马尾松人工林密度控制图及密度预警研究
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摘要
【目的】密度控制图是一个集设计、展示、评价不同经营措施的有效工具,为同龄林经营提供决策依据。本研究首先是构建热林中心马尾松人工林密度控制图,并在此基础上对马尾松林分密度进行评估,进而构建密度预警图,并根据预警图提出相应的森林经营建议。【方法】以广西壮族自治区热林中心的马尾松人工林为研究对象,基于2011年建立的238块固定样地调查数据以及2013年和2015年的复测数据,采用Reineke自然稀疏方程,构建马尾松密度控制图,基于最优密度的上下限以及二类调查数据,构建马尾松人工林的密度预警图。【结果】基于最优密度上下限、优势高模型、材积模型以及地位指数模型构建了热林中心马尾松人工林的密度控制图;根据密度控制图和现有林分的密度情况,构建了热林中心密度预警图,基于此提出了相应的经营建议。【结论】本研究将热林中心马尾松分为高密度林分,低密度林分以及合理密度的林分,并根据林分所处的状态提出不同的经营建议。高密度的林分,采用疏伐的措施,将林分引向最优密度区间;低密度的林分,采取补植珍贵树种的方式,促使林分朝着合理密度方向发展,落入合理区间的林分,不采取任何与密度调控相关的经营措施,使林分按照原来的经营模式发展,为热林中心马尾松人工林的可持续经营提供决策支持。
[Objective] Stand density management diagram(SDMD) is an effective tool for designing,displaying and evaluating different management measures, and hence provides decision support for evenaged forest management. The objective of this study was first to construct a SDMD for Pinus massoniana plantation for the Tropical Research Center(TRC). Second, based on the SDMD, the stand density of TRC was evaluated and an early warning diagram(EWD) of stand density was further produced with relevant management suggestions. [Method] The data used in this present study consists of 238 permanent sample plots, which were established in 2011 and re-measured in 2013 and 2015. The Reineke self-thinning equation was used to develop the SDMD. Based on the SDMD, the EWD for TRC was produced using the forest management planning data. [Result] Based on the optimal density upper and lower limits, dominant height model, volume model and site index model, we constructed the SDMD for Pinus massoniana plantation in TRC. According to the SDMD and the stand density, the EWD was constructed and the management suggestions were provided. [Conclusion] In this study, we divided the Pinus massoniana plantation in TRC into three different stands, i.e., high-density stands, low-density stands and the optimal density stands. For the three different stands, different management strategies were proposed. For highdensity stand, we can conduct the thinning operations to decrease the density and achieve optimal density stands conversion. For low-density stands, the management measures of replanting precious tree can be conducted, which could contribute to the development of reasonable density. Compared with the above two stands, the optimal density stands could not be conducted any management strategies, which can support the formulation of the Pinus massoniana plantation management strategies.
[Objective] Stand density management diagram(SDMD) is an effective tool for designing,displaying and evaluating different management measures, and hence provides decision support for evenaged forest management. The objective of this study was first to construct a SDMD for Pinus massoniana plantation for the Tropical Research Center(TRC). Second, based on the SDMD, the stand density of TRC was evaluated and an early warning diagram(EWD) of stand density was further produced with relevant management suggestions. [Method] The data used in this present study consists of 238 permanent sample plots, which were established in 2011 and re-measured in 2013 and 2015. The Reineke self-thinning equation was used to develop the SDMD. Based on the SDMD, the EWD for TRC was produced using the forest management planning data. [Result] Based on the optimal density upper and lower limits, dominant height model, volume model and site index model, we constructed the SDMD for Pinus massoniana plantation in TRC. According to the SDMD and the stand density, the EWD was constructed and the management suggestions were provided. [Conclusion] In this study, we divided the Pinus massoniana plantation in TRC into three different stands, i.e., high-density stands, low-density stands and the optimal density stands. For the three different stands, different management strategies were proposed. For highdensity stand, we can conduct the thinning operations to decrease the density and achieve optimal density stands conversion. For low-density stands, the management measures of replanting precious tree can be conducted, which could contribute to the development of reasonable density. Compared with the above two stands, the optimal density stands could not be conducted any management strategies, which can support the formulation of the Pinus massoniana plantation management strategies.
引文
[1]Schnell S,Kleinn C,álvarez González,J G.Stand density management diagrams for three exotic tree species in smallholder plantations in Vietnam[J].Small-Scale Forestry,2012,11(4):509-528.
