能力建设导向的包容性国际产能合作
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摘要
随着经济发展水平的提高,中国的对外直接投资快速增长,一度成为FDI的净流出国。作为世界第二大经济体和工业、制造业规模最大的发展中大国,由中国所发起的"一带一路"倡议以及作为其重要内容的国际产能合作与历史上发达国家进行的国际产业转移在参与国的经济发展阶段、国际分工格局、母国产业体系和产业地位、制造业规模等方面存在巨大差异,这些差异对国际产能合作的特征产生重要影响。本文将"一带一路"倡议下中国政府推动和中国企业参与的国际产能合作概括为"能力建设导向的包容性产能合作"。能力建设导向的包容性产能合作在参与主体、投资领域、后果等方面都呈现出与以往国际直接投资显著不同的新特征,其合作机制包括增强自生能力、促进经济发展、扩大出口和完善产业生态建设。尽管"一带一路"倡议背景下的国际产能合作长期来看能够实现中国与"一带一路"沿线国家的共赢和可持续发展,但是对于其中蕴含的风险也要高度重视,未雨绸缪地加以应对。
With the high-speed growth of the economy,China's FDI outflow grew rapidly and once became a net FDI outflow country.As a developing countries with the second-largest economy and the first-largest industry and manufacturing,the "Belt and Road" initiative proposed by China as well as the international production capacity cooperation are quite different from the international industrial transfer carried out by the developed countries in the past in the following four aspects:the stages of the participating countries' economic development,the pattern of the international division of labor,home countries' industrial systems and international status,and the scale of home country's manufacturing industry.The huge differences would have a significant impact on the characteristics of international production capacity cooperation.This paper summarizes the international production capacity cooperation promoted by Chinese government and Chinese enterprises participating under the "Belt and Road" initiative as the"capacity-building oriented and inclusive international production capacity cooperation".It presents new characteristics significantly different from the previous international direct investment in terms of participants,investment fields and consequences,and its cooperation mechanism includes enhancing viability,promoting economic development,expanding exports and improving industrial ecosystems.Although international production capacity cooperation could achieve win-win and sustainable development among China and the countries along the "Belt and Road" routes,the risks involved should also be taken seriously and prepared for in advance.
With the high-speed growth of the economy,China's FDI outflow grew rapidly and once became a net FDI outflow country.As a developing countries with the second-largest economy and the first-largest industry and manufacturing,the "Belt and Road" initiative proposed by China as well as the international production capacity cooperation are quite different from the international industrial transfer carried out by the developed countries in the past in the following four aspects:the stages of the participating countries' economic development,the pattern of the international division of labor,home countries' industrial systems and international status,and the scale of home country's manufacturing industry.The huge differences would have a significant impact on the characteristics of international production capacity cooperation.This paper summarizes the international production capacity cooperation promoted by Chinese government and Chinese enterprises participating under the "Belt and Road" initiative as the"capacity-building oriented and inclusive international production capacity cooperation".It presents new characteristics significantly different from the previous international direct investment in terms of participants,investment fields and consequences,and its cooperation mechanism includes enhancing viability,promoting economic development,expanding exports and improving industrial ecosystems.Although international production capacity cooperation could achieve win-win and sustainable development among China and the countries along the "Belt and Road" routes,the risks involved should also be taken seriously and prepared for in advance.
引文
[1]刘卫东.“一带一路”战略的科学内涵与科学问题[J].地理科学进展,2015(5):538-544.
[2]于津平,顾威.“一带一路”建设的利益、风险与策略[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(1):65-70.
[3]卢锋,李昕,李双双,等.为什么是中国?——“一带一路”的经济逻辑[J].国际经济评论,2015(3):9-34,4.
[4]杜德斌,马亚华.“一带一路”:中华民族复兴的地缘大战略[J].地理研究,2015(6):1005-1014.
[5]公丕萍,宋周莺,刘卫东.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易的商品格局[J].地理科学进展,2015(5):571-580.
[6]邹嘉龄,刘春腊,尹国庆,等.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易格局及其经济贡献[J].地理科学进展,2015(5):598-605.
[7]孙楚仁,张楠,刘雅莹.“一带一路”倡议与中国对沿线国家的贸易增长[J].国际贸易问题,2017(2):83-96.
[8]夏先良.构筑“一带一路”国际产能合作体制机制与政策体系[J].国际贸易,2015(11):26-33.
[9]HYMERS H.The international operations of national firms:a study of direct foreign investment[M].Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1976.
[10]DUNNING J H.International production and the multinational enterprise[M].London:Allen & Unwin,1981.
[11]王国顺,郑准,杨昆.企业国际化理论的演进[M].北京:人民出版社,2009.
[12]JARILLO J C.On strategic networks [J].Strategic Management Journal,1988,9(1):31-41.
[13]科斯.论生产的制度结构[M].盛洪,陈郁,译.上海:上海三联书店,1994.
[14]波特.国家竞争优势[M].李明轩,邱如美,译.北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[15]BJORVATN K,CONIGLIO N D.Big push or big failure?On the effectiveness of industrialization policies for economic development [J].Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,2012,26(1):129-141.
[16]萨克斯.贫穷的终结——我们时代的经济可能[M].邹光,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
[17]ALI I,ZHUANG J.Inclusive growth toward a prosperous Asia:policy implications[Z].ERD Working Paper Series No.97,2007.
[18]ZHUANG J.Inclusive growth toward a harmonious society in the People's Republic of China:policy implications[J].Asian Development Review,2008,25(1/2):22-33.
[19]刘卫东.“一带一路”:引领包容性全球化[J].中国科学院院刊,2017(4):331-339.
[20]刘卫东,DUNFORD M,高菠阳.“一带一路”倡议的理论建构——从新自由主义全球化到包容性全球化[J].地理科学进展,2017(11):1321-1331.
[21]林毅夫,王燕.新结构经济学:将“耐心资本”作为一种比较优势[J].开发性金融研究,2017(1):3-15.
[22]李晓华,严欢.“中国制造”正在丧失劳动成本优势吗[J].工业经济论坛,2015(1):13-22.
① 自然资源相关产业包括:(1)炼焦、石油产品和核燃料;(2)金属和金属制品;(3)非金属矿制品;(4)木材和木制品。低技能产业(lower-skill industries)包括:(1)食品、饮料和烟草;(2)纺织、服装和皮革。高技能产业(higher-skill industries)包括所有其他的制造业部门。居世界第二位,印刷和记录媒介的复制、药物和药物化学品、橡胶和塑料制品的增加值居世界第三位(详见表2)。在500多种主要工业产品中,有220多种产品产量居全球第一位。例如,2016年中国粗钢生产能力10.73亿吨,钢材生产能力15.17亿吨,粗钢产量8.08亿吨,钢材产量11.35亿吨,而历史上日本钢产量峰值只有1.19亿吨(1973年),美国钢产量峰值只有1.37亿吨(1973年)。从表3可以看到,在中国占比很高的重工业部门中,中国本土企业的优势更为明显。除化学原料和化学制品制造业三资企业资产和主营业务收入占全部规模以上工业企业比重超过20%外,其他几个行业均在20%以下。
(1)UNCTAD数据库中的国家划分为发展中经济体、转型经济体、发达经济体,故发展中经济体与发达经济体占世界的比重之和不为100%。
[2]于津平,顾威.“一带一路”建设的利益、风险与策略[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(1):65-70.
[3]卢锋,李昕,李双双,等.为什么是中国?——“一带一路”的经济逻辑[J].国际经济评论,2015(3):9-34,4.
[4]杜德斌,马亚华.“一带一路”:中华民族复兴的地缘大战略[J].地理研究,2015(6):1005-1014.
[5]公丕萍,宋周莺,刘卫东.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易的商品格局[J].地理科学进展,2015(5):571-580.
[6]邹嘉龄,刘春腊,尹国庆,等.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易格局及其经济贡献[J].地理科学进展,2015(5):598-605.
[7]孙楚仁,张楠,刘雅莹.“一带一路”倡议与中国对沿线国家的贸易增长[J].国际贸易问题,2017(2):83-96.
[8]夏先良.构筑“一带一路”国际产能合作体制机制与政策体系[J].国际贸易,2015(11):26-33.
[9]HYMERS H.The international operations of national firms:a study of direct foreign investment[M].Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1976.
[10]DUNNING J H.International production and the multinational enterprise[M].London:Allen & Unwin,1981.
[11]王国顺,郑准,杨昆.企业国际化理论的演进[M].北京:人民出版社,2009.
[12]JARILLO J C.On strategic networks [J].Strategic Management Journal,1988,9(1):31-41.
[13]科斯.论生产的制度结构[M].盛洪,陈郁,译.上海:上海三联书店,1994.
[14]波特.国家竞争优势[M].李明轩,邱如美,译.北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[15]BJORVATN K,CONIGLIO N D.Big push or big failure?On the effectiveness of industrialization policies for economic development [J].Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,2012,26(1):129-141.
[16]萨克斯.贫穷的终结——我们时代的经济可能[M].邹光,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
[17]ALI I,ZHUANG J.Inclusive growth toward a prosperous Asia:policy implications[Z].ERD Working Paper Series No.97,2007.
[18]ZHUANG J.Inclusive growth toward a harmonious society in the People's Republic of China:policy implications[J].Asian Development Review,2008,25(1/2):22-33.
[19]刘卫东.“一带一路”:引领包容性全球化[J].中国科学院院刊,2017(4):331-339.
[20]刘卫东,DUNFORD M,高菠阳.“一带一路”倡议的理论建构——从新自由主义全球化到包容性全球化[J].地理科学进展,2017(11):1321-1331.
[21]林毅夫,王燕.新结构经济学:将“耐心资本”作为一种比较优势[J].开发性金融研究,2017(1):3-15.
[22]李晓华,严欢.“中国制造”正在丧失劳动成本优势吗[J].工业经济论坛,2015(1):13-22.
① 自然资源相关产业包括:(1)炼焦、石油产品和核燃料;(2)金属和金属制品;(3)非金属矿制品;(4)木材和木制品。低技能产业(lower-skill industries)包括:(1)食品、饮料和烟草;(2)纺织、服装和皮革。高技能产业(higher-skill industries)包括所有其他的制造业部门。居世界第二位,印刷和记录媒介的复制、药物和药物化学品、橡胶和塑料制品的增加值居世界第三位(详见表2)。在500多种主要工业产品中,有220多种产品产量居全球第一位。例如,2016年中国粗钢生产能力10.73亿吨,钢材生产能力15.17亿吨,粗钢产量8.08亿吨,钢材产量11.35亿吨,而历史上日本钢产量峰值只有1.19亿吨(1973年),美国钢产量峰值只有1.37亿吨(1973年)。从表3可以看到,在中国占比很高的重工业部门中,中国本土企业的优势更为明显。除化学原料和化学制品制造业三资企业资产和主营业务收入占全部规模以上工业企业比重超过20%外,其他几个行业均在20%以下。
(1)UNCTAD数据库中的国家划分为发展中经济体、转型经济体、发达经济体,故发展中经济体与发达经济体占世界的比重之和不为100%。
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