妊娠期背膘厚对母猪产程及繁殖性能的影响
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摘要
为优化母猪繁殖效率,探究妊娠期不同背膘厚对母猪繁殖性能和分娩产程的影响,本研究以广西某公司2 969头大白母猪和1 787头长白母猪为试验群体,收集2017年1月至2017年10月妊娠期3个阶段(妊娠30、80和107 d)背膘厚与分娩接产记录数据,分析背膘厚与分娩产程、总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重等性状的关系。研究结果表明,大白母猪分娩产程时间显著短于长白母猪(P<0.05),大白母猪总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重显著优于长白母猪(P<0.05)。在妊娠30 d时,背膘厚在18～20 mm组的大白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重最大;背膘厚在18～20 mm组的长白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高。在妊娠80 d时,背膘厚≥20 mm组的大白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重最大、产程最短;背膘厚在16～18 mm组的长白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重较高、母猪产程较短。在妊娠107 d时,背膘厚在14～16 mm组的大白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重最大,但母猪产程与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05);背膘厚≥20 mm组的长白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重较大。妊娠期背膘厚减少1～2 mm的大白母猪,其总产仔数和产活仔数最高,初生窝重较小,产程较长。而背膘厚减少>2 mm的长白母猪,其总产仔数和产活仔数最高,初生窝重较大,产程较短。上述试验结果说明,在母猪妊娠期间,合适的背膘厚可有效提高母猪繁殖性能和母猪分娩期间的福利水平。养殖场可以根据营养配方和猪群品种建立背膘数据库,通过精准饲喂将母猪背膘厚调整至最佳范围,同时合理控制妊娠期背膘变化。
In order to optimize the reproductive efficiency of sows and explore the effects of backfat thickness during pregnancy on the sow's farrowing duration and reproductive performance,the data from 2 969 Large White sows and 1 787 Landrace sows,including backfat thickness,farrowing duration,total litter size,alive litter size and litter weight of the three stages of sow gestation(30,80 and 107 d of gestation) in January 2017 to October 2017 were collected.The results showed that the farrowing duration of Large White sows was significantly lower than that of Landrance sows(P<0.05).The total litter size,alive litter size and birth weight of Large White sows were significantly higher than that of Landrance sows(P<0.05).At 30 days of gestation,with the backfat thickness of 18-20 mm in Large White sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and the litter weight were the highest;For the backfat thickness of 18-20 mm in Landrace sows,the total litter size and alive litter size was the biggest.At the 80 days of gestation,when the backfat thickness was more than 20 mm in Large White sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and litter weight were the biggest,and the sows had the shortest farrowing duration;For the backfat thickness of 16-18 mm in Landrace sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and the litter weight were the biggest,and the farrowing duration was shorter.At 107 days of gestation,the backfat thickness of 14-16 mm in Large White sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and the litter weight were the biggest,and farrowing duration was not significantly different from the other groups(P>0.05);While for the back fat thickness of ≥20 mm in Landrace sows,the total litter size and alive litter size were the biggest,and the litter weight was larger.From 30 days to 107 days of pregnancy,for Large White sows with backfat thickness reduced by 1-2 mm,the total number of litters and alive litter size were the biggest,but the litter weight was smaller,and farrowing duration was longer.For Landrace sows with backfat thickness reduced by more than 2 mm,the total number of litters and alive litter size were the biggest,the litter weight was larger,and the farrowing duration was shorter.The research had shown that optimize the backfat thickness of sows could effectively improve reproductive performance of sow and welfare level of sow during perinatal period.The pig farm could establish database of backfat thickness according to the nutritional level and sow breeds,adjusting the backfat thickness in different stages of pregnancy by feeding accurately and controlling the reasonable change of backfat during pregnancy.
