Nine requirements for the origin of Earth's life:Not at the hydrothermal vent, but in a nuclear geyser system
|
摘要
The origin of life on Earth remains enigmatic with diverse models and debates.Here we discuss essential requirements for the first emergence of life on our planet and propose the following nine requirements:(1)an energy source(ionizing radiation and thermal energy);(2)a supply of nutrients(P.K.REE.etc.);(3)a supply of life-constituting major elements;(4)a high concentration of reduced gases such as CH_4,HCN and NH_3;(5)dry-wet cycles to create membranes and polymerize RNA;(6)a non-toxic aqueous environment;(7)Na-poor water;(8)highly diversified environments,and(9)cyclic conditions,such as dayto-night,hot-to-cold etc.Based on these nine requirements,we evaluate previously proposed locations for the origin of Earth's life,including:(1)Darwin's "warm little pond",leading to a "prebiotic soup" for life;(2)panspermia or Neo-panspermia(succession model of panspermia);(3)transportation from/through Mars;(4)a deepsea hydrothermal system;(5)an on-land subduct ion-zone hot spring,and(6)a geyser systems driven by a natural nuclear reactor.We conclude that location(6)is the most ideal candidate for the o rigin point for Earth's life because of its efficiency in continuously supplying both the energy and the necessary materials for life,thereby maintaining the essential "cradle" for its initial development.We also emphasize that falsifiable working hypothesis provides an important tool to evaluate one of the biggest mysteries of the universe-the origin of life.
The origin of life on Earth remains enigmatic with diverse models and debates.Here we discuss essential requirements for the first emergence of life on our planet and propose the following nine requirements:(1)an energy source(ionizing radiation and thermal energy);(2)a supply of nutrients(P.K.REE.etc.);(3)a supply of life-constituting major elements;(4)a high concentration of reduced gases such as CH_4,HCN and NH_3;(5)dry-wet cycles to create membranes and polymerize RNA;(6)a non-toxic aqueous environment;(7)Na-poor water;(8)highly diversified environments,and(9)cyclic conditions,such as dayto-night,hot-to-cold etc.Based on these nine requirements,we evaluate previously proposed locations for the origin of Earth's life,including:(1)Darwin's "warm little pond",leading to a "prebiotic soup" for life;(2)panspermia or Neo-panspermia(succession model of panspermia);(3)transportation from/through Mars;(4)a deepsea hydrothermal system;(5)an on-land subduct ion-zone hot spring,and(6)a geyser systems driven by a natural nuclear reactor.We conclude that location(6)is the most ideal candidate for the o rigin point for Earth's life because of its efficiency in continuously supplying both the energy and the necessary materials for life,thereby maintaining the essential "cradle" for its initial development.We also emphasize that falsifiable working hypothesis provides an important tool to evaluate one of the biggest mysteries of the universe-the origin of life.
The origin of life on Earth remains enigmatic with diverse models and debates.Here we discuss essential requirements for the first emergence of life on our planet and propose the following nine requirements:(1)an energy source(ionizing radiation and thermal energy);(2)a supply of nutrients(P.K.REE.etc.);(3)a supply of life-constituting major elements;(4)a high concentration of reduced gases such as CH_4,HCN and NH_3;(5)dry-wet cycles to create membranes and polymerize RNA;(6)a non-toxic aqueous environment;(7)Na-poor water;(8)highly diversified environments,and(9)cyclic conditions,such as dayto-night,hot-to-cold etc.Based on these nine requirements,we evaluate previously proposed locations for the origin of Earth's life,including:(1)Darwin's "warm little pond",leading to a "prebiotic soup" for life;(2)panspermia or Neo-panspermia(succession model of panspermia);(3)transportation from/through Mars;(4)a deepsea hydrothermal system;(5)an on-land subduct ion-zone hot spring,and(6)a geyser systems driven by a natural nuclear reactor.We conclude that location(6)is the most ideal candidate for the o rigin point for Earth's life because of its efficiency in continuously supplying both the energy and the necessary materials for life,thereby maintaining the essential "cradle" for its initial development.We also emphasize that falsifiable working hypothesis provides an important tool to evaluate one of the biggest mysteries of the universe-the origin of life.
引文
Abe,Y.,Matsui,T.,1986.Early evolution of the Earth:accretion,atmosphere formation,and thermal history.Journal of Geophysical Research 91,E291-E302.
Adam,Z.R.,2016.Temperature oscillations near natural nuclear reactor cores and the potential for prebiotic oligomer synthesis.Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 46,171-187.
Arai,T.,Maruyama,S.,2017.Formation of anorthosite on the Moon through magma ocean fractional crystallization.Geoscience Frontiers 8,299-308.
Arrhenius,S.,1908.Worlds in the Making:the Evolution of the Universe.Harper.
Bada,J.L.,Lazcano,A.,2003.Prebiotic soup-revisiting the miller experiment.Science 300,745-746.
Baross,J.A.,Hoffman,S.E.,1985.Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life.Origins of Life15,327-345.
Bell,E.A.,Boehnke,P.,Harrison,T.M.,Mao,W.L,2015.Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112,14518-14521.
Benz,W.,Cameron,A.G.W.,Melosh,H.J.,1989.The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis III.Icarus 81,113-131.
Bodu,R.,Bouzigues,N.,Moin,N.,Pfiffelman,J.P.,1971.Sur l'existence d'anomalies isotopiques rencontrees dans l'uranium du Gabon.Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Paris 275,1731-1731.
Canup,R.M.,Asphaug,E.,2001.Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the,Earth's formation.Nature 412,708-712.
Charlou,J.L,Donval,J.P.,Fouquet,Y.,Jean-Baptiste,P.,Holm,N.,2002.Geochemistry of high H2 and CH4 vent fluids issuing from ultramafic rocks at the Rainbow hydrothermal field(36°14'N,MAR).Chemical Geology 191,345-359.