[2]Newton P F.Stand density management diagrams:review of their development and utility in stand-level management planning[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,98(3):251-265.
[3]Moore J R,Cown D J,Mckinley R B,et al.Effects of stand density and seedlot on three wood properties of young radiate pine grown at a dry-land site in New Zealand[J].New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,2015,45(1):4.
[4]田猛,曾伟生,孟京辉,等.福建杉木人工林密度控制图研制及应用[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(3):157-163.Tian M,Zeng W S,Meng J H,et al.Development and application of density management diagram for Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in Fujian[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(3):157-163.
[5]Penner M,Swift E,Gagnon R,et al.A stand density management diagram for spruce-balsam fir mixtures in New Brunswick[J].The Forestry Chronicle,2007,83(2):187-197.
[6]Newton P F,Lei Y,Zhang S Y.Stand-level diameter distribution yield model for black spruce plantations[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,209(3):181-192.
[7]Luis J F S,Fonseca T F.The allometric model in the stand density management of Pinus pinaster Ait[J].Annals of Forest Science,2004,61(8):807-814.
[8]López-Sánchez C,Rodríguez-Soalleiro R.A density management diagram including stand stability and crown fire risk for Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)Franco in Spain[J].Mountain Research and Development,2009,29(2):169-176.
[9]Barrio Anta M,álvarez González,J G.Development of a stand density management diagram for even-aged pedunculate oak stands and its use in designing thinning schedules[J].Forestry:an International Journal of Forest Research,2005,78(3):209-216.
[10]Long J N,Shaw J D.A density management diagram for evenaged ponderosa pine stands[J].Western Journal of Applied Forestry,2005,20(4):205.
[11]Vacchiano G,Motta R,Long J N,et al.A density management diagram for Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.):a tool for assessing the forest’s protective effect[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(7):2542-2554.
[12]Valbuena P,Peso D C,Bravo F.Stand density management diagrams for two mediterranean pine species in eastern Spain[J].Investigación Agraria:Sistemas y Recursos Forestales,2008,17(2):97-104.
[13]尹泰龙,韩福庆,迟金城,等.林分密度控制图的编制与应用[J].中国林业科学,1978(3):1-11.Yin T L,Han F Q,Chi J C,et al.Development and application of stand density management diagram[J].Chinese Academy of Forestry,1978(3):1-11.
[14]靳爱仙,周国英,史大林,等.马尾松人工林碳储量密度控制图的编制[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(3):54-57.Jin A X,Zhou G Y,Shi D L,et al.Establishment of the Pinus massoniana carbon storage density control graph[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2009,24(3):54-57.
[15]向玉国,郑小贤,刘波云,等.福建将乐林场杉木碳储量密度控制图的编制[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(8):99-104.Xiang Y G,Zheng X X,Liu B Y,et al.Establishment of carbon storage density management diagram for Chinese fir in Jiangle Forest Farm of Fujian Province[J].Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity(Natural Science Edition),2014,42(8):99-104.
[16]Reineke L.Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forests[J].Journal of Agricultural Research,1933,1:627-638.
[17]Kmenta J.Elements of econometrics[M].London:Collier Macmillan,1986.
[18]Leduc D J.A comparative analysis of the reduced major axis technique of fitting[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1987,17:654-659.
[19]Solomon D S,Zhang L.Maximum size-density relationships for mixed softwoods in the northeastern USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2002,155(1):163-170.
[20]秦国峰,周志春,金国庆,等.马尾松速生丰产林不同培育目标的适宜造林密度[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(6):620-627.Qin G F,Zhou Z C,Jin G Q,et al.Determining optimum planting density of masson pine fast-growing and high-yielding plantations for various cultivation objectives[J].Forest Research,1999,12(6):620-627.
[21]Meng J,Lu Y,Zeng J.Transformation of a degraded Pinus massoniana plantation into a mixed-species irregular forest:impacts on stand structure and growth in southern China[J].Forests,2014,5(12):3199-3221.
[22]梁瑞龙,杨章旗,蒙福祥.广西马尾松(人工林)多形曲线地位指数表的研制[J].广西林业科学,1996,25(1):47-49.Liang R L,Yang Z Q,Meng F X.Development of multi-form curve status index table of Pinus massoniana(artificial forest)in Guangxi Province[J].Guangxi Forestry Science,1996,25(1):47-49.
