微塑料在污水处理过程中的演变与归宿
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摘要
微塑料(粒径<5 mm)因生产、生活使用废弃后所产生,分原生与次生两种形式。按不同检测粒径分级,原污水中微塑料数量不一,但每m~3至少达千粒至十万粒以上,且多属于生物难降解成分。微塑料进入污水处理厂后主要被一级处理吸附截留去除;二级处理亦以吸附去除为主,但作用不大;三级处理可通过膜截留方式具有一定去除作用。污水一、二级处理对微塑料的总去除率约为80%,出水残留微塑料(≤20%)则进入水环境,也是目前水圈中微塑料迁移、累积的重要来源。环境中的微塑料可通过饮用水、食盐、海鲜等方式进入人体,对人类健康形成各种潜在危害。为此,介绍了污水中微塑料的来源及危害,总结了检测水中微塑料的方法,分析微塑料在污水处理过程中的迁移转化规律,阐述微塑料之环境归宿以及防范策略。
Microplastics (size < 5 mm) are produced due to daily discard from both daily life and industry production,in which there are two forms: primary and secondary microplastics. Numbers of microplastics vary a lot due to different testing particle sizes,and there are at least 1 000 to 100 000 n/m~3 in raw sewage, most of which are unbiodegradable. Microplastics were mainly removed by adsorption in the primary treatment facilities; some microplastics could be adsorbed in the secondary treatment process,but the role of the secondary treatment was not great; the membrane interception method in the tertiary treatment (membrane and/or filtration) could effectively remove microplastics. The average removing efficiency of microplastics via both primary and secondary treatment was around 80%,the residue (≤20%) of microplastics in the effluent would enter into the water environment,which was a major source of evolution and accumulation in the hydrosphere. Microplastics in the environment could be taken up by the human beings through drinking water,salt,seafood,etc. For this reason,the sources and hazards of microplastics were reviewed; and detecting methods in water/wastewater were summarized; evolution patterns were analyzed; fate in the environment and preventive measures into both products and the environment were elucidated.
Microplastics (size < 5 mm) are produced due to daily discard from both daily life and industry production,in which there are two forms: primary and secondary microplastics. Numbers of microplastics vary a lot due to different testing particle sizes,and there are at least 1 000 to 100 000 n/m~3 in raw sewage, most of which are unbiodegradable. Microplastics were mainly removed by adsorption in the primary treatment facilities; some microplastics could be adsorbed in the secondary treatment process,but the role of the secondary treatment was not great; the membrane interception method in the tertiary treatment (membrane and/or filtration) could effectively remove microplastics. The average removing efficiency of microplastics via both primary and secondary treatment was around 80%,the residue (≤20%) of microplastics in the effluent would enter into the water environment,which was a major source of evolution and accumulation in the hydrosphere. Microplastics in the environment could be taken up by the human beings through drinking water,salt,seafood,etc. For this reason,the sources and hazards of microplastics were reviewed; and detecting methods in water/wastewater were summarized; evolution patterns were analyzed; fate in the environment and preventive measures into both products and the environment were elucidated.
引文
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[23]Márta S,van Alst N,Vollertsen J.Quantification of microplastic mass and removal rates at wastewater treatment plants applying Focal Plane Array(FPA)-based Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR)imaging[J].Water Res,2018,142:1-9.
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[25]Lares M,Ncibi M C,Sillanp??M,et al.Occurrence,identification and removal of microplastic particles and fibers in conventional activated sludge process and advanced MBR technology[J].Water Res,2018,133:236-246.
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[28]Mason S A,Garneau D,Sutton R,et al.Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent[J].Environ Pollut,2016,218:1045-1054.
[29]Gies E A,Le Noble J L,No3l M,et al.Retention of microplastics in a major secondary wastewater treatment plant in Vancouver,Canada[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2018,133:553-561.
[30]Talvitie J,Mikola A,Set?l?O,et al.How well is microlitter purified from wastewater?-A detailed study on the stepwise removal of microlitter in a tertiary level wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Res,2017,109:164-172.
[31]白濛雨,赵世烨,彭谷雨,等.城市污水处理过程中微塑料赋存特征[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(5):1734-1743.Bai Mengyu,Zhao Shiye,Peng Guyu,et al.Occurrence,characteristics of microplastics during urban sewage treatment process[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(5):1734-1743(in Chinese).
