Defining a mountain landscape characterized by grazing using actor perception, governmental strategy, and environmental monitoring data
|
摘要
In multi-functional mountainous landscapes worldwide, conservation of natural values is a major task. Here, pro-active policies can be a way forward. National Environmental Quality Objectives(EQO) to solve environmental problems for future generations, however, often wrestle with being too visionary and lacking specificity, which complicates their implementation. The EQO "A Magnificent Mountain Landscape" that has been adopted by the Swedish Parliament in 1999 to preserve the pristine mountain environment in Sweden, experiences all these flaws. To aid its implementation, we studied the conditions and processes needed to define, to evaluate, and to preserve its goals across the Swedish mountain chain, using one of its milestone targets(a landscape characterized by grazing) as a study system. Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyzed three types of data: 1) referral responses to the governmental strategy document, 2) interviews with relevant actors, and 3) environmental monitoring data(reindeer position data). Nationally,our results suggest a need for geographical differentiation to match regional/local conditions. Regionally, difference in both perception and definition of the milestone target among the actors hinders the formulation, monitoring, and evaluation of a common goal. Next to a culture-nature divide, we found that a "within as a user" and "from the outside as an observer" perspective influenced suggested definitions. Moreover, we found a need for better defining whether the goal is maintaining current conditions or restoring previous ones. Our result supports the use of animal position data as a decision support tool to monitor and to aid evaluation of the target. Given the number of actors involved and conflicts of interests present, we suggest the application of a structured decision process to accomplish agreements on a common goal. Here, environmental monitoring data can aid a "landscape assessment step" as a natural part in the decision process to target landscape management actions resourcefully and effectively.
In multi-functional mountainous landscapes worldwide, conservation of natural values is a major task. Here, pro-active policies can be a way forward. National Environmental Quality Objectives(EQO) to solve environmental problems for future generations, however, often wrestle with being too visionary and lacking specificity, which complicates their implementation. The EQO "A Magnificent Mountain Landscape" that has been adopted by the Swedish Parliament in 1999 to preserve the pristine mountain environment in Sweden, experiences all these flaws. To aid its implementation, we studied the conditions and processes needed to define, to evaluate, and to preserve its goals across the Swedish mountain chain, using one of its milestone targets(a landscape characterized by grazing) as a study system. Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyzed three types of data: 1) referral responses to the governmental strategy document, 2) interviews with relevant actors, and 3) environmental monitoring data(reindeer position data). Nationally,our results suggest a need for geographical differentiation to match regional/local conditions. Regionally, difference in both perception and definition of the milestone target among the actors hinders the formulation, monitoring, and evaluation of a common goal. Next to a culture-nature divide, we found that a "within as a user" and "from the outside as an observer" perspective influenced suggested definitions. Moreover, we found a need for better defining whether the goal is maintaining current conditions or restoring previous ones. Our result supports the use of animal position data as a decision support tool to monitor and to aid evaluation of the target. Given the number of actors involved and conflicts of interests present, we suggest the application of a structured decision process to accomplish agreements on a common goal. Here, environmental monitoring data can aid a "landscape assessment step" as a natural part in the decision process to target landscape management actions resourcefully and effectively.
In multi-functional mountainous landscapes worldwide, conservation of natural values is a major task. Here, pro-active policies can be a way forward. National Environmental Quality Objectives(EQO) to solve environmental problems for future generations, however, often wrestle with being too visionary and lacking specificity, which complicates their implementation. The EQO "A Magnificent Mountain Landscape" that has been adopted by the Swedish Parliament in 1999 to preserve the pristine mountain environment in Sweden, experiences all these flaws. To aid its implementation, we studied the conditions and processes needed to define, to evaluate, and to preserve its goals across the Swedish mountain chain, using one of its milestone targets(a landscape characterized by grazing) as a study system. Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyzed three types of data: 1) referral responses to the governmental strategy document, 2) interviews with relevant actors, and 3) environmental monitoring data(reindeer position data). Nationally,our results suggest a need for geographical differentiation to match regional/local conditions. Regionally, difference in both perception and definition of the milestone target among the actors hinders the formulation, monitoring, and evaluation of a common goal. Next to a culture-nature divide, we found that a "within as a user" and "from the outside as an observer" perspective influenced suggested definitions. Moreover, we found a need for better defining whether the goal is maintaining current conditions or restoring previous ones. Our result supports the use of animal position data as a decision support tool to monitor and to aid evaluation of the target. Given the number of actors involved and conflicts of interests present, we suggest the application of a structured decision process to accomplish agreements on a common goal. Here, environmental monitoring data can aid a "landscape assessment step" as a natural part in the decision process to target landscape management actions resourcefully and effectively.