Cleaves,H.J.,Chalmers,J.H.,Lazcano,A.,Miller,S.L.,Bada,J.L.,2008.A reassessment of prebiotic organic synthesis in neutral planetary atmospheres.Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 38,105-115.
Corliss,J.B.,Baross,J.A.,Hoffman,S.E.,1981.An hypothesis concerning the relationship between submarine hot springs and the origin of life on Earth.Oceanologica Acta 4,59-69.
Crick,F.H.C.,Orgel,LE.,1973.Directed panspermia.Icarus 19,341-346.
Damer,B.,Deamer,D.,2015.Coupled phases and combinatorial selection in fluctuating hydrothermal pools:a scenario to guide experimental approaches to the origin of cellular life.Life 5,872.
Darwin,C.,1859.On the Origin of Species.John Murray,Albemable Street,London.
Davie s,G.F.,1972.Equations of state and phase equiribria of stishovite and a coesitelike phase from shock-wave and other data.Journal of Geophysical Re search 7 7,4920-4933.de la Fuente Marcos,R.,de la Fuente Marcos,C.,2004.On the correlation between the recent star formation rate in the Solar Neighbourhood and the glaciation period record on Earth.New Astronomy 10,53-66.
Deamer,D.W.,1997.The first living systems:a bioenergetic perspective.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 61,239-261.
Deamer,D.,2016.Membranes and the origin of life:a century of conjecture.Journal of Molecular Evolution 83,159-168.
Deamer,D.W.,Georgiou.C.D.,2015.Hydrothermal conditions and the origin of cellular life.Astrobiology 15,1091-1095.
Deming,J.W.,Baross,J.A.,1993.Deep-sea smokers:windows to a subsurface biosphere.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57,3219-3230.
Dessler,A.J.,1991.The small-comet hypot hesis.Reviews of Geophysics 29,355-382.
Dohm.J.M.,Maruyama,S.,2015.Habitable trinity.Geoscience Frontiers 6,95-101.
Dohm,J.M.,Maruyama,S.,Kido,M.,Baker,V.R.,2018.A possible anorlhositic continent of early Mars and the role of planetary size for the inception of Earthlike life.Geoscience Frontiers 9,1085-1098.
Doolittle,W.F.,1999.Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree.Science 284,2124-2128.
Dorr,M.,K(a|¨)βbohrer,J.,Grunert,R.,Kreisel,G.,Brand,W.A.,Werner,R.A.,Geilmann,H.,Apfel,C.,Robl,C.,Weigand,W.,2003.A possible prebiotic formation of ammonia from dinitrogen on iron sulfide surfaces.Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42,1540-1543.
Dyson,F.J.,1982.A model for the origin of life.Journal of Molecular Evolution 18,344-350.
Ebisuzaki,T.,Maruyama,S.,2017.Nuclear geyser model of the origin of life:driving force to promote the synthesis of building blocks of life.Geoscience Frontiers 8,275-298.
Fox,G.,Slackebrandt,E.,Hespell,R.,Gibson,J.,Maniloff,J.,Dyer,T.,Wolfe,R.,Balch,W.,Tanner,R.,Magrum,L.,Zablen,L.,Blakemore,R.,Gupta,R.,Bonen,L,Lewis,B.,Stahl,D., Luchrsen,K.,Chen,K.,Woese,C.,1980.The phylogeny of prokaryotes.Science 209,457-463.
Frank,L.A.,Sigwarth.J.B.,Craven,J.D.,1986.On the influx of small comets into the Earth's upper atmosphere II.Interpretation.Geophysical Research Letters 13.307-310.
Freissinet,C.,Glavin,D.P.,Mahaffy,P.R.,Miller,K.E.,Eigenbrode,J.L.,Summons,R.E.,Brunner,A.E.,Buch,A.,Szopa,C.,Archer,P.D.,Franz,H.B.,Atreya,S.K.,Brinckcrhoff,W.B.,Cabanc,M.,Coll,P.,Conrad,P.G.,Des Marais,D.J.,Dworkin,J.P.,Fairén,A.G.,Francois.P.,Grotzinger,J.P.,Kashyap.S.,Kate,I.L,Leshin,L.A.,Malespin,C.A.,Martin,M.G.,Martin-Torres,F.J.,McAdam,A.C.,Ming,D.W.,Navarro-Gonzalez,R.,Pavlov,A.A.,Prats,B.D.,Squyres,S.W.,Steele,A.,Stern,J.C.,Sumner,D.Y.,Sutter,B.,Zorzano,M.P.,2015.Organic molecules in the sheepbed Mudstone,gale crater,Mars.Journal of Geophysical Res earch:Planets 120,495-514.
Gauthier-Lafaye,F.,Weber,F.,2003.Natural nuclear fission reactors:time constraints for occurrence,and their relation to uranium and manganese deposits and to the evolution of the atmosphere.Precambrian Research 120,81-100.
Gold,T.H.,1992.The deep,hot biosphere.Proceeding's of the national Academy of Sciences USA 89,6045-6049.
Hanczyc,M.M.,Fujikawa,S.M.,Szostak,J.W.,2003.Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments:encapsulation,growth,and division.Science 302,618-622.
Hiesinger,H.,Head,J.W.,2006.New views of lunar feoscience:an introduction and overview.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 60,1-8 1.
Hoffman,P.F.,Schrag,D.P.,2000.Snowball earth.Scientific American 282,68-75.
Hoffman,P.F.,Schrag,D.P.,2002.The snowball Earth hypothesis:testing the limits of global change.Terra Nova 14,129-155.
Hoyle,F.,Wickramasinghe,N.C.,1999.Comets-a vehicle for panspermia.Astrophysics and Space Science 268,333-341.
