气象学报, 2011, 27(2):179-188.
[10]高守亭,周玉淑,冉令坤.我国暴雨形成机理及预报方法研究进展[J].大气科学, 2018, 42(4):833-846.
[11]李真光,梁必骐,包澄澜.华南暴雨的成因与预报问题[C]//华南前汛期暴雨文集.北京:气象出版社, 1981.
[12]李博,刘黎平,王改利,等.“0866”华南特大暴雨灾害的综合诊断[J].科学通报, 2017, 62(13):1 410-1 421.
[13]廖移山,汪小康,邓雯,等. 2014年4—10月我国主要暴雨天气过程简述[J].暴雨灾害, 2015, 34(1):88-96.
[14]翟国庆,丁华君,孙淑清.与低空急流相伴的暴雨天气的诊断研究[J].大气科学, 1999, 23(1):112-118.
[15]俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社, 2006.
[16]吴风波,李岩松,苏丽蓉. 2014年春季华南地区两次强对流天气过程对比分析[J].气象与减灾研究, 2016, 39(3):179-189.
[17]吴志根,沈利峰.边界层风廓线仪应用中存在的若干问题[J].高原气象, 2010, 29(3):801-809.
[18]阮征,高祝宇,李丰,等.风廓线雷达与天气雷达风廓线数据的融合及应用[J].气象, 2017, 43(10):1 213-1 223.
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[20] PETER T M, JAMESON A R, THOMAS D K, et al. Combined wind profiler/polarimetric radar studies of the vertical motion and microphysical characteristics of tropical sea-breeze thunderstorms[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 2002, 130(9):2 228-2 239.
[21] ZHONG S Y, FAST J D, BIAN X D. A case study of the great plains low-level jet using wind profiler network data and a high-resolution mesoscale model[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1996, 124(5):785-806.
[22]周芯玉,廖菲,孙广凤.广州两次暴雨期间风廓线雷达观测的低空风场特征[J].高原气象, 2015, 34(2):526-533.
[23]周芯玉,涂静,廖菲,等. 2014年5月23日广州中北部大暴雨过程多尺度特征研究[J].暴雨灾害, 2017, 36(3):235-242.
[24]刘淑媛,郑永光,陶祖钰.利用风廓线雷达资料分析低空急流的脉动与暴雨关系[J].热带气象学报, 2003, 19(3):285-290.
[25]董保举,刘劲松,高月忠.基于风廓线雷达资料的暴雨天气过程分析[J].气象科技, 2009, 37(4):411-415.
[26]周莉蓉,施娟,朱斌.风廓线雷达产品在强降水短临预报中的初步应用[J].高原山地气象研究, 2012, 32(4):27-30.
[27]孙旭映,李耀辉,段海霞,等.玛曲一次强降水过程的风廓线演变特征[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(12):186-192.
[28]周芯玉,廖菲.利用中位数方法对风廓线雷达数据质量控制的研究[J].热带气象学报, 2015, 31(6):804-810.
[29]林良勋.广东省天气预报技术手册[M].北京:气象出版社, 2006.
[30]庞古乾,伍志方,叶爱芬,等.珠三角地区前后汛期强对流过程物理量指数对比分析及阈值选取[J].热带气象学报, 2012, 28(6):919-923.
[2]赵玉春,王叶红.近30年华南前汛期暴雨研究概述[J].暴雨灾害, 2009, 28(3):193-202、228.
[3]王东海,夏茹娣,刘英. 2008年华南前汛期致洪暴雨特征及其对比分析[J].气象学报, 2011, 69(1):137-148.
[4]林良勋,吴乃庚,黄忠,等.广东2008年罕见“龙舟水”特点及成因诊断分析[J].气象, 2009, 35(4):43-50.
[5]伍志方,李怀宇,吴乃庚,等.广东2010年5月一周两次暴雨过程的对比分析[J].自然灾害学报, 2011, 20(1):68-77.
[6]鲍名.两次华南持续性暴雨过程中热带西太平洋对流异常作用的比较[J].热带气象学报, 2008, 24(1):27-36.
[7]林晓霞,冯业荣,张诚忠,等.华南一次暴雨过程热力和动力特征的诊断分析[J].热带气象学报, 2017, 33(6):975-984.
[8]张晓美,蒙伟光,张艳霞,等.华南暖区暴雨中尺度对流系统的分析[J].热带气象学报, 2009, 25(5):551-560.
[9]黄燕燕,万齐林,陈子通,等.加密探空资料在华南暴雨数值预报的应用试验[J].热带气象学报, 2011, 27(2):179-188.
[10]高守亭,周玉淑,冉令坤.我国暴雨形成机理及预报方法研究进展[J].大气科学, 2018, 42(4):833-846.
[11]李真光,梁必骐,包澄澜.华南暴雨的成因与预报问题[C]//华南前汛期暴雨文集.北京:气象出版社, 1981.
[12]李博,刘黎平,王改利,等.“0866”华南特大暴雨灾害的综合诊断[J].科学通报, 2017, 62(13):1 410-1 421.
[13]廖移山,汪小康,邓雯,等. 2014年4—10月我国主要暴雨天气过程简述[J].暴雨灾害, 2015, 34(1):88-96.
[14]翟国庆,丁华君,孙淑清.与低空急流相伴的暴雨天气的诊断研究[J].大气科学, 1999, 23(1):112-118.
[15]俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社, 2006.
[16]吴风波,李岩松,苏丽蓉. 2014年春季华南地区两次强对流天气过程对比分析[J].气象与减灾研究, 2016, 39(3):179-189.
[17]吴志根,沈利峰.边界层风廓线仪应用中存在的若干问题[J].高原气象, 2010, 29(3):801-809.
[18]阮征,高祝宇,李丰,等.风廓线雷达与天气雷达风廓线数据的融合及应用[J].气象, 2017, 43(10):1 213-1 223.
[19] PETER T M, JAMESON A R, THOMAS D K, et al. A Comparison between Polarimetric Radar and wind profiler observations of precipitation in tropical showers[J]. J Appl Meteor, 2001, 40(10):1 702-1 717.
[20] PETER T M, JAMESON A R, THOMAS D K, et al. Combined wind profiler/polarimetric radar studies of the vertical motion and microphysical characteristics of tropical sea-breeze thunderstorms[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 2002, 130(9):2 228-2 239.
[21] ZHONG S Y, FAST J D, BIAN X D. A case study of the great plains low-level jet using wind profiler network data and a high-resolution mesoscale model[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1996, 124(5):785-806.
[22]周芯玉,廖菲,孙广凤.广州两次暴雨期间风廓线雷达观测的低空风场特征[J].高原气象, 2015, 34(2):526-533.
[23]周芯玉,涂静,廖菲,等. 2014年5月23日广州中北部大暴雨过程多尺度特征研究[J].暴雨灾害, 2017, 36(3):235-242.
[24]刘淑媛,郑永光,陶祖钰.利用风廓线雷达资料分析低空急流的脉动与暴雨关系[J].热带气象学报, 2003, 19(3):285-290.
[25]董保举,刘劲松,高月忠.基于风廓线雷达资料的暴雨天气过程分析[J].气象科技, 2009, 37(4):411-415.
[26]周莉蓉,施娟,朱斌.风廓线雷达产品在强降水短临预报中的初步应用[J].高原山地气象研究, 2012, 32(4):27-30.
[27]孙旭映,李耀辉,段海霞,等.玛曲一次强降水过程的风廓线演变特征[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(12):186-192.
[28]周芯玉,廖菲.利用中位数方法对风廓线雷达数据质量控制的研究[J].热带气象学报, 2015, 31(6):804-810.
[29]林良勋.广东省天气预报技术手册[M].北京:气象出版社, 2006.
[30]庞古乾,伍志方,叶爱芬,等.珠三角地区前后汛期强对流过程物理量指数对比分析及阈值选取[J].热带气象学报, 2012, 28(6):919-923.
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