东南印度洋中脊地质构造特征及研究进展
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摘要
东南印度洋中脊(Southeast Indian Ridge, SEIR)是印度洋中扩张速度最快的洋中脊,由SEIR增生的洋壳占印度洋总面积的50%以上,它是塑造印度洋现今构造格局的关键要素.相对西南印度洋中脊和西北印度洋中脊, SEIR具有更复杂的地质构造特征和演化过程.综合SEIR及邻区海底高原的地形地貌特征、重磁异常特征和玄武岩地球化学特征,探讨了SEIR的分段、洋中脊演化过程和地幔不均一性,以及板内火山作用与洋中脊的成因关系等.本文将有助于深入理解东南印度洋区域的构造演化历史,全面理解整个印度洋的洋中脊系统和大地构造格局,增进对冈瓦纳大陆裂解和印度洋演化过程的认识.初步研究认为东南印度洋区是多期洋中脊演化的结果,经历了北西向扩张、南北向扩张直至北东向扩张的三期洋壳增生过程.东南印度洋脊下的地幔源区存在不均一性,尤其是阿姆斯特丹-圣保罗海底高原和澳大利亚-南极错乱带两个区域.东南印度洋中的海底高原与热点火山作用密切相关,同时部分存在热点-洋脊相互作用或残留陆壳物质的影响.
The Southeast Indian Ridge(SEIR) is the fastest spreading ridge in the Indian Ocean, with an average half spreading rate of25-50 mm/a. The crust produced by the SEIR accounts for more than half of the total Indian oceanic crust. It represents a pivotal element in shaping the current tectonic settings of the Indian Ocean. Compared with the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) and Northwest Indian Ridge(NWIR), the temporal and spatial evolution of the SEIR has been more complex, as reflected by the present-day tectonic and geomorphological diversity of its segmentation pattern. In this study, we integrate the topographic and geomorphological features, the gravimetric and geomagnetic signatures, and the MORB geochemical characteristics from the SEIR and the adjacent areas, in order to define the segmentation of the ridge, to trace its evolution through time, to characterize the heterogeneity degree of the mantle source beneath the ridge and to explore potential genetic links between regional intraplate volcanisms and the spreading ridge. The study shows that the axial bathymetry of SEIR undulates along the ridge, with the shallowest depth at the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau(ASP) and the deepest ones at the Australian-Antarctic Discordance(AAD). Using bathymetric, gravity and geomagnetic data, thirty-one first-order ridge segments can be distinguished. The boundaries of each segment coincide with transform faults. The eastern Indian Ocean expanded owing to three main successive phases of oceanic accretion each characterized by a distinct orientation:northwestward phase before 84 Ma, a north-south one between 84 and 38 Ma and a northeastward phase after 38 Ma. The mantle source of the SEIR is heterogeneous, especially in ASP and AAD regions. While the ASP results from a hotspotridge interaction, the AAD represents the isotopic boundary between Indian and the Pacific Ocean mantle domains. In the eastern Indian Ocean, there are many off-axis oceanic plateaux, such as the Kerguelen Plateau, Broken Ridge, Ninetyeast Ridge, Naturaliste Plateau and Wallaby-Cuvier Plateau. The buildings of these off-axis oceanic plateaux are either related to plume activity, and/or to presence of remnants of continental crust material embedded in the shallow mantle. The SEIR integrated with the NWIR at ～38 Ma, while the SWIR wedged into the NWIR-SEIR sometime after or before 38 Ma at the Rodrigues Triple Junction. The heavy isotopic compositions of SEIR are similar to NWIR and the northeast end of SWIR.Compared with Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, the Indian ridge systems show obvious Dupal anomaly, indicating the larger-scale mantle heterogeneities. This study can help better understand the evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean, the ridge systems and tectonic patterns of the entire Indian Ocean. It can also enhance our knowledge on Gondwana continent rifting and the evolution of Indian Ocean.