[32]Murphy F,Ewins C,Carbonnier F,et al.Wastewater Treatment Works(Ww TW)as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment[J].Environ Sci Technol,2016,50(11):5800-5808.
[33]Saleem J,Riaz A,Mckay G.Oil sorbents from plastic wastes and polymers:A review[J].J Hazard Mater,2018,341:424-437.
[34]Mahon A M,O’Connell B,Healy M G,et al.Microplastics in sewage sludge:Effects of treatment[J].Environ Sci Technol,2017,51(2):810-818.
[35]郝晓地,陈奇,李季,等.污泥干化焚烧乃污泥处理/处置终极方式[J].中国给水排水,2019,35(4):35-42.Hao Xiaodi,Chen Qi,Li Ji,et al.Incineration after drying is an ultimate approach to handing excess sludge[J].China Water&Wastewater,2019,35(4):35-42(in Chinese).
[36]Cheung P K,Fok L.Characterisation of plastic microbeads in facial scrubs and their estimated emissions in Mainland China[J].Water Res,2017,122:53-61.
[2]Zarfl C,Matthies M.Are marine plastic particles transport vectors for organic pollutants to the Arctic?[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2010,60(10):1810-1814.
[3]Magnusson K,Norén F.Screening of microplastic particles in and down-stream a wastewater treatment plant[EB/OL].http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:773505/FULLTEXT01.pdf,2015-03-04.
[4]Rochman C M,Kross S M,Armstrong J B,et al.Scientific evidence supports a ban on microbeads[J].Environ Sci Technol,2015,49(18):10759-10761.
[5]Prata J C.Microplastics in wastewater:State of the knowledge on sources,fate and solutions[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2018,129(1):262-265.
[6]Napper I E,Bakir A,Rowland S J,et al.Characterization,quantity and sorptive properties of microplastics extracted from cosmetics[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2015,99(1/2):178-185.
[7]van Wezel A,Caris I,Kools S A E.Release of primary microplastics from consumer products to wastewater in the Netherlands[J].Environ Toxicol Chem,2016,35(7):1627-1631.
[8]Quenqua D.Microplastics find their way into your gut,a pilot study finds[EB/OL].https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/22/health/microplastics-human-stool.html,2018-10-22.
[9]Pivokonsky M,Cermakova L,Novotna K,et al.Occurrence of microplastics in raw and treated drinking water[J].Sci Total Environ,2018,643:1644-1651.
[10]Mason S A,Welch V,Neratko J.Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water[EB/OL].https://orbmedia.org/sites/default/files/Final Bottled Water Report.pdf,2018-03-13.
[11]Karami A,Golieskardi A,Choo C K,et al.The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries[J].Sci Rep,2017.DOI:10.1038/srep46173.
[12]蔡亚云,赵佳玥,李文锋,等.不同粒径塑料微颗粒在斑马鱼腮组织中的积累及其对蒽毒性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2017,23(6):1154-1158.Cai Yayun,Zhao Jiayue,Li Wenfeng,et al.Retention of polystyrene particles of different sizes in zebrafish gills and their effect on toxicity of anthracene to gill cells[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Environmental Biology,2017,23(6):1154-1158(in Chinese).
[13]徐擎擎,张哿,邹亚丹,等.微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2018,13(1):40-49.Xu Qingqing,Zhang Ge,Zou Yadan,et al.Interactions between microplastics and organic pollutants:Current status and knowledge gaps[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2018,13(1):40-49(in Chinese).
[14]李子豪.微塑料摄入对高脂饮食大鼠代谢、肝功能及生殖系统相关参数的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2018.Li Zihao.Effects of Microplastics on Cardiometabolic Paraments,Liver Function and Reproductive Endocrinology of Rats with High Fat Diet[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2018(in Chinese).
[15]高丰蕾,李景喜,孙承君,等.微塑料富集金属铅元素的能力与特征分析[J].分析测试学报,2017,36(8):1018-1022.Gao Fenglei,Li Jingxi,Sun Chengjun,et al.Analysis on ability and characteristics of microplastics to enrich metal lead[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2017,36(8):1018-1022(in Chinese).
[16]Fu S,Ding J,Zhang Y,et al.Exposure to polystyrene nanoplastic leads to inhibition of anaerobic digestion system[J].Sci Total Environ,2018,625:64-70.