Ishino,Y.,Narumi,I.,2015.DNA repair in hyperthermophilic and hyperradioresistant microorganisms.Current Opinion in Microbiology 25,103-112.
Jannasch,H.W.,Mottl,M.J.,1985.Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.Science 229,717-725.
Kataoka,R.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Miyahara,H.,Maruyama,S.,2013.Snowball earth events driven by starbursts of the Milky way galaxy.New Astronomy 21,50-62.
Kataoka,R.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Miyahara,H.,Nimura,T.,Tomida,T.,Sato,T.,Maruyama,S.,2014.The Nebula Winter:the united view of the snowball Earth.mass extinctions,and explosive evolution in the late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian periods.Gondwana Research 25,1153-1163.
Kelley,D.S.,Karson,J.A.,Blackman.D.K.,Fruh-Green. G.L.,Butterfield,D.A.,Lilley,M.D.,Olson,E.J.,Schrenk,M.O.,Roe,K.K.,Lebon,G.T.,Rivizzigno,P.,the,A.T.S.P.,2001.An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N.Nature 412.145-149.
Kelley.D.S.,Karson,J. A.,Friih-Green,G.L,Yoerger,D.R.,Shank,T.M.,Butterfield,DA.,Hayes,J.M.,Schrenk,M.O.,Olson.F.J.,Proskurowski,G.,Jakuba,M.,Bradley,A..Larson,B.,Ludwig,K.,Glickson,D.,Buckman,K.,Bradley.A.S.,Brazellon,W.J.,Roe,K.,Elend,M.J.,Delacour,A.,Bernasconi,S.M.,Lilley,M.D.,Baross,J.A.,Summons,R.E.,Sylva,S.P.,2005.A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem:the lost city hydrothermal field.Science 307,1428-1434.
Kirs chvink,J.L.,Weiss,B.P.,2003.Mars,panspermia,and origin of life:where did it all begin?Journal of Geography 112,187-196.
Knauth,L.P.,2005.Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian ocean:implications for the course of microbial evolution.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 219,53-69.
Kuroda,P.K.,1956.On the nuclear physical stability of the uranium minerals.The Journal of Chemical Physics 25,781-781.
Lambert,J.-F.,2008.Adsorption and polymerization of amino acids on mineral surfaces:a review.Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 38,211-242.
Lancelot,J.R.,Vitrac,A.,Allegre,C.J.,1975.The Oklo natural reactor:age and evolution studies by UPb and RbSr systematics.Earth and Planetary Science Letters25.189-196.
Levy,R.L.,Grays on,M.A.,Wolf,C.J.,1973.The organic analysis of the murchison meteorite.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37,467-483.
Makarova,K.S.,Aravind,L,Wolf,Y.I.,Tatusov,R.L.,Minton,K.W.,Koonin,E.V.,Daly,M.J.,2001.Genome of the extremely radiation-resistant Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans viewed from the perspective of comparative genomics.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65,44-79.
Martin,W.,Russell,M.J.,2003.On the origins of cells:a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes,and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 358,59-83.
Maruyama,S.,Ebisuzaki,T.,2017.Origin of the Earth:a proposal of new model called ABEL Geoscience Frontiers 8,253-274.
Maruyama,S.,Ikoma,M.,Genda,H.,Hirosc,K.,Yokoyama,T.,Santosh,M.,2013.The naked planet Earth:most essential pre-requisite for the origin and evolution of life.Geoscience Frontiers 4,141-165.
Maruyama,S., Santosh,M.,Azuma,S.,2018.Initiation of plate tectonics in the Hadean:Eclogitization triggered by the ABEL Bombardment.Geoscience Frontiers 9.1033-1048.
Maruyama,S.,Sawaki,Y.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Ikoma,M.,Omori,S.,Komabayashi,T.,2014.Initiation of leaking Earth:an ultimate trigger of the Cambrian explosion.Gondwana Research 25,910-944.
McDonough,W.F.,Sun,S.S.,1995.The composition of the Earth.Chemical Geology120,223-253.
McKay,D.S.,Gibsoin,E.K.,Thomas-Keprta,K.L,Vali,H.,Romanek,C.S.,Clemett,S.J.,Chillier,X.D.F.,Maechling,C.R.,Zare,R.N.,1996.Search for past life on Mars:possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001.Science 273,924-930.
Miller,S.L.,1953.A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions.Science 117,528-529.
Miller,S.L.,Bada,J.L.,1988.Submarine hot springs and the origin of life.Nature 334,609-611.
Miller,S.L,Urey,H.,1959.Organic compound syntheis on the primitive Earth.Science 130,245-251.
Ming.D.W.,Archer,P.D.,Glavin,D.P.,Eigenbrode,J.L,Franz,H.B.,Sutter.B.,Brunner,A.E.,Stern,J.C.,Freissinet,C.,McAdam,A.C.,Mahaffy,P.R.,Cabane,M.,Coll,P.,Campbell,J.L.,Atreya,S.K.,Niles,P.B.,Bell,J.F.,Bish,D.L.,Brinckerhoff,W.B.,Buch,A.,Conrad,P.G.,Des Marais,D.J.,Elilmann,B.L.,Fairen,A.C.,Farley,K.,Flesch,G.J.,Francois.,P.,Gellert,R.,Grant,J.A.,Crotzingcr,J.P.,Gupta,S.,Hcrkcnhoff,K.F.,Hurowitz,J.A.,Leshin,L.A.,Lewis,K.W.,McLennan,S.M.,Miller,K.E.,Moersch,J.,Morris,R.V.,NavarroGonzalez,R.,Pavlov,A.A.,Perrett.,G.M.,Pradler.I.,Squyres,S.W.,Summons,R.E.,Steele,A.,Stolper,E.M.,Sumner,D.Y.,Szopa,C.,Teinturier,S.,Trainer,M.G.,Treiman,A.H.,Vaniman,D.T.,Vasavada,A.R.,Webster,C.R.,Wray,J.J.,Yingst,R.A.,2014.Volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rocks in Yellowknife Bay,Gale crater,Mars.Science 343.
