公私合作与节能减排:来自泰国节能推广基金的经验
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摘要
促进节能减排是政府公共服务的重要组成部分。但是,政府财力有限,企业、金融机构等市场主体又缺乏投入动力,任何一方的单独行动都难以充分满足社会对节能减排的需求,导致节能减排产业长期因投入不足而发展缓慢。公私合作模式(PPP)能够让公共部门和私营机构在某种制度安排下形成利益共同体,以有限的公共资金撬动大量的社会资本投入公共服务领域,这一机制已被广泛应用于节能减排领域。泰国是较早利用PPP模式促进节能减排的国家之一,该国以节能推广基金为核心,将政府、非营利性组织以及银行等纳入同一框架,共同支持和推动企业投资节能减排项目。政府相关部门负责能源战略和政策的制定、提供部分资金支持并履行监督责任,擅长与中小企业沟通的非营利性组织负责基金运行和管理,通过专用贷款的形式让银行参与节能减排项目评估与监督,进而提供融资支持。泰国节能推广基金的运作模式和成效获得了国际社会的广泛认可,对我国利用公私合作推进节能减排具有重要的借鉴价值。我国应促进公私合作模式在节能减排领域的规范化运作,创新节能减排项目的资金来源和使用方式,实施差异化项目以满足特定群体和特定时段的需求,注重发挥第三方机构在公私合作中的作用。
It is an important component of public services for Promoting energy saving and emission reduction( ESER). But due to lack of public fund of the public sector and the low investment enthusiasm of private sectors such as enterprises and financial institutions,any unilateral action of government or market cannot solve the ESER supply-demand imbalance,leading to slow development of ESER industries with long-term insufficient investment. PPP approach can establish an interesting community between the public sector and private sector under some kind of institutional arrangement and then drive an amount of social capital by investing limited public fund. Thailand is one of the earliest countries in using the PPP approach to promote ESER. It focuses on the energy conservation promotion fund( ENCON Fund),incorporate government,non-profit organizations and banks,which incorporates into one framework to jointly support and promote enterprises to invest in ESER projects. The relevant government departments are responsible for the formulation of energy strategies and policies,partial financial support and fulfilling supervisory responsibilities. Non-profit organizations that are good at communicating with SMEs are responsible for fund operation and management,and banks are allowed to participate in ESER project evaluation and supervision through special loans,then the bank can decide whether to provide financing support. The operation mode and effectiveness of the Thailand ENCON Fund have been widely recognized by the international community,it can provide a reference for China to use PPP to promote ESER reduction. China should promote the standardization of PPP mode in the field of ESER,innovate the source of funds and utilization of ESER projects,implement differentiated projects to meet the needs of specific groups and in specific time periods,and focus on the roleof third-party institutions in PPP.
It is an important component of public services for Promoting energy saving and emission reduction( ESER). But due to lack of public fund of the public sector and the low investment enthusiasm of private sectors such as enterprises and financial institutions,any unilateral action of government or market cannot solve the ESER supply-demand imbalance,leading to slow development of ESER industries with long-term insufficient investment. PPP approach can establish an interesting community between the public sector and private sector under some kind of institutional arrangement and then drive an amount of social capital by investing limited public fund. Thailand is one of the earliest countries in using the PPP approach to promote ESER. It focuses on the energy conservation promotion fund( ENCON Fund),incorporate government,non-profit organizations and banks,which incorporates into one framework to jointly support and promote enterprises to invest in ESER projects. The relevant government departments are responsible for the formulation of energy strategies and policies,partial financial support and fulfilling supervisory responsibilities. Non-profit organizations that are good at communicating with SMEs are responsible for fund operation and management,and banks are allowed to participate in ESER project evaluation and supervision through special loans,then the bank can decide whether to provide financing support. The operation mode and effectiveness of the Thailand ENCON Fund have been widely recognized by the international community,it can provide a reference for China to use PPP to promote ESER reduction. China should promote the standardization of PPP mode in the field of ESER,innovate the source of funds and utilization of ESER projects,implement differentiated projects to meet the needs of specific groups and in specific time periods,and focus on the roleof third-party institutions in PPP.
引文
(1)王玉:《基于市场机制的我国节能减排项目融资模式探究》,《项目管理技术》,2014年第5期。
(2)I.Birlica,A.Deacon and D.Hujber,Public Private Partnership for Energy Efficiency,Brussels:Intelligent Energy–Europe,2012.
(3)李彬:《PPP模式诸多难题待解》,《人民政协报》,2014-05-20。
(4)中国财政学会公私合作(PPP) 研究专业委员会课题组、贾康、孙洁:《公私合作伙伴机制:城镇化投融资的模式创新》,《经济研究参考》,2014年第13期。
(5)CDMFUND:《中国清洁发展机制基金2013年报》,北京:中国清洁发展机制基金管理中心,2014.
(6)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(7)王树茂:《中国节能减排存在三大障碍,"碳券"将突破融资难题》,《中国经济周刊》,2009年第45期。
(8)高倩:《江苏省沿江八市环保投资的实证分析与预测》,《现代管理科学》,2006年第9期。
(9)魏金生、刘建军、王维:《滨海新区节能减排融资研究》,《华北金融》,2009年第3期。
(10)周云圣:《公私合作模式(PPP)及其在我国的应用》,东北财经大学博士论文,2003年。
(11)赵书新:《节能减排政府补贴激励政策设计的机理研究》,北京交通大学博士论文,2011年,第1页。
(12)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.13,15,55.