The Southeast Indian Ridge(SEIR) is the fastest spreading ridge in the Indian Ocean, with an average half spreading rate of25-50 mm/a. The crust produced by the SEIR accounts for more than half of the total Indian oceanic crust. It represents a pivotal element in shaping the current tectonic settings of the Indian Ocean. Compared with the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) and Northwest Indian Ridge(NWIR), the temporal and spatial evolution of the SEIR has been more complex, as reflected by the present-day tectonic and geomorphological diversity of its segmentation pattern. In this study, we integrate the topographic and geomorphological features, the gravimetric and geomagnetic signatures, and the MORB geochemical characteristics from the SEIR and the adjacent areas, in order to define the segmentation of the ridge, to trace its evolution through time, to characterize the heterogeneity degree of the mantle source beneath the ridge and to explore potential genetic links between regional intraplate volcanisms and the spreading ridge. The study shows that the axial bathymetry of SEIR undulates along the ridge, with the shallowest depth at the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau(ASP) and the deepest ones at the Australian-Antarctic Discordance(AAD). Using bathymetric, gravity and geomagnetic data, thirty-one first-order ridge segments can be distinguished. The boundaries of each segment coincide with transform faults. The eastern Indian Ocean expanded owing to three main successive phases of oceanic accretion each characterized by a distinct orientation:northwestward phase before 84 Ma, a north-south one between 84 and 38 Ma and a northeastward phase after 38 Ma. The mantle source of the SEIR is heterogeneous, especially in ASP and AAD regions. While the ASP results from a hotspotridge interaction, the AAD represents the isotopic boundary between Indian and the Pacific Ocean mantle domains. In the eastern Indian Ocean, there are many off-axis oceanic plateaux, such as the Kerguelen Plateau, Broken Ridge, Ninetyeast Ridge, Naturaliste Plateau and Wallaby-Cuvier Plateau. The buildings of these off-axis oceanic plateaux are either related to plume activity, and/or to presence of remnants of continental crust material embedded in the shallow mantle. The SEIR integrated with the NWIR at ～38 Ma, while the SWIR wedged into the NWIR-SEIR sometime after or before 38 Ma at the Rodrigues Triple Junction. The heavy isotopic compositions of SEIR are similar to NWIR and the northeast end of SWIR.Compared with Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, the Indian ridge systems show obvious Dupal anomaly, indicating the larger-scale mantle heterogeneities. This study can help better understand the evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean, the ridge systems and tectonic patterns of the entire Indian Ocean. It can also enhance our knowledge on Gondwana continent rifting and the evolution of Indian Ocean.
引文
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2 Tarling D H.Gondwanaland and the evolution of the Indian Ocean.Geol Soc London Spec Pub,1988,37:61-77
3 Eagles G,K?nig M.A model of plate kinematics in Gondwana breakup.Geophys J Int,2008,173:703-717
4 Cochran J R,SempéréJ C.The Southeast Indian Ridge between 88°E and 118°E:Gravity anomalies and crustal accretion at intermediate spreading rates.J Geophys Res,1997,102:15463-15487
5 Dick H J B,Lin J,Schouten H.An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge.Nature,2003,426:405-412
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7 Tao C H,Li H M,Jin X B,et al.Seafloor hydrothermal activity and polymetallic sulfide exploration on the southwest Indian ridge.Chin Sci Bull,2014,59:2266-2276[陶春辉,李怀明,金肖兵,等.西南印度洋脊的海底热液活动和硫化物勘探.科学通报,2014,59:1812-1822]