Monnard,P.A., Deamer,D.W.,2002.Membrane self-assembly processes:steps toward the first cellular life.The Anatomical Record 268,196-207.
Mulkidjanian,A.Y.,Bychkov,A.Y.,Dibrova,D.V.,Galperin,M.Y.,Koonin,E.V.,2012.Origin of first cells at terrestrial,anoxic geothermal fields.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Ame rica 109,E821-E830.
Ndongo,A.,Guiraud,M.,Vennin,E.,Mbina,M.,Buoncristiani,J.-F.,Thomazo,C.,Flotte,N.,2016.Control of fluid-pressure on early deformation structures in the Paleoproterozoic extensional Franceville Basin(SE Gabon).Precambrian Research 277,1e25.
Neuilly,M.,Nief,G.,Vendryes,G.,Yvon,J.,Bussac,J.,Frejacqu,C.,1972.Sur l'exstence dans un passe recule d'une reaction en chaine naturelle de fission,dans le gisement d'uranium d'Oklo(Gabon).C.R.Academy of Science,Paris 275,1847-1849.
Nimura,T.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Maruyama,S.,2016.End-crctaccous cooling and mass extinction driven by a dark cloud encounter.Gondwana Research 37,301-307.
Nuckley,D.J.,Jinks,R.N.,Battelle,B.A.,Herzog.E.D.,Kass,L.,Renninger,G.H.,Chamberlain,S.C.,1996.Retinal anatomy of a new species of Brcsiliid shrimp:from a hydrothermal vent field on the mid-Atlantic ridge.The Biological Bulletin 190.98-110.
Ochiai,E.,2008.Bioinorganic Chemistry.Academic Press,New York.
Oparin,A.I.,1924.Proiskhozhdcnic Zhizny.Izd.Moskovski Rabochii,Moscow.
Oparin,A.I.,1957.The Origin of Life on the Earth.Academic Press,New York.
Pasek,M.A.,2015.Phosphorus as a lunar volatile.Icarus 255,18-23.
Pizzarello,S.,Huang,Y.,Becker,L.,Poreda.R.J.,Nieman.R.A.,Cooper,G.,Williams,M.,2001.The organic content of the Tagish Lake meteorite.Science293,2236-2239.
Popper,K.,1959.The Logic of Scientific Discovery.Hutchinson&Co.
Rocha-Pinto,H.J.,Maciel,W.J.,Scalo,J.,Flynn,C.,2000.Chemical enrichment and star formation in the Milky Way disk 1.Sample description and chromospheric age-metallicity relation.Astronomy and Astrophysics 358,850-868.
Rothschild,L.J.,Mancinelli.R.L.,2001.Life in extreme environments.Nature 409,1092-1101.
Russell,M.J.,Daniel,R.M.,Hall,A.J.,Sherringham,J.A.,1994.A hydrothermally precipitated catalytic iron sulphide membrane as a first step toward life.Journal of Molecular Evolution 39,231-243.
Russell,M.J.,Hall,A.J.,1997.The emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front.Journal of the Geological Society 154,377-402.
Russell,M.J.,Hall,A.J.,Cairnssmith,A.G.,Braterman,P.S.,1988.Submarine hot springs and the origin of life.Nature 336,117-1 17.
Russell,M.J.,Hall,A.J.,Martin.W.,2010.Serpentinization as a source of energy at the origin of life.Geobiology 8,355-371.
Saito,T.,2007.Extremophile; the radioresistant mechanisms of the radioresistant bacterid.Viva Origino 35,85-92.
Schlesinger,G.,Miller,S.L.,1983.Prebiotic synthesis in atmospheres containing CH4,CO,and C02.I.Amino acids.Journal of Molecular Evolution 19,376-382.
Schoonen,MAA.,Xu,Y.,2001.Nitrogen reduction under hydrothermal vent conditions:implications for the prebiotic synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds.Astrobiology 1,133-142.
Sepliton,M.A.,2002.Organic compounds in carbonaceous meteorites.Natural Product Reports 19,292-311.
Sleep,N.H.,Zahnle,K.,1998.Refugia from asteroid impacts on early Mars and the early Earth.Journal of Geophysical Research 103,28529-28544.
Smith,K.L.,1985.Deep-sea hydrothermal vent muss els:Nutritional state and distribution at the galapagos rift Ecology 66,1067-1080.
Sutherland,J.D.,2016.The origin of life-out of the Blue.Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55,104-121.
Takahashi,E.,1986.Melting of a dry peridotite KLB-1 up to 14 GPa:implications on the Origin of peridotitic upper mantle.Journal of Geophysical Res earch:Solid Earth 91.9367-9382.
Takai,K.,Gamo,T.,Tsunogai,U.,Nakayama,N.,Hirayama,H.,Nealson,K.H.,Horikoshi,K.,2004.Geochemical and microbiological evide nce for a hydroge nbased,hyperthermophilic subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem(HyperSLiME)beneath an active deep-sea hydrothermal field.Extremophiles 8,269-282.
Thomas-Keprta,K.L.,Bazylinksli,D.A.,Wentworth,S.J.,Vali,H.,Gibson,E.K.,Romanek,C.S.,2000.Elongated prismatic magnetite crystals in ALH84001carbonate globules:Potential Martian magnetofossils.Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 64,4049-4081.
Thomas-Keprta,K.L,Clemett.S.J.,Bazylinski,D.A.,Kirschvink.J.L.,McKay,D.S.,Wentworth,S.J.,Vali,H.,Gibson,E.K.,McKay.M.F.,Romanek,C.S.,2001.Truncated hexa-octahedral magnetite crystals in ALH84001:Presumptive biosignatures.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98,2164-2169.