引文
Addison PFE,Rumpff L,Bau S,et al.(2013)Practical solutions for making models indispensable in conservation decisionmaking.Diversity and Distribution 19:490-502.https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12054
Allen AM,M?nsson J,Sand H,et al.(2016)Scaling up movements:From individual space use to population patterns.Ecosphere 7:e01524.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1524
Benhamou S(2011)Dynamic approach to space and habitat use based on biased random bridges.PLOS One 6:1-8.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014592
Bj?rstig T,Sandstr?m C(2017)Public-private partnerships in a Swedish rural context:A policy tool for the authorities to achieve sustainable rural development?Journal of Rural Studies 49:58-68.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.11.009
Bolger DT,Newmark WD,Morrison TA,et al.(2008)The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates.Ecology Letters 11:63-77.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01109.x
Edenius L,Vencatasawmy CP,Sandstr?m P,et al.(2003)Combining satellite imagery and ancillary data to improve mapping of snowbed vegetation important to reindeer(Rangifer tarandus).Arctic,Antarctic and Alpine Research35:150-157.
Edvardsson K(2004)Using goals in environmental management:the Swedish system of environmental objectives.Environmental Management 34:170-80.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-3073-3
Emmelin L,Cherp A(2016)National environmental objectives in Sweden:a critical reflection.Journal of Cleaner Production12:194-199.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.059
Environmental Objectives(2018)http://www.sverigesmiljomal.se/environmental-objectives/(downloaded 2018-04-16)
Fortin D,Beyer HL,Boyce MS,et al.(2005)Wolves influence elk movements:behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park.Ecology 86:1320-1330.https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0953
Freschet GT,?stlund L,Kichenin E,et al.(2014)Aboveground and belowground legacies of native Sami land use on boreal forest in northern Sweden 100 years after abandonment.Ecology 95:963-977.https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0824.1
Getz WM,Saltz D(2008)A framework for generating and analyzing movement paths on ecological landscapes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 105:19066-19071.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801732105
Gov.Bill 2004/05:150.Svenska milj?m?l-ett gemensamt uppdrag.Milj?-och energidepartementet.http://www.regeringen.se/rattsdokument/proposition/2005/05/prop.-200405150-/(Accessed 2018-04-16)
IPBES(2018)Summary for policymakers of the regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Europe and Central Asia of the Intergovernmental SciencePolicy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.Fischer M,Rounsevell M,Torre-Marin Rando A,et al.(eds.),IPBES secretariat,Bonn,Germany.48 pages.