8 Han X Q,Wu Z C,Qiu B B.Segmentation of Carlsberg Ridge in Northwest Indian Ocean and its tectonic and morphologic features-The introduction to the Result from DY24 Cruise(in Chinese).2012[韩喜球,吴招才,裘碧波.西北印度洋Carlsberg脊的分段性及其构造地貌特征-中国大洋24航次调查成果介绍.2012]
9 Wang T T,Chen Y S J,Tao C H.Revisit the K-segment of the Southeast Indian Ridge for new evidence of hydrothermal plumes.Chin Sci Bull,2011,56:3605-3609
10 Li J H,Zhang H T,Li H L.The tectonic setting and evolution of Indian Ocean--Research progress of tectonic map of Indian Ocean(in Chinese).Acta Oceanol Sin,2015,37:1-14[李江海,张华添,李洪林.印度洋大地构造背景及其构造演化--印度洋底大地构造图研究进展.海洋学报,2015,37:1-14]
11 SempéréJ,Palmer J,Christie D M,et al.Australian-Antarctic discordance.Geology,1991,19:429-432
12 Royer J Y,Schlich R.Southeast Indian Ridge between the Rodriguez Triple Junction and the Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands:Detailed kinematics for the past 20 Ma.J Geophys Res,1988,93:13524-13550
13 Graham D W,Johnson K T M,Priebe L D,et al.Hotspot-ridge interaction along the Southeast Indian Ridge near Amsterdam and St.Paul islands:Helium isotope evidence.Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,167:297-310
14 Conder J A,Scheirer D S,Forsyth D W.Seafloor spreading on the Amsterdam-St.Paul hotspot plateau.J Geophys Res,2000,105:8263-8277
15 Scheirer D S,Forsyth D W,Conder J A,et al.Anomalous seafloor spreading of the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St.Paul Plateau.JGeophys Res,2000,105:8243-8262
16 Dubinin E P,Galushkin Y I,Grokholskii A L,et al.Hot and cold zones of the Southeast Indian Ridge and their influence on the peculiarities of its structure and magmatism(Numerical and Physical Modelling).Geotectonics,2017,51:209-229
17 Burnard P,Graham D,Farley K.Fractionation of noble gases(He,Ar)during MORB mantle melting:A case study on the Southeast Indian Ridge.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2004,227:457-472
18 Christie D M,Pedersen R B,Miller D J,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports,2001,187:1
19 Hanan B B,Graham D W,Hemond C,et al.Geochemical and isotopic variations along the southeast Indian ridge(126°E-140°E)related to mantle flow originating from beneath Antarctica.American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting 2017,Abstract#T33G-08
20 Weissel J K,Hayes D E.Asymmetric seafloor spreading south of Australia.Nature,1971,231:518-522
21 West B P,Fujimoto H,Honsho C,et al.A three-dimensional gravity study of the Rodrigues Triple Junction and Southeast Indian Ridge.Earth Planet Sci Lett,1995,133:175-184
22 Honsho C,Tamaki K,Fujimoto H.Three-dimensional magnetic and gravity studies of the Rodriguez Triple Junction in the Indian Ocean.JGeophys Res,1996,101:15837-15848
23 West B P,SempéréJ C.Gravity anomalies,flexure of axial lithosphere,and along-axis asthenospheric flow beneath the Southeast Indian Ridge.Earth Planet Sci Lett,1998,156:253-266
24 Okino K,Matsuda K,Christie D M,et al.Development of oceanic detachment and asymmetric spreading at the Australian-Antarctic Discordance.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2004,5:Q12012
25 Suo Y H.Tectonic-magmatic processes of the Indian Ocean:Evidence on the residual mantle Bouguer anomaly(in Chinese).Doctor Disseration.Qingdao:China University of Oceanography,2014[索艳慧.印度洋构造--岩浆过程:剩余地幔布格重力异常证据.博士学位论文.青岛:中国海洋大学,2014]
26 Sandwell D T,Müller R D,Smith W H F,et al.New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals buried tectonic structure.Science,2014,346:65-67
27 Ma Y,Cochran J R.Transitions in axial morphology along the Southeast Indian Ridge.J Geophys Res,1996,101:15849-15866
28 Maus S,Barckhausen U,Berkenbosch H,et al.EMAG2:A 2-arc min resolution Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid compiled from satellite,airborne,and marine magnetic measurements.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2009,10:Q8005
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