Thomas-Keprta,K.L.,McKay,D.S.,Wentworth,S.J.,Stevens,T.O.,Taunton,A.E.,Allen,C.C.,Coleman,A.,Gibson,E.K.,Romanek,C.S.,1998.Bacterial mineralization patterns in basaltic aquifers:Implications for possible life in martian meteorite ALH84001.Geology 26,1031-1034.
Ueno,Y.,Isozaki,Y.,Yurimoto,H.,Maruyama,S.,2001.Carbon isotopic signatures of individual archean microfossils(?)from Western Australia.International Geology Review 43,196-212.
Wasson,J.T.,Kyte,F.T.,1987.Comment on the letter"On the influx of small comets into the Earth's atmosphereⅡ:interpretation".Geophysical Research Letters 14,779-780.
Weiss,B.P.,Kirschvink,J.L,Baudenbacher,F.J.,Vali,H.,Peters,N.T.,Macdonald.F.A.,Wikswo,J.P.,2000.A low temperature transfer of ALH84001 from Mars to Earth.Science 290,791-795.
Wilde,S.A.,Valley,J.W.,Peck,W.H.,Graham,C.M.,2001.Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago.Nature 409,175-178.
Wirsen.C.O.,Jannasch,H.W.,Molyneaux,S.J.,1993.Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites.Journal of Geophysical Research 98.9693-9703.
Woese,C.R.,Fox,G.E.,1977.The concept of cellular evolution.Journal of Molecular Evolution 10,1-6.
Woese,C.R.,Kandler,O.,Wheelis,M.L.,1990.Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea,Bacteria,and Eucarya.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87,4576-4579.
Zahnle,K.J.,Kasting,J.F.,Pollack,J.B.,1988.Evolution of a steam atmosphere during earth's accretion.Icarus 74,62-97.
Zel'dovich,Y.B.,Khariton,Y.B.,1940a.On a chain decay of uranium under the action of slow neutrons.Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki 10.29-36.
Zel'dovich.Y.B.,Khariton,Y.B.,1940b.Fission and chain decay of uranium.Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 23,329-357.
Adam,Z.R.,2016.Temperature oscillations near natural nuclear reactor cores and the potential for prebiotic oligomer synthesis.Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 46,171-187.
Arai,T.,Maruyama,S.,2017.Formation of anorthosite on the Moon through magma ocean fractional crystallization.Geoscience Frontiers 8,299-308.
Arrhenius,S.,1908.Worlds in the Making:the Evolution of the Universe.Harper.
Bada,J.L.,Lazcano,A.,2003.Prebiotic soup-revisiting the miller experiment.Science 300,745-746.
Baross,J.A.,Hoffman,S.E.,1985.Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life.Origins of Life15,327-345.
Bell,E.A.,Boehnke,P.,Harrison,T.M.,Mao,W.L,2015.Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112,14518-14521.
Benz,W.,Cameron,A.G.W.,Melosh,H.J.,1989.The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis III.Icarus 81,113-131.
Bodu,R.,Bouzigues,N.,Moin,N.,Pfiffelman,J.P.,1971.Sur l'existence d'anomalies isotopiques rencontrees dans l'uranium du Gabon.Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Paris 275,1731-1731.
Canup,R.M.,Asphaug,E.,2001.Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the,Earth's formation.Nature 412,708-712.
Charlou,J.L,Donval,J.P.,Fouquet,Y.,Jean-Baptiste,P.,Holm,N.,2002.Geochemistry of high H2 and CH4 vent fluids issuing from ultramafic rocks at the Rainbow hydrothermal field(36°14'N,MAR).Chemical Geology 191,345-359.
Cleaves,H.J.,Chalmers,J.H.,Lazcano,A.,Miller,S.L.,Bada,J.L.,2008.A reassessment of prebiotic organic synthesis in neutral planetary atmospheres.Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 38,105-115.
Corliss,J.B.,Baross,J.A.,Hoffman,S.E.,1981.An hypothesis concerning the relationship between submarine hot springs and the origin of life on Earth.Oceanologica Acta 4,59-69.
Crick,F.H.C.,Orgel,LE.,1973.Directed panspermia.Icarus 19,341-346.
Damer,B.,Deamer,D.,2015.Coupled phases and combinatorial selection in fluctuating hydrothermal pools:a scenario to guide experimental approaches to the origin of cellular life.Life 5,872.
Darwin,C.,1859.On the Origin of Species.John Murray,Albemable Street,London.
Davie s,G.F.,1972.Equations of state and phase equiribria of stishovite and a coesitelike phase from shock-wave and other data.Journal of Geophysical Re search 7 7,4920-4933.de la Fuente Marcos,R.,de la Fuente Marcos,C.,2004.On the correlation between the recent star formation rate in the Solar Neighbourhood and the glaciation period record on Earth.New Astronomy 10,53-66.
Deamer,D.W.,1997.The first living systems:a bioenergetic perspective.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 61,239-261.
Deamer,D.,2016.Membranes and the origin of life:a century of conjecture.Journal of Molecular Evolution 83,159-168.
Deamer,D.W.,Georgiou.C.D.,2015.Hydrothermal conditions and the origin of cellular life.Astrobiology 15,1091-1095.
Deming,J.W.,Baross,J.A.,1993.Deep-sea smokers:windows to a subsurface biosphere.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57,3219-3230.
Dessler,A.J.,1991.The small-comet hypot hesis.Reviews of Geophysics 29,355-382.
Dohm.J.M.,Maruyama,S.,2015.Habitable trinity.Geoscience Frontiers 6,95-101.
Dohm,J.M.,Maruyama,S.,Kido,M.,Baker,V.R.,2018.A possible anorlhositic continent of early Mars and the role of planetary size for the inception of Earthlike life.Geoscience Frontiers 9,1085-1098.