In order to optimize the reproductive efficiency of sows and explore the effects of backfat thickness during pregnancy on the sow's farrowing duration and reproductive performance,the data from 2 969 Large White sows and 1 787 Landrace sows,including backfat thickness,farrowing duration,total litter size,alive litter size and litter weight of the three stages of sow gestation(30,80 and 107 d of gestation) in January 2017 to October 2017 were collected.The results showed that the farrowing duration of Large White sows was significantly lower than that of Landrance sows(P<0.05).The total litter size,alive litter size and birth weight of Large White sows were significantly higher than that of Landrance sows(P<0.05).At 30 days of gestation,with the backfat thickness of 18-20 mm in Large White sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and the litter weight were the highest;For the backfat thickness of 18-20 mm in Landrace sows,the total litter size and alive litter size was the biggest.At the 80 days of gestation,when the backfat thickness was more than 20 mm in Large White sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and litter weight were the biggest,and the sows had the shortest farrowing duration;For the backfat thickness of 16-18 mm in Landrace sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and the litter weight were the biggest,and the farrowing duration was shorter.At 107 days of gestation,the backfat thickness of 14-16 mm in Large White sows,the total litter size,alive litter size and the litter weight were the biggest,and farrowing duration was not significantly different from the other groups(P>0.05);While for the back fat thickness of ≥20 mm in Landrace sows,the total litter size and alive litter size were the biggest,and the litter weight was larger.From 30 days to 107 days of pregnancy,for Large White sows with backfat thickness reduced by 1-2 mm,the total number of litters and alive litter size were the biggest,but the litter weight was smaller,and farrowing duration was longer.For Landrace sows with backfat thickness reduced by more than 2 mm,the total number of litters and alive litter size were the biggest,the litter weight was larger,and the farrowing duration was shorter.The research had shown that optimize the backfat thickness of sows could effectively improve reproductive performance of sow and welfare level of sow during perinatal period.The pig farm could establish database of backfat thickness according to the nutritional level and sow breeds,adjusting the backfat thickness in different stages of pregnancy by feeding accurately and controlling the reasonable change of backfat during pregnancy.
引文
[1] 王建国,姬素霞.母猪产程长的原因及解决措施[J].北方牧业,2014,22:17.WANG J G,JI S X.Reasons for long farrowing durationand solutions[J].Northern Animal Husbandry,2014,22:17.(in Chinese)
[2] 赵云翔,朱琳,黄志强,等.大白初产母猪背膘厚对产仔性能和断奶再配间隔的影响[J].养猪,2016,2:38-40.ZHAO Y X,ZHU L,HUANG Z Q,et al.Effects of backfat thickness on litter performance and weaning interval of White sows[J].Swine Production,2016,2:38-40.(in Chinese)
[3] 张景锋,朱宽佑,徐秋良,等.背膘厚对母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2018,7:72-74.ZHANG J F,ZHU K Y,XU Q L,et al.Effects of different gestation backfat thickness on reproductive performance in Large White and Landrace sows[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2018,7:72-74.(in Chinese)
[4] 赵乔辉,朱世平,刘颖,等.大白猪和长白猪妊娠周期内背膘厚对繁殖性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(21):7-11.ZHAO Q H,ZHU S P,LIU Y,et al.Effects of different gestation backfat thickness on reproductive performance in Large White pigs and Landrace pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2014,50(21):7-11.(in Chinese)
[5] 单妹,凌宝明,蓝天,等.法系大约克母猪临产背膘厚与产程、健仔率及死胎率的关系[J].养猪,2016,1:30-32.SHAN M,LING B M,LAN T,et al.Relationship between farrowing and backfat thickness of sows in legal system and labor process,healthy birth rate and stillbirth rate[J].Swine Production,2016,1:30-32.(in Chinese)
[6] 曾检华,鄢航,许兆伟,等.陆川母猪产程对繁殖性能的影响[J].养猪,2015,5:30-32.ZENG J H,YAN H,XU Z W,et al.The effects on reproductive performance of duration of farrowing in Luchuan sows[J].Swine Production,2015,5:30-32.(in Chinese)
[7] 吴同山,李岩,王敬军.在同一猪场条件下地方品种猪与引进猪种繁殖性状表现的比较[J].养猪,2005,2:6-7.WU T S,LI Y,WANG J J.Comparison of reproductive performance between local pig breeds and imported pig breeds under the same pig farm conditions[J].Swine Production,2005,2:6-7.(in Chinese)
[8] CAMERON J C K N,CAMERON A N D.Reproductive performance of pigs selected for components of efficient lean growth[J].Animal Science,1995,60(2):281-290.