Johansson J,Sandstr?m C,Lundmark T(2018)Inspired by structured decision making:a collaborative approach to the governance of multiple forest values.Ecology and Society 23:16.https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10347-230416
Josefsson T,Hornberg G,?stlund L(2009)Long-Term Human Impact and Vegetation Changes in a Boreal Forest Reserve:Implications for the Use of Protected Areas as Ecological References.Ecosystems 12:1017-1036.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9276-y
Hagemoen RIM,Reimers E(2002)Reindeer summer activity pattern in relation to weather and insect harassment.Journal of Animal Ecology 71:883-892.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00654.x
Harris G,Thirgood S,Hopcraft JGC,et al.(2009).Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals.Endangered Species Research 7:55-76.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00173
Horstkotte T,Utsi TA,Larsson-Blind A,et al.(2017)Humananimal agency in reindeer management:Sami herders'perspectives on vegetation dynamics under climate change.Ecosphere 8:e01931.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1931
Horstkotte T,Sandstr?m C,Moen J(2014)Exploring the Multiple Use of Boreal Landscapes in Northern Sweden:The Importance of Social-Ecological Diversity for Mobility and Flexibility.Human Ecology 42:671-682.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-014-9687-z
Hunt TL,Kliskey A,Alessa L(2018)Applying social-ecological systems science to complex mountain landscapes.Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 16(S1):S3-S3.https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1757
Kang HM,Kim H,Lee CH,et al.(2017)Changes and development plans in the mountain villages of South Korea:Comparison of the first and second national surveys.Journal of Mountain Science 14:1473-1489.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3875-9
Kaarlej?rvi E,Eskelinen A,Olofsson J(2013)Herbivory prevents positive responses of lowland plants to warmer and more fertile conditions at high altitudes.Functional Ecology27:1244-1253.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12113
Ketz AC,Johnson TL,Monello RJ,et al.(2016)Informing management with monitoring data:the value of Bayesian forecasting.Ecosphere 7:e01587.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1587
Kotsios V(2016)Integrated development planning in mountainous areas-the case of Konitsa,Greece.Journal of Mountain Science 13:169-182.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3012-6
Lima SL,Zollner PA(1996)Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:131-135.https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81094-9
Lindahl KB,Johansson A,Zachrisson A,et al.(2018)Competing pathways to sustainability?Exploring conflicts over mine establishments in the Swedish mountain region.Journal of Environmental Management 218:402-415.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.063
Lundqvist LJ(2005)En idéf?re sin tid?Valfrid Paulsson,svensk vattenv?rd och ekologisk modernisering.In L.J.Lundgren and J.Edman(Eds.),Konflikter,samarbete,resultat:Perspektiv p?svensk milj?politik[Conflict,cooperation,performance:Perspectives on the Swedish environmental policy]2005:124-141.Festskrift till Valfrid Paulsson.Brottby,Sweden:Kassandra.(In Swedish)
Mayor JR,Sanders NJ,Classen AT,et al.(2017)Elevation alters ecosystem properties across temperate treelines globally.Nature 542:91-95.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21027
Moen J(2006)Land use in the Swedish mountain region:trends and conflicting goals.International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management 2:305-314.https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618151
Morales JM,Moorcroft PR,Matthiopoulos J,et al.(2010)Building the bridge between animal movement and population dynamics.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365:228-2301.https://doi.org/0.1098/rstb.2010.0082
M?rald E,Sandstr?m C,Rist L,et al.(2015)Exploring the use of a dialogue process to tackle a complex and controversial issue in forest management.Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 30:749-756.https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2015.1065343
Neumann W,Martinuzzi S,Estes AB,et al.(2015)Opportunities for the application of advanced remotely-sensed data in ecological studies of terrestrial animal movement.Movement Ecology 3:8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0036-7
Norstedt G,Axelsson AL,?stlund L(2014)Exploring PreColonial Resource Control of Individual Sami Households.Artic 67:223-237.https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4389
Olofsson J,te Beest M,Ericson L(2013)Complex biotic interactions drive long-term vegetation dynamics in a subarctic ecosystem.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368:1471-2970.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0486
Olofsson J,Oksanen L,Callaghan T,et al.(2009)Herbivores inhibit climate-driven shrub expansion on the tundra.Global Change Biology 15:2681-2693.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01935.x
Olofsson J(2006)Short-and long-term effects of changes in reindeer grazing pressure on tundra heath vegetation.Journal of Ecology 94:431-440.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01100.x
Olofsson J,Stark S,Oksanen L(2004)Reindeer influence on ecosystem processes in the tundra.Oikos 105:386-396.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13048.x
?stlund L,H?rnberg G,DeLuca TH,et al.(2015)Intensive land use in the Swedish mountains between AD 800 and 1200led to deforestation and ecosystem transformation with long-lasting effects.Ambio 44:508.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0634-z
Ratio A-M,Josefsson T,Axelsson A-L,et al.(2016)People and pines 1555-1910:integrating ecology,history and archaeology to assess long-term resource use in northern Fennoscandia.Landscape Ecology 31:337-349.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0246-9
Rist L,Felton A,Samuelsson L,et al.(2013)A new paradigm for adaptive management.Ecology and Society 18:63.https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06183-180463
Sandstr?m P(2015)A toolbox for co-production of knowledge and improved land use dialogues.Doctoral thesis.Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.p 20.https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/11881/1/sandstrom_p_150213.pdf(Accessed on 2019-06-20)
Sandstr?m P,Cory N,Svensson J,et al.(2016)On the decline of ground lichen forests in the Swedish boreal landscape:Implications for reindeer husbandry and sustainable forest management.Ambio 45:415-429.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0759-0
Sawyer H,Kauffman MJ(2011)Stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate.Journal of Animal Ecology 80:1078-1087.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01845.x
Schmidt K,Martin-López B,Phillips PM,et al.(2019).Key landscape features in the provision of ecosystem services:Insights for management.Land Use Policy 82:353-366.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.022
Skarin A,Nellemann C,R?nneg?rd P,et al.(2015)Wind farm construction impacts reindeer migration and movement corridors.Landscape Ecology 30:1527-1540.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0210-8
Skarin A,Danell?,Bergstr?m R,et al.(2010)Reindeer movement patterns in alpine summer ranges.Polar Biology33:1263-1275.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0815-y
Swedish EPA(2014)Redovisning av milj?kvalitetsm?len Storslagen Fj?llmilj?i FU15.REMISSVERSION.2014-12-12Nr NV-02144-14.
Thurfjell H,Ciuti S,Boyce MS(2014)Applications of stepselection functions in ecology and conservation.Movement Ecology 2:4.https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-3933-2-4
Tolvanen A,Kangas K(2016)Tourism,biodiversity and protected areas-Review from northern Fennoscandia.Journal of Environmental Management 169:58-66.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.011
Tucker MA,B?hning-Gaese K,Fagan WF,et al.(2018)Moving in the Anthropocene:Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements.Science 359:466-469.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9712
Uboni A,Horstkotte T,Kaarlej?rvi E,et al.(2016)Long-Term Trends and Role of Climate in the Population Dynamics of Eurasian Reindeer.PLoS ONE 11:e0158359.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158359
Wei W,Swaisgood RR,Dai Q,et al.(2018)Giant panda distributional and habitat-use shifts in a changing landscape.Conservation Letters 11:e12575.https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12575
Zeller KA,McGarigal K,Whiteley AR(2012)Estimating landscape resistance to movement:a review.Landscape Ecology 27:777-797.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9737-0
Allen AM,M?nsson J,Sand H,et al.(2016)Scaling up movements:From individual space use to population patterns.Ecosphere 7:e01524.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1524
Benhamou S(2011)Dynamic approach to space and habitat use based on biased random bridges.PLOS One 6:1-8.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014592
Bj?rstig T,Sandstr?m C(2017)Public-private partnerships in a Swedish rural context:A policy tool for the authorities to achieve sustainable rural development?Journal of Rural Studies 49:58-68.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.11.009
Bolger DT,Newmark WD,Morrison TA,et al.(2008)The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates.Ecology Letters 11:63-77.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01109.x
Edenius L,Vencatasawmy CP,Sandstr?m P,et al.(2003)Combining satellite imagery and ancillary data to improve mapping of snowbed vegetation important to reindeer(Rangifer tarandus).Arctic,Antarctic and Alpine Research35:150-157.
Edvardsson K(2004)Using goals in environmental management:the Swedish system of environmental objectives.Environmental Management 34:170-80.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-3073-3
Emmelin L,Cherp A(2016)National environmental objectives in Sweden:a critical reflection.Journal of Cleaner Production12:194-199.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.059
Environmental Objectives(2018)http://www.sverigesmiljomal.se/environmental-objectives/(downloaded 2018-04-16)
Fortin D,Beyer HL,Boyce MS,et al.(2005)Wolves influence elk movements:behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park.Ecology 86:1320-1330.https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0953
Freschet GT,?stlund L,Kichenin E,et al.(2014)Aboveground and belowground legacies of native Sami land use on boreal forest in northern Sweden 100 years after abandonment.Ecology 95:963-977.https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0824.1
Getz WM,Saltz D(2008)A framework for generating and analyzing movement paths on ecological landscapes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 105:19066-19071.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801732105
Gov.Bill 2004/05:150.Svenska milj?m?l-ett gemensamt uppdrag.Milj?-och energidepartementet.http://www.regeringen.se/rattsdokument/proposition/2005/05/prop.-200405150-/(Accessed 2018-04-16)
IPBES(2018)Summary for policymakers of the regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Europe and Central Asia of the Intergovernmental SciencePolicy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.Fischer M,Rounsevell M,Torre-Marin Rando A,et al.(eds.),IPBES secretariat,Bonn,Germany.48 pages.