Doolittle,W.F.,1999.Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree.Science 284,2124-2128.
Dorr,M.,K(a|¨)βbohrer,J.,Grunert,R.,Kreisel,G.,Brand,W.A.,Werner,R.A.,Geilmann,H.,Apfel,C.,Robl,C.,Weigand,W.,2003.A possible prebiotic formation of ammonia from dinitrogen on iron sulfide surfaces.Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42,1540-1543.
Dyson,F.J.,1982.A model for the origin of life.Journal of Molecular Evolution 18,344-350.
Ebisuzaki,T.,Maruyama,S.,2017.Nuclear geyser model of the origin of life:driving force to promote the synthesis of building blocks of life.Geoscience Frontiers 8,275-298.
Fox,G.,Slackebrandt,E.,Hespell,R.,Gibson,J.,Maniloff,J.,Dyer,T.,Wolfe,R.,Balch,W.,Tanner,R.,Magrum,L.,Zablen,L.,Blakemore,R.,Gupta,R.,Bonen,L,Lewis,B.,Stahl,D., Luchrsen,K.,Chen,K.,Woese,C.,1980.The phylogeny of prokaryotes.Science 209,457-463.
Frank,L.A.,Sigwarth.J.B.,Craven,J.D.,1986.On the influx of small comets into the Earth's upper atmosphere II.Interpretation.Geophysical Research Letters 13.307-310.
Freissinet,C.,Glavin,D.P.,Mahaffy,P.R.,Miller,K.E.,Eigenbrode,J.L.,Summons,R.E.,Brunner,A.E.,Buch,A.,Szopa,C.,Archer,P.D.,Franz,H.B.,Atreya,S.K.,Brinckcrhoff,W.B.,Cabanc,M.,Coll,P.,Conrad,P.G.,Des Marais,D.J.,Dworkin,J.P.,Fairén,A.G.,Francois.P.,Grotzinger,J.P.,Kashyap.S.,Kate,I.L,Leshin,L.A.,Malespin,C.A.,Martin,M.G.,Martin-Torres,F.J.,McAdam,A.C.,Ming,D.W.,Navarro-Gonzalez,R.,Pavlov,A.A.,Prats,B.D.,Squyres,S.W.,Steele,A.,Stern,J.C.,Sumner,D.Y.,Sutter,B.,Zorzano,M.P.,2015.Organic molecules in the sheepbed Mudstone,gale crater,Mars.Journal of Geophysical Res earch:Planets 120,495-514.
Gauthier-Lafaye,F.,Weber,F.,2003.Natural nuclear fission reactors:time constraints for occurrence,and their relation to uranium and manganese deposits and to the evolution of the atmosphere.Precambrian Research 120,81-100.
Gold,T.H.,1992.The deep,hot biosphere.Proceeding's of the national Academy of Sciences USA 89,6045-6049.
Hanczyc,M.M.,Fujikawa,S.M.,Szostak,J.W.,2003.Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments:encapsulation,growth,and division.Science 302,618-622.
Hiesinger,H.,Head,J.W.,2006.New views of lunar feoscience:an introduction and overview.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 60,1-8 1.
Hoffman,P.F.,Schrag,D.P.,2000.Snowball earth.Scientific American 282,68-75.
Hoffman,P.F.,Schrag,D.P.,2002.The snowball Earth hypothesis:testing the limits of global change.Terra Nova 14,129-155.
Hoyle,F.,Wickramasinghe,N.C.,1999.Comets-a vehicle for panspermia.Astrophysics and Space Science 268,333-341.
Ishino,Y.,Narumi,I.,2015.DNA repair in hyperthermophilic and hyperradioresistant microorganisms.Current Opinion in Microbiology 25,103-112.
Jannasch,H.W.,Mottl,M.J.,1985.Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.Science 229,717-725.
Kataoka,R.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Miyahara,H.,Maruyama,S.,2013.Snowball earth events driven by starbursts of the Milky way galaxy.New Astronomy 21,50-62.
Kataoka,R.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Miyahara,H.,Nimura,T.,Tomida,T.,Sato,T.,Maruyama,S.,2014.The Nebula Winter:the united view of the snowball Earth.mass extinctions,and explosive evolution in the late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian periods.Gondwana Research 25,1153-1163.
Kelley,D.S.,Karson,J.A.,Blackman.D.K.,Fruh-Green. G.L.,Butterfield,D.A.,Lilley,M.D.,Olson,E.J.,Schrenk,M.O.,Roe,K.K.,Lebon,G.T.,Rivizzigno,P.,the,A.T.S.P.,2001.An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N.Nature 412.145-149.
Kelley.D.S.,Karson,J. A.,Friih-Green,G.L,Yoerger,D.R.,Shank,T.M.,Butterfield,DA.,Hayes,J.M.,Schrenk,M.O.,Olson.F.J.,Proskurowski,G.,Jakuba,M.,Bradley,A..Larson,B.,Ludwig,K.,Glickson,D.,Buckman,K.,Bradley.A.S.,Brazellon,W.J.,Roe,K.,Elend,M.J.,Delacour,A.,Bernasconi,S.M.,Lilley,M.D.,Baross,J.A.,Summons,R.E.,Sylva,S.P.,2005.A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem:the lost city hydrothermal field.Science 307,1428-1434.
Kirs chvink,J.L.,Weiss,B.P.,2003.Mars,panspermia,and origin of life:where did it all begin?Journal of Geography 112,187-196.
Knauth,L.P.,2005.Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian ocean:implications for the course of microbial evolution.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 219,53-69.
Kuroda,P.K.,1956.On the nuclear physical stability of the uranium minerals.The Journal of Chemical Physics 25,781-781.
Lambert,J.-F.,2008.Adsorption and polymerization of amino acids on mineral surfaces:a review.Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 38,211-242.