[9] 姜清洪,王士雨.影响母猪产程的“三大因素”[J].中国畜牧业,2013,23:78-79.JIANG Q H,WANG S Y.The “Three Factors” affecting sow labor process [J].China Animal Industry,2013,23:78-79.(in Chinese)
[10] 李想.深度剖析母猪产程与死胎的相关性[J].猪业科学,2015,1:118-119.LI X.In-depth analysis of the correlation between sow labor and stillbirth[J].Swine Industry Science,2015,1:118-119.(in Chinese)
[11] 孟庆利,周海深.进产房哺乳母猪不同背膘厚和胎次对产程时间长短比较研究[J].养猪,2017,1:47-48.MENG Q L,ZHOU H S.Comparative study on the duration of labor with different backfat thickness and parity of nursing sows entering the delivery room[J].Swine Production,2017,1:47-48.(in Chinese)
[12] 王立贤,DEGREEF K H.单性状选择生长速度或背膘厚母猪身体组成的变化及其与繁殖性能的关系[J].畜牧兽医学报,2001,32(5):385-389.WANG l X,DEGREEF K H.Responses of sow body composition to selection growthrate or low backfat depth and their relations with reproductive traits[J].Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2001,32(5):385-389.(in Chinese)
[13] YOUNG M G,TOKACH M D,AHERNE F X,et al.Comparison of three methods of feeding sows in gestation and the subsequent effects on lactation performance[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(10):3058.
[14] 郭建凤,牛月波,王继英,等.不同品种及产仔季节对母猪繁殖性能影响[J].养猪,2017,1:41-46.GUO J F,NIU Y B,WANG J Y,et al.Effects of different breeds and litter seasons on reproductive performance of sows[J].Swine Production,2017,1:41-46.(in Chinese)
[15] 严静,蓝海恩,何若钢,等.母猪品种、胎次、臀宽和仔猪初生重对其产程的影响[J].饲料工业,2012,33(21):41-42.YAN J,LAN H E,HE R G,et al.Effects of sow variety,parity,hip breadth and newborn weight of piglets on labor process [J].Feed Industry,2012,33(21):41-42.(in Chinese)
[16] FILHA W S A,BERNARDI M L,WENTZ I,et al.Reproductive performance of gilts according to growth rate and backfat thickness at mating[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2010,121(1):139-144.
[17] 李浩,丁亚南,宋泽和,等.妊娠不同阶段母猪背膘厚度对产仔性能的影响[J].养猪,2018,4:33-35.LI H,DING Y N,SONG Z H,et al.Effects of backfat thickness on litter performance in different stages of pregnancy[J].Swine Production,2018,4:33-35.(in Chinese)
[18] MALIK N M,CARTER N D,MURRAY J F,et al.Leptin requirement for conception,implantation,and gestation in the mouse[J].Endocrinology,2001,142(12):5198-5202.
[19] BARROSO G,BARRIONUEVO M,RAO P,et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor,nitric oxide,and leptin follicular fluid levels correlate negatively with embryo quality in IVF patients[J].Fertility & Sterility,1999,72(6):1024-1026.
[20] BERG E P,MCFADIN E L,MADDOCK R R,et al.Serum concentrations of leptin in six genetic lines of swine and relationship with growth and carcass characteristics[J].Journal of Animal Science,2003,81(1):167.
[21] OLIVIERO C,HEINONEN M,VALROS A,et al.Environmental and sow-related factors affecting the duration of farrowing[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2010,119(1):85-91.
[22] 刘自逵,屠迪,罗柏荣.母猪产程过长的解决思路和措施[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2010,22:107-108.LIU Z K,TU D,LUO B R.Ideas and measures to solve the problem of prolonged labor in sows[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2010,22:107-108.(in Chinese)
[23] 李海涛,王希彪,狄生伟,等.母猪不同时期背膘厚度与繁殖性能关系的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2009,6:64-65.LI H T,WANG X B,DI S W,et al.Study on the relationship between backfat thickness and teproductive performance of sows in different periods[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2009,6:64-65.(in Chinese)
[24] 刘柱,杨志远,李哓玉,等.分娩与断奶背膘厚度对猪繁殖性能的影响研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2014,41(6):187-190.LIU Z,YANG Z Y,LI Q Y,et al.Study on influence of sows,backfat thickness at farrowing and weaning on reproductive performance[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2014,41(6):187-190.(in Chinese)
[25] ROONGSITTHICHAI A,TUMMARUK P.Importance of backfat thickness to reproductive performance in female pigs[J].Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2014,44(2):171-178.
