智能饲喂器对哺乳母猪采食量体况和生产性能的影响
|
摘要
为探究不同饲喂方式对哺乳母猪采食量、体况和生产性能的影响,满足哺乳母猪获得最大采食量并达到精准饲喂控制等需求,该文以哺乳母猪为试验对象,比较不同饲喂方式对哺乳母猪采食量、体况和生产性能的影响。试验共选用40只1胎母猪,随机分为3组:试验1组采用智能饲喂器饲喂(6次/d)、试验2组采用人工饲喂(6次/d)、对照组采用人工饲喂(3次/d)。结果表明,在试验环境条件下,哺乳8～21 d、人工饲喂3次/d的采食量(6.46 kg)显著高于智能饲喂6次/d(5.22 kg)(P<0.05),2种饲喂方式在母猪的体质量变化、背膘变化、总产仔数、断奶后发情天数、仔猪日增体质量和用水量方面均无显著性差异(P>0.05);哺乳母猪在采食过多时可能引起厌食进而降低后期的采食量,应按照饲喂参数逐步增加饲喂量饲喂;在现有设备投资和工资水平下,智能饲喂器正常使用4.5 a可取代1名优秀饲养员。研究结果可为今后智能化饲喂替代有经验人工饲喂、根据饲养条件选择饲喂方式提供参考。
During lactation period, body mass and backfat loss of lactating sows were relatively severe, improving the feed intake of lactating sows is the key to improving performance of lactating sows and piglets. With the rapid development of large-scale and intensive breeding pig farms in China, the demand for intelligent feeding equipments have been increased,intelligent feeding equipments can not only save labors but also can increase the feed intake of lactating sows. In order to explore the effect of intelligent feeding on feed intake, body condition and production performance of lactating sows, different feeding modes of feed intake, reproductive performance, water consumption of sows and growth rate of piglets were measured and analyzed. 40 healthy first-born sows, including 13 Landrace pigs and 27 Large White pigs, were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, there were 15 sows in the test group 1(5 Landrace pigs and 10 Large White pigs), 13 sows in the test group 2(4 Landrace pigs and 9 Large White pigs) and 12 sows in the control group(4 Landrace pigs and 8 Large White pigs).Test group 1 was fed with intelligent feeder(6 times per day), test group 2 was fed artificial(6 times per day) and control group was fed artificial(3 times per day). Sows in control group were fed at 7:00, 10:30 and 17:00, respectively, the amount of feeding per meal was same and was 1/3 of the total amount of feeding per day, from 1 to 7 d after farrowing, sows were fed with restricted feeding, from 8 to 21 d of lactation(weaning age), sows were fed with step up feeding scheme, the feed offered at each meal was adjusted according to the condition of the former meal, if there was no residue of feed in the feeder, the feed offered at this meal would be added within 200 g, the total feeding amount of the next day was 300-500 g more than that of the previous day in all. If there was residue more than 50% of the feed offered, a small amount of feeding or no feeding was required in the next meal. Sows in teat group 1 were fed at 5:00-7:00, 8:00-10:00, 11:00-13:00, 14:00-16:00, 17:00-19:00 and20:00-22:00, respectively, the percent of each meal was 30%, 10%, 10%, 10%, 30% and 10% of the feed should be offered in one day, respectively. From 1 to 21 d of lactation, feed offered each day was given according to the setting feed offered. The feed offered at each meal was adjusted according to the condition of the former meal and the feed offered previous day, If the first feeding was finished according to the setting value, the feeding amount would be increased by one grade(10% of the feeding amount on the same day) and reduced by one grade if there was leftovers. Sows in test group 2 were fed at 7:00, 8:30, 10:30,14:00, 17:00 and 20:00, respectively, and the feed offered at each meal was 1/6 of the feed offered one day. From 8 to 21 d of lactation, the feed offered at each meal was adjusted according to the condition of the former meal, if there was no residue in the feeder, the feed offered at this meal would be added within 100 g,feed offered one day would be 300～500 g more than that of the previous day in all. If there was residue more than 50% of the feed offered, no feeding was offered for the next meal.The results showed that the feed intake of artificial feeding for 3 e times per day(6.46 kg) was significantly higher than that of intelligent feeding for 6 times per day(5.22 kg) under the experimental environment during the lactation days of 8-21 d(P<0.05). If only consider the daily feeding intake of lactating sows, artificial feeding for 3 times per day was better than intelligent feeding for 6 times per day. The change of body mass, backfat change, water consumption, number of total piglets,days of estrus after weaning and average daily gained of body mass of one piglet had no significant difference(P>0.05). But intelligent feeding for 6 times per day was slightly better than artificial feeding for