Johansson J,Sandstr?m C,Lundmark T(2018)Inspired by structured decision making:a collaborative approach to the governance of multiple forest values.Ecology and Society 23:16.https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10347-230416
Josefsson T,Hornberg G,?stlund L(2009)Long-Term Human Impact and Vegetation Changes in a Boreal Forest Reserve:Implications for the Use of Protected Areas as Ecological References.Ecosystems 12:1017-1036.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9276-y
Hagemoen RIM,Reimers E(2002)Reindeer summer activity pattern in relation to weather and insect harassment.Journal of Animal Ecology 71:883-892.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00654.x
Harris G,Thirgood S,Hopcraft JGC,et al.(2009).Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals.Endangered Species Research 7:55-76.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00173
Horstkotte T,Utsi TA,Larsson-Blind A,et al.(2017)Humananimal agency in reindeer management:Sami herders'perspectives on vegetation dynamics under climate change.Ecosphere 8:e01931.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1931
Horstkotte T,Sandstr?m C,Moen J(2014)Exploring the Multiple Use of Boreal Landscapes in Northern Sweden:The Importance of Social-Ecological Diversity for Mobility and Flexibility.Human Ecology 42:671-682.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-014-9687-z
Hunt TL,Kliskey A,Alessa L(2018)Applying social-ecological systems science to complex mountain landscapes.Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 16(S1):S3-S3.https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1757
Kang HM,Kim H,Lee CH,et al.(2017)Changes and development plans in the mountain villages of South Korea:Comparison of the first and second national surveys.Journal of Mountain Science 14:1473-1489.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3875-9
Kaarlej?rvi E,Eskelinen A,Olofsson J(2013)Herbivory prevents positive responses of lowland plants to warmer and more fertile conditions at high altitudes.Functional Ecology27:1244-1253.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12113
Ketz AC,Johnson TL,Monello RJ,et al.(2016)Informing management with monitoring data:the value of Bayesian forecasting.Ecosphere 7:e01587.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1587
Kotsios V(2016)Integrated development planning in mountainous areas-the case of Konitsa,Greece.Journal of Mountain Science 13:169-182.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3012-6
Lima SL,Zollner PA(1996)Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:131-135.https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81094-9
Lindahl KB,Johansson A,Zachrisson A,et al.(2018)Competing pathways to sustainability?Exploring conflicts over mine establishments in the Swedish mountain region.Journal of Environmental Management 218:402-415.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.063
Lundqvist LJ(2005)En idéf?re sin tid?Valfrid Paulsson,svensk vattenv?rd och ekologisk modernisering.In L.J.Lundgren and J.Edman(Eds.),Konflikter,samarbete,resultat:Perspektiv p?svensk milj?politik[Conflict,cooperation,performance:Perspectives on the Swedish environmental policy]2005:124-141.Festskrift till Valfrid Paulsson.Brottby,Sweden:Kassandra.(In Swedish)
Mayor JR,Sanders NJ,Classen AT,et al.(2017)Elevation alters ecosystem properties across temperate treelines globally.Nature 542:91-95.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21027
Moen J(2006)Land use in the Swedish mountain region:trends and conflicting goals.International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management 2:305-314.https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618151
Morales JM,Moorcroft PR,Matthiopoulos J,et al.(2010)Building the bridge between animal movement and population dynamics.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365:228-2301.https://doi.org/0.1098/rstb.2010.0082
M?rald E,Sandstr?m C,Rist L,et al.(2015)Exploring the use of a dialogue process to tackle a complex and controversial issue in forest management.Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 30:749-756.https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2015.1065343
Neumann W,Martinuzzi S,Estes AB,et al.(2015)Opportunities for the application of advanced remotely-sensed data in ecological studies of terrestrial animal movement.Movement Ecology 3:8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0036-7