[2]Newton P F.Stand density management diagrams:review of their development and utility in stand-level management planning[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,98(3):251-265.
[3]Moore J R,Cown D J,Mckinley R B,et al.Effects of stand density and seedlot on three wood properties of young radiate pine grown at a dry-land site in New Zealand[J].New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,2015,45(1):4.
[4]田猛,曾伟生,孟京辉,等.福建杉木人工林密度控制图研制及应用[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(3):157-163.Tian M,Zeng W S,Meng J H,et al.Development and application of density management diagram for Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in Fujian[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(3):157-163.
[5]Penner M,Swift E,Gagnon R,et al.A stand density management diagram for spruce-balsam fir mixtures in New Brunswick[J].The Forestry Chronicle,2007,83(2):187-197.
[6]Newton P F,Lei Y,Zhang S Y.Stand-level diameter distribution yield model for black spruce plantations[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,209(3):181-192.
[7]Luis J F S,Fonseca T F.The allometric model in the stand density management of Pinus pinaster Ait[J].Annals of Forest Science,2004,61(8):807-814.
[8]López-Sánchez C,Rodríguez-Soalleiro R.A density management diagram including stand stability and crown fire risk for Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)Franco in Spain[J].Mountain Research and Development,2009,29(2):169-176.
[9]Barrio Anta M,álvarez González,J G.Development of a stand density management diagram for even-aged pedunculate oak stands and its use in designing thinning schedules[J].Forestry:an International Journal of Forest Research,2005,78(3):209-216.
[10]Long J N,Shaw J D.A density management diagram for evenaged ponderosa pine stands[J].Western Journal of Applied Forestry,2005,20(4):205.
[11]Vacchiano G,Motta R,Long J N,et al.A density management diagram for Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.):a tool for assessing the forest’s protective effect[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(7):2542-2554.
[12]Valbuena P,Peso D C,Bravo F.Stand density management diagrams for two mediterranean pine species in eastern Spain[J].Investigación Agraria:Sistemas y Recursos Forestales,2008,17(2):97-104.
[13]尹泰龙,韩福庆,迟金城,等.林分密度控制图的编制与应用[J].中国林业科学,1978(3):1-11.Yin T L,Han F Q,Chi J C,et al.Development and application of stand density management diagram[J].Chinese Academy of Forestry,1978(3):1-11.
[14]靳爱仙,周国英,史大林,等.马尾松人工林碳储量密度控制图的编制[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(3):54-57.Jin A X,Zhou G Y,Shi D L,et al.Establishment of the Pinus massoniana carbon storage density control graph[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2009,24(3):54-57.
[15]向玉国,郑小贤,刘波云,等.福建将乐林场杉木碳储量密度控制图的编制[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(8):99-104.Xiang Y G,Zheng X X,Liu B Y,et al.Establishment of carbon storage density management diagram for Chinese fir in Jiangle Forest Farm of Fujian Province[J].Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity(Natural Science Edition),2014,42(8):99-104.
[16]Reineke L.Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forests[J].Journal of Agricultural Research,1933,1:627-638.
[17]Kmenta J.Elements of econometrics[M].London:Collier Macmillan,1986.
[18]Leduc D J.A comparative analysis of the reduced major axis technique of fitting[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1987,17:654-659.
[19]Solomon D S,Zhang L.Maximum size-density relationships for mixed softwoods in the northeastern USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2002,155(1):163-170.
[20]秦国峰,周志春,金国庆,等.马尾松速生丰产林不同培育目标的适宜造林密度[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(6):620-627.Qin G F,Zhou Z C,Jin G Q,et al.Determining optimum planting density of masson pine fast-growing and high-yielding plantations for various cultivation objectives[J].Forest Research,1999,12(6):620-627.
[21]Meng J,Lu Y,Zeng J.Transformation of a degraded Pinus massoniana plantation into a mixed-species irregular forest:impacts on stand structure and growth in southern China[J].Forests,2014,5(12):3199-3221.
[22]梁瑞龙,杨章旗,蒙福祥.广西马尾松(人工林)多形曲线地位指数表的研制[J].广西林业科学,1996,25(1):47-49.Liang R L,Yang Z Q,Meng F X.Development of multi-form curve status index table of Pinus massoniana(artificial forest)in Guangxi Province[J].Guangxi Forestry Science,1996,25(1):47-49.
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