[17]郝晓地,翟学棚,Mark van Loosdrecht,等.污水碳源分离新概念---筛分纤维素[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(14):9-12.Hao Xiaodi,Zhai Xuepeng,Mark van Loosdrecht,et al.A new concept of separating carbon source from wastewater:Sieving fibers[J].China Water&Wastewater,2017,33(14):9-12(in Chinese).
[18]Dris R,Gasperi J,Rocher V,et al.Microplastic contamination in an urban area:A case study in Greater Paris[J].Environ Chem,2015,12(5):592-599.
[19]Li J,Liu H,Chen J P.Microplastics in freshwater systems:A review on occurrence,environmental effects,and methods for microplastics detection[J].Water Res,2017,137:362-374.
[20]Dyachenko A,Mitchell J,Arsem N.Extraction and identification of microplastic particles from secondary wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)effluent[J].Anal Methods,2016,9(9):1412-1418.
[21]Felsing S,Kochleus C,Buchinger S,et al.A new approach in separating microplastics from environmental samples based on their electrostatic behavior[J].Environ Pollut,2018,234:20-28.
[22]杨东琪.环境样品中微塑料理化特征的检测和表征方法[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.Yang Dongqi.Methods for Detecting and Representing Physical and Chemical Features of Microplastics in Environmental Samples[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2017(in Chinese).
[23]Márta S,van Alst N,Vollertsen J.Quantification of microplastic mass and removal rates at wastewater treatment plants applying Focal Plane Array(FPA)-based Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR)imaging[J].Water Res,2018,142:1-9.
[24]Mourgkogiannis N,Kalavrouziotis I K,Karapanagioti HK.Questionnaire-based survey to managers of 101wastewater treatment plants in Greece confirms their potential as plastic marine litter sources[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2018,133:822-827.
[25]Lares M,Ncibi M C,Sillanp??M,et al.Occurrence,identification and removal of microplastic particles and fibers in conventional activated sludge process and advanced MBR technology[J].Water Res,2018,133:236-246.
[26]Talvitie J,Mikola A,Koistinen A,et al.Solutions to microplastic pollution-Removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies[J].Water Res,2017,123:401-407.
[27]Magni S,Binelli A,Pittura L,et al.The fate of microplastics in an Italian wastewater treatment plant[J].Sci Total Environ,2019,652:602-610.
[28]Mason S A,Garneau D,Sutton R,et al.Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent[J].Environ Pollut,2016,218:1045-1054.
[29]Gies E A,Le Noble J L,No3l M,et al.Retention of microplastics in a major secondary wastewater treatment plant in Vancouver,Canada[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2018,133:553-561.
[30]Talvitie J,Mikola A,Set?l?O,et al.How well is microlitter purified from wastewater?-A detailed study on the stepwise removal of microlitter in a tertiary level wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Res,2017,109:164-172.
[31]白濛雨,赵世烨,彭谷雨,等.城市污水处理过程中微塑料赋存特征[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(5):1734-1743.Bai Mengyu,Zhao Shiye,Peng Guyu,et al.Occurrence,characteristics of microplastics during urban sewage treatment process[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(5):1734-1743(in Chinese).
[32]Murphy F,Ewins C,Carbonnier F,et al.Wastewater Treatment Works(Ww TW)as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment[J].Environ Sci Technol,2016,50(11):5800-5808.
[33]Saleem J,Riaz A,Mckay G.Oil sorbents from plastic wastes and polymers:A review[J].J Hazard Mater,2018,341:424-437.
[34]Mahon A M,O’Connell B,Healy M G,et al.Microplastics in sewage sludge:Effects of treatment[J].Environ Sci Technol,2017,51(2):810-818.
[35]郝晓地,陈奇,李季,等.污泥干化焚烧乃污泥处理/处置终极方式[J].中国给水排水,2019,35(4):35-42.Hao Xiaodi,Chen Qi,Li Ji,et al.Incineration after drying is an ultimate approach to handing excess sludge[J].China Water&Wastewater,2019,35(4):35-42(in Chinese).
[36]Cheung P K,Fok L.Characterisation of plastic microbeads in facial scrubs and their estimated emissions in Mainland China[J].Water Res,2017,122:53-61.
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