Norstedt G,Axelsson AL,?stlund L(2014)Exploring PreColonial Resource Control of Individual Sami Households.Artic 67:223-237.https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4389
Olofsson J,te Beest M,Ericson L(2013)Complex biotic interactions drive long-term vegetation dynamics in a subarctic ecosystem.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368:1471-2970.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0486
Olofsson J,Oksanen L,Callaghan T,et al.(2009)Herbivores inhibit climate-driven shrub expansion on the tundra.Global Change Biology 15:2681-2693.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01935.x
Olofsson J(2006)Short-and long-term effects of changes in reindeer grazing pressure on tundra heath vegetation.Journal of Ecology 94:431-440.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01100.x
Olofsson J,Stark S,Oksanen L(2004)Reindeer influence on ecosystem processes in the tundra.Oikos 105:386-396.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13048.x
?stlund L,H?rnberg G,DeLuca TH,et al.(2015)Intensive land use in the Swedish mountains between AD 800 and 1200led to deforestation and ecosystem transformation with long-lasting effects.Ambio 44:508.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0634-z
Ratio A-M,Josefsson T,Axelsson A-L,et al.(2016)People and pines 1555-1910:integrating ecology,history and archaeology to assess long-term resource use in northern Fennoscandia.Landscape Ecology 31:337-349.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0246-9
Rist L,Felton A,Samuelsson L,et al.(2013)A new paradigm for adaptive management.Ecology and Society 18:63.https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06183-180463
Sandstr?m P(2015)A toolbox for co-production of knowledge and improved land use dialogues.Doctoral thesis.Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.p 20.https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/11881/1/sandstrom_p_150213.pdf(Accessed on 2019-06-20)
Sandstr?m P,Cory N,Svensson J,et al.(2016)On the decline of ground lichen forests in the Swedish boreal landscape:Implications for reindeer husbandry and sustainable forest management.Ambio 45:415-429.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0759-0
Sawyer H,Kauffman MJ(2011)Stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate.Journal of Animal Ecology 80:1078-1087.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01845.x
Schmidt K,Martin-López B,Phillips PM,et al.(2019).Key landscape features in the provision of ecosystem services:Insights for management.Land Use Policy 82:353-366.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.022
Skarin A,Nellemann C,R?nneg?rd P,et al.(2015)Wind farm construction impacts reindeer migration and movement corridors.Landscape Ecology 30:1527-1540.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0210-8
Skarin A,Danell?,Bergstr?m R,et al.(2010)Reindeer movement patterns in alpine summer ranges.Polar Biology33:1263-1275.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0815-y
Swedish EPA(2014)Redovisning av milj?kvalitetsm?len Storslagen Fj?llmilj?i FU15.REMISSVERSION.2014-12-12Nr NV-02144-14.
Thurfjell H,Ciuti S,Boyce MS(2014)Applications of stepselection functions in ecology and conservation.Movement Ecology 2:4.https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-3933-2-4
Tolvanen A,Kangas K(2016)Tourism,biodiversity and protected areas-Review from northern Fennoscandia.Journal of Environmental Management 169:58-66.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.011
Tucker MA,B?hning-Gaese K,Fagan WF,et al.(2018)Moving in the Anthropocene:Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements.Science 359:466-469.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9712
Uboni A,Horstkotte T,Kaarlej?rvi E,et al.(2016)Long-Term Trends and Role of Climate in the Population Dynamics of Eurasian Reindeer.PLoS ONE 11:e0158359.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158359
Wei W,Swaisgood RR,Dai Q,et al.(2018)Giant panda distributional and habitat-use shifts in a changing landscape.Conservation Letters 11:e12575.https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12575
Zeller KA,McGarigal K,Whiteley AR(2012)Estimating landscape resistance to movement:a review.Landscape Ecology 27:777-797.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9737-0