(13)I.Birlica,A.Deacon and D.Hujber,Public Private Partnership for Energy Efficiency,Brussels:Intelligent Energy–Europe,2012.
(14)沈艳丽:《节能减排项目融资模式探讨》,《中国集体经济》,2012年第30期。
(15)周云圣:《公私合作模式(PPP)及其在我国的应用》,东北财经大学博士论文,2003年。
(16)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(17)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.15.
(18)张伟丰:《泰国能源研究》,云南大学博士论文,2013年,第4页。
(19)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
(20)EFA and DMG Thailand,Thailand's Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund:A Case Study,Prepared for APEC Energy Working Group,2005,http://www.climate-eval.org/sites/default/files/evaluations/531%20Thailands %20Energy%20Efficiency%20Revolving%20Fund.pdf.
(21)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.13,15,55.
(22)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.13,15,55.
(23)张伟丰:《泰国能源研究》,云南大学博士论文,2013年,第 4页。
(24)S.Irawan and A.Heikens,Case Study Report:Thailand Energy Conservation Fund,New York:UNDP,2012,p.6.
(25)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
(26)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(27)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
(28)同上
(29)EFA and DMG Thailand,Thailand's Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund:A Case Study,Prepared for APEC Energy Working Group,2005,http://www.climate-eval.org/sites/default/files/evaluations/531%20Thailands %20Energy%20Efficiency%20Revolving%20Fund.pdf.
(30)EFA and DMG Thailand,Thailand's Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund:A Case Study,Prepared for APEC Energy Working Group,2005,http://www.climate-eval.org/sites/default/files/evaluations/531%20Thailands%20 Energy%20Efficiency%20Revolving%20Fund.pdf.
(31)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(32)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
(2)I.Birlica,A.Deacon and D.Hujber,Public Private Partnership for Energy Efficiency,Brussels:Intelligent Energy–Europe,2012.
(3)李彬:《PPP模式诸多难题待解》,《人民政协报》,2014-05-20。
(4)中国财政学会公私合作(PPP) 研究专业委员会课题组、贾康、孙洁:《公私合作伙伴机制:城镇化投融资的模式创新》,《经济研究参考》,2014年第13期。
(5)CDMFUND:《中国清洁发展机制基金2013年报》,北京:中国清洁发展机制基金管理中心,2014.
(6)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(7)王树茂:《中国节能减排存在三大障碍,"碳券"将突破融资难题》,《中国经济周刊》,2009年第45期。
(8)高倩:《江苏省沿江八市环保投资的实证分析与预测》,《现代管理科学》,2006年第9期。
(9)魏金生、刘建军、王维:《滨海新区节能减排融资研究》,《华北金融》,2009年第3期。
(10)周云圣:《公私合作模式(PPP)及其在我国的应用》,东北财经大学博士论文,2003年。
(11)赵书新:《节能减排政府补贴激励政策设计的机理研究》,北京交通大学博士论文,2011年,第1页。
(12)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.13,15,55.
(13)I.Birlica,A.Deacon and D.Hujber,Public Private Partnership for Energy Efficiency,Brussels:Intelligent Energy–Europe,2012.
(14)沈艳丽:《节能减排项目融资模式探讨》,《中国集体经济》,2012年第30期。
(15)周云圣:《公私合作模式(PPP)及其在我国的应用》,东北财经大学博士论文,2003年。
(16)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(17)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.15.
(18)张伟丰:《泰国能源研究》,云南大学博士论文,2013年,第4页。
(19)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
(20)EFA and DMG Thailand,Thailand's Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund:A Case Study,Prepared for APEC Energy Working Group,2005,http://www.climate-eval.org/sites/default/files/evaluations/531%20Thailands %20Energy%20Efficiency%20Revolving%20Fund.pdf.
(21)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.13,15,55.
(22)IEA,Joint Public-Private Approaches for Energy Efficiency Finance,Paris:International Energy Agency (IEA) Publications,2011,p.13,15,55.
(23)张伟丰:《泰国能源研究》,云南大学博士论文,2013年,第 4页。
(24)S.Irawan and A.Heikens,Case Study Report:Thailand Energy Conservation Fund,New York:UNDP,2012,p.6.
(25)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
(26)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(27)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
(28)同上
(29)EFA and DMG Thailand,Thailand's Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund:A Case Study,Prepared for APEC Energy Working Group,2005,http://www.climate-eval.org/sites/default/files/evaluations/531%20Thailands %20Energy%20Efficiency%20Revolving%20Fund.pdf.
(30)EFA and DMG Thailand,Thailand's Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund:A Case Study,Prepared for APEC Energy Working Group,2005,http://www.climate-eval.org/sites/default/files/evaluations/531%20Thailands%20 Energy%20Efficiency%20Revolving%20Fund.pdf.
(31)E.Jue,B.Johnson and A.Vanamali,Case study:Thailand's Energy Conservation (ENCON) Fund,Washington:Center for Clean Air Policy,2012.
(32)工业生产力研究(IIP):《泰国工业能效政策数据库》,http://iepd.iipnetwork.org.cn/policy.
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