Lancelot,J.R.,Vitrac,A.,Allegre,C.J.,1975.The Oklo natural reactor:age and evolution studies by UPb and RbSr systematics.Earth and Planetary Science Letters25.189-196.
Levy,R.L.,Grays on,M.A.,Wolf,C.J.,1973.The organic analysis of the murchison meteorite.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37,467-483.
Makarova,K.S.,Aravind,L,Wolf,Y.I.,Tatusov,R.L.,Minton,K.W.,Koonin,E.V.,Daly,M.J.,2001.Genome of the extremely radiation-resistant Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans viewed from the perspective of comparative genomics.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65,44-79.
Martin,W.,Russell,M.J.,2003.On the origins of cells:a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes,and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 358,59-83.
Maruyama,S.,Ebisuzaki,T.,2017.Origin of the Earth:a proposal of new model called ABEL Geoscience Frontiers 8,253-274.
Maruyama,S.,Ikoma,M.,Genda,H.,Hirosc,K.,Yokoyama,T.,Santosh,M.,2013.The naked planet Earth:most essential pre-requisite for the origin and evolution of life.Geoscience Frontiers 4,141-165.
Maruyama,S., Santosh,M.,Azuma,S.,2018.Initiation of plate tectonics in the Hadean:Eclogitization triggered by the ABEL Bombardment.Geoscience Frontiers 9.1033-1048.
Maruyama,S.,Sawaki,Y.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Ikoma,M.,Omori,S.,Komabayashi,T.,2014.Initiation of leaking Earth:an ultimate trigger of the Cambrian explosion.Gondwana Research 25,910-944.
McDonough,W.F.,Sun,S.S.,1995.The composition of the Earth.Chemical Geology120,223-253.
McKay,D.S.,Gibsoin,E.K.,Thomas-Keprta,K.L,Vali,H.,Romanek,C.S.,Clemett,S.J.,Chillier,X.D.F.,Maechling,C.R.,Zare,R.N.,1996.Search for past life on Mars:possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001.Science 273,924-930.
Miller,S.L.,1953.A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions.Science 117,528-529.
Miller,S.L.,Bada,J.L.,1988.Submarine hot springs and the origin of life.Nature 334,609-611.
Miller,S.L,Urey,H.,1959.Organic compound syntheis on the primitive Earth.Science 130,245-251.
Ming.D.W.,Archer,P.D.,Glavin,D.P.,Eigenbrode,J.L,Franz,H.B.,Sutter.B.,Brunner,A.E.,Stern,J.C.,Freissinet,C.,McAdam,A.C.,Mahaffy,P.R.,Cabane,M.,Coll,P.,Campbell,J.L.,Atreya,S.K.,Niles,P.B.,Bell,J.F.,Bish,D.L.,Brinckerhoff,W.B.,Buch,A.,Conrad,P.G.,Des Marais,D.J.,Elilmann,B.L.,Fairen,A.C.,Farley,K.,Flesch,G.J.,Francois.,P.,Gellert,R.,Grant,J.A.,Crotzingcr,J.P.,Gupta,S.,Hcrkcnhoff,K.F.,Hurowitz,J.A.,Leshin,L.A.,Lewis,K.W.,McLennan,S.M.,Miller,K.E.,Moersch,J.,Morris,R.V.,NavarroGonzalez,R.,Pavlov,A.A.,Perrett.,G.M.,Pradler.I.,Squyres,S.W.,Summons,R.E.,Steele,A.,Stolper,E.M.,Sumner,D.Y.,Szopa,C.,Teinturier,S.,Trainer,M.G.,Treiman,A.H.,Vaniman,D.T.,Vasavada,A.R.,Webster,C.R.,Wray,J.J.,Yingst,R.A.,2014.Volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rocks in Yellowknife Bay,Gale crater,Mars.Science 343.
Monnard,P.A., Deamer,D.W.,2002.Membrane self-assembly processes:steps toward the first cellular life.The Anatomical Record 268,196-207.
Mulkidjanian,A.Y.,Bychkov,A.Y.,Dibrova,D.V.,Galperin,M.Y.,Koonin,E.V.,2012.Origin of first cells at terrestrial,anoxic geothermal fields.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Ame rica 109,E821-E830.
Ndongo,A.,Guiraud,M.,Vennin,E.,Mbina,M.,Buoncristiani,J.-F.,Thomazo,C.,Flotte,N.,2016.Control of fluid-pressure on early deformation structures in the Paleoproterozoic extensional Franceville Basin(SE Gabon).Precambrian Research 277,1e25.
Neuilly,M.,Nief,G.,Vendryes,G.,Yvon,J.,Bussac,J.,Frejacqu,C.,1972.Sur l'exstence dans un passe recule d'une reaction en chaine naturelle de fission,dans le gisement d'uranium d'Oklo(Gabon).C.R.Academy of Science,Paris 275,1847-1849.
Nimura,T.,Ebisuzaki,T.,Maruyama,S.,2016.End-crctaccous cooling and mass extinction driven by a dark cloud encounter.Gondwana Research 37,301-307.
Nuckley,D.J.,Jinks,R.N.,Battelle,B.A.,Herzog.E.D.,Kass,L.,Renninger,G.H.,Chamberlain,S.C.,1996.Retinal anatomy of a new species of Brcsiliid shrimp:from a hydrothermal vent field on the mid-Atlantic ridge.The Biological Bulletin 190.98-110.
Ochiai,E.,2008.Bioinorganic Chemistry.Academic Press,New York.
Oparin,A.I.,1924.Proiskhozhdcnic Zhizny.Izd.Moskovski Rabochii,Moscow.
Oparin,A.I.,1957.The Origin of Life on the Earth.Academic Press,New York.
Pasek,M.A.,2015.Phosphorus as a lunar volatile.Icarus 255,18-23.