[26] 陈玲,黄大鹏,魏国生.妊娠后期营养水平对初产母猪繁殖性能及血液生化指标的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2018,45(8):2190-2190.CHEN L,HUANG D P,WEI G S.Effects of nutrient level during late pregnancy on reproductive performance and blood biochemical indexes of primiparous sows[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2018,45(8):2190-2190.(in Chinese)
[27] 张涛,陈志林,陈预明,等.繁殖期背膘及其变化对后备母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].养猪,2015,5:33-37.ZHANG T,CHEN Z L,CHEN Y M,et al.Effects of backfat and its changes on reproductive performance of gilts during reproduction[J].Swine Production,2015,5:33-37.(in Chinese)
[2] 赵云翔,朱琳,黄志强,等.大白初产母猪背膘厚对产仔性能和断奶再配间隔的影响[J].养猪,2016,2:38-40.ZHAO Y X,ZHU L,HUANG Z Q,et al.Effects of backfat thickness on litter performance and weaning interval of White sows[J].Swine Production,2016,2:38-40.(in Chinese)
[3] 张景锋,朱宽佑,徐秋良,等.背膘厚对母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2018,7:72-74.ZHANG J F,ZHU K Y,XU Q L,et al.Effects of different gestation backfat thickness on reproductive performance in Large White and Landrace sows[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2018,7:72-74.(in Chinese)
[4] 赵乔辉,朱世平,刘颖,等.大白猪和长白猪妊娠周期内背膘厚对繁殖性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(21):7-11.ZHAO Q H,ZHU S P,LIU Y,et al.Effects of different gestation backfat thickness on reproductive performance in Large White pigs and Landrace pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2014,50(21):7-11.(in Chinese)
[5] 单妹,凌宝明,蓝天,等.法系大约克母猪临产背膘厚与产程、健仔率及死胎率的关系[J].养猪,2016,1:30-32.SHAN M,LING B M,LAN T,et al.Relationship between farrowing and backfat thickness of sows in legal system and labor process,healthy birth rate and stillbirth rate[J].Swine Production,2016,1:30-32.(in Chinese)
[6] 曾检华,鄢航,许兆伟,等.陆川母猪产程对繁殖性能的影响[J].养猪,2015,5:30-32.ZENG J H,YAN H,XU Z W,et al.The effects on reproductive performance of duration of farrowing in Luchuan sows[J].Swine Production,2015,5:30-32.(in Chinese)
[7] 吴同山,李岩,王敬军.在同一猪场条件下地方品种猪与引进猪种繁殖性状表现的比较[J].养猪,2005,2:6-7.WU T S,LI Y,WANG J J.Comparison of reproductive performance between local pig breeds and imported pig breeds under the same pig farm conditions[J].Swine Production,2005,2:6-7.(in Chinese)
[8] CAMERON J C K N,CAMERON A N D.Reproductive performance of pigs selected for components of efficient lean growth[J].Animal Science,1995,60(2):281-290.
[9] 姜清洪,王士雨.影响母猪产程的“三大因素”[J].中国畜牧业,2013,23:78-79.JIANG Q H,WANG S Y.The “Three Factors” affecting sow labor process [J].China Animal Industry,2013,23:78-79.(in Chinese)
[10] 李想.深度剖析母猪产程与死胎的相关性[J].猪业科学,2015,1:118-119.LI X.In-depth analysis of the correlation between sow labor and stillbirth[J].Swine Industry Science,2015,1:118-119.(in Chinese)
[11] 孟庆利,周海深.进产房哺乳母猪不同背膘厚和胎次对产程时间长短比较研究[J].养猪,2017,1:47-48.MENG Q L,ZHOU H S.Comparative study on the duration of labor with different backfat thickness and parity of nursing sows entering the delivery room[J].Swine Production,2017,1:47-48.(in Chinese)
[12] 王立贤,DEGREEF K H.单性状选择生长速度或背膘厚母猪身体组成的变化及其与繁殖性能的关系[J].畜牧兽医学报,2001,32(5):385-389.WANG l X,DEGREEF K H.Responses of sow body composition to selection growthrate or low backfat depth and their relations with reproductive traits[J].Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2001,32(5):385-389.(in Chinese)
[13] YOUNG M G,TOKACH M D,AHERNE F X,et al.Comparison of three methods of feeding sows in gestation and the subsequent effects on lactation performance[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(10):3058.
[14] 郭建凤,牛月波,王继英,等.不同品种及产仔季节对母猪繁殖性能影响[J].养猪,2017,1:41-46.GUO J F,NIU Y B,WANG J Y,et al.Effects of different breeds and litter seasons on reproductive performance of sows[J].Swine Production,2017,1:41-46.(in Chinese)
[15] 严静,蓝海恩,何若钢,等.母猪品种、胎次、臀宽和仔猪初生重对其产程的影响[J].饲料工业,2012,33(21):41-42.YAN J,LAN H E,HE R G,et al.Effects of sow variety,parity,hip breadth and newborn weight of piglets on labor process [J].Feed Industry,2012,33(21):41-42.(in Chinese)
[16] FILHA W S A,BERNARDI M L,WENTZ I,et al.Reproductive performance of gilts according to growth rate and backfat thickness at mating[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2010,121(1):139-144.
[17] 李浩,丁亚南,宋泽和,等.妊娠不同阶段母猪背膘厚度对产仔性能的影响[J].养猪,2018,4:33-35.LI H,DING Y N,SONG Z H,et al.Effects of backfat thickness on litter performance in different stages of pregnancy[J].Swine Production,2018,4:33-35.(in Chinese)
[18] MALIK N M,CARTER N D,MURRAY J F,et al.Leptin requirement for conception,implantation,and gestation in the mouse[J].Endocrinology,2001,142(12):5198-5202.
[19] BARROSO G,BARRIONUEVO M,RAO P,et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor,nitric oxide,and leptin follicular fluid levels correlate negatively with embryo quality in IVF patients[J].Fertility & Sterility,1999,72(6):1024-1026.
[20] BERG E P,MCFADIN E L,MADDOCK R R,et al.Serum concentrations of leptin in six genetic lines of swine and relationship with growth and carcass characteristics[J].Journal of Animal Science,2003,81(1):167.
[21] OLIVIERO C,HEINONEN M,VALROS A,et al.Environmental and sow-related factors affecting the duration of farrowing[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2010,119(1):85-91.
[22] 刘自逵,屠迪,罗柏荣.母猪产程过长的解决思路和措施[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2010,22:107-108.LIU Z K,TU D,LUO B R.Ideas and measures to solve the problem of prolonged labor in sows[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2010,22:107-108.(in Chinese)
[23] 李海涛,王希彪,狄生伟,等.母猪不同时期背膘厚度与繁殖性能关系的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2009,6:64-65.LI H T,WANG X B,DI S W,et al.Study on the relationship between backfat thickness and teproductive performance of sows in different periods[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2009,6:64-65.(in Chinese)
[24] 刘柱,杨志远,李哓玉,等.分娩与断奶背膘厚度对猪繁殖性能的影响研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2014,41(6):187-190.LIU Z,YANG Z Y,LI Q Y,et al.Study on influence of sows,backfat thickness at farrowing and weaning on reproductive performance[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2014,41(6):187-190.(in Chinese)
[25] ROONGSITTHICHAI A,TUMMARUK P.Importance of backfat thickness to reproductive performance in female pigs[J].Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2014,44(2):171-178.
[26] 陈玲,黄大鹏,魏国生.妊娠后期营养水平对初产母猪繁殖性能及血液生化指标的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2018,45(8):2190-2190.CHEN L,HUANG D P,WEI G S.Effects of nutrient level during late pregnancy on reproductive performance and blood biochemical indexes of primiparous sows[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2018,45(8):2190-2190.(in Chinese)
[27] 张涛,陈志林,陈预明,等.繁殖期背膘及其变化对后备母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].养猪,2015,5:33-37.ZHANG T,CHEN Z L,CHEN Y M,et al.Effects of backfat and its changes on reproductive performance of gilts during reproduction[J].Swine Production,2015,5:33-37.(in Chinese)
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