Pizzarello,S.,Huang,Y.,Becker,L.,Poreda.R.J.,Nieman.R.A.,Cooper,G.,Williams,M.,2001.The organic content of the Tagish Lake meteorite.Science293,2236-2239.
Popper,K.,1959.The Logic of Scientific Discovery.Hutchinson&Co.
Rocha-Pinto,H.J.,Maciel,W.J.,Scalo,J.,Flynn,C.,2000.Chemical enrichment and star formation in the Milky Way disk 1.Sample description and chromospheric age-metallicity relation.Astronomy and Astrophysics 358,850-868.
Rothschild,L.J.,Mancinelli.R.L.,2001.Life in extreme environments.Nature 409,1092-1101.
Russell,M.J.,Daniel,R.M.,Hall,A.J.,Sherringham,J.A.,1994.A hydrothermally precipitated catalytic iron sulphide membrane as a first step toward life.Journal of Molecular Evolution 39,231-243.
Russell,M.J.,Hall,A.J.,1997.The emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front.Journal of the Geological Society 154,377-402.
Russell,M.J.,Hall,A.J.,Cairnssmith,A.G.,Braterman,P.S.,1988.Submarine hot springs and the origin of life.Nature 336,117-1 17.
Russell,M.J.,Hall,A.J.,Martin.W.,2010.Serpentinization as a source of energy at the origin of life.Geobiology 8,355-371.
Saito,T.,2007.Extremophile; the radioresistant mechanisms of the radioresistant bacterid.Viva Origino 35,85-92.
Schlesinger,G.,Miller,S.L.,1983.Prebiotic synthesis in atmospheres containing CH4,CO,and C02.I.Amino acids.Journal of Molecular Evolution 19,376-382.
Schoonen,MAA.,Xu,Y.,2001.Nitrogen reduction under hydrothermal vent conditions:implications for the prebiotic synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds.Astrobiology 1,133-142.
Sepliton,M.A.,2002.Organic compounds in carbonaceous meteorites.Natural Product Reports 19,292-311.
Sleep,N.H.,Zahnle,K.,1998.Refugia from asteroid impacts on early Mars and the early Earth.Journal of Geophysical Research 103,28529-28544.
Smith,K.L.,1985.Deep-sea hydrothermal vent muss els:Nutritional state and distribution at the galapagos rift Ecology 66,1067-1080.
Sutherland,J.D.,2016.The origin of life-out of the Blue.Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55,104-121.
Takahashi,E.,1986.Melting of a dry peridotite KLB-1 up to 14 GPa:implications on the Origin of peridotitic upper mantle.Journal of Geophysical Res earch:Solid Earth 91.9367-9382.
Takai,K.,Gamo,T.,Tsunogai,U.,Nakayama,N.,Hirayama,H.,Nealson,K.H.,Horikoshi,K.,2004.Geochemical and microbiological evide nce for a hydroge nbased,hyperthermophilic subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem(HyperSLiME)beneath an active deep-sea hydrothermal field.Extremophiles 8,269-282.
Thomas-Keprta,K.L.,Bazylinksli,D.A.,Wentworth,S.J.,Vali,H.,Gibson,E.K.,Romanek,C.S.,2000.Elongated prismatic magnetite crystals in ALH84001carbonate globules:Potential Martian magnetofossils.Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 64,4049-4081.
Thomas-Keprta,K.L,Clemett.S.J.,Bazylinski,D.A.,Kirschvink.J.L.,McKay,D.S.,Wentworth,S.J.,Vali,H.,Gibson,E.K.,McKay.M.F.,Romanek,C.S.,2001.Truncated hexa-octahedral magnetite crystals in ALH84001:Presumptive biosignatures.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98,2164-2169.
Thomas-Keprta,K.L.,McKay,D.S.,Wentworth,S.J.,Stevens,T.O.,Taunton,A.E.,Allen,C.C.,Coleman,A.,Gibson,E.K.,Romanek,C.S.,1998.Bacterial mineralization patterns in basaltic aquifers:Implications for possible life in martian meteorite ALH84001.Geology 26,1031-1034.
Ueno,Y.,Isozaki,Y.,Yurimoto,H.,Maruyama,S.,2001.Carbon isotopic signatures of individual archean microfossils(?)from Western Australia.International Geology Review 43,196-212.
Wasson,J.T.,Kyte,F.T.,1987.Comment on the letter"On the influx of small comets into the Earth's atmosphereⅡ:interpretation".Geophysical Research Letters 14,779-780.
Weiss,B.P.,Kirschvink,J.L,Baudenbacher,F.J.,Vali,H.,Peters,N.T.,Macdonald.F.A.,Wikswo,J.P.,2000.A low temperature transfer of ALH84001 from Mars to Earth.Science 290,791-795.
Wilde,S.A.,Valley,J.W.,Peck,W.H.,Graham,C.M.,2001.Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago.Nature 409,175-178.
Wirsen.C.O.,Jannasch,H.W.,Molyneaux,S.J.,1993.Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites.Journal of Geophysical Research 98.9693-9703.
Woese,C.R.,Fox,G.E.,1977.The concept of cellular evolution.Journal of Molecular Evolution 10,1-6.
Woese,C.R.,Kandler,O.,Wheelis,M.L.,1990.Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea,Bacteria,and Eucarya.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87,4576-4579.
Zahnle,K.J.,Kasting,J.F.,Pollack,J.B.,1988.Evolution of a steam atmosphere during earth's accretion.Icarus 74,62-97.
Zel'dovich,Y.B.,Khariton,Y.B.,1940a.On a chain decay of uranium under the action of slow neutrons.Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki 10.29-36.
Zel'dovich.Y.B.,Khariton,Y.B.,1940b.Fission and chain decay of uranium.Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 23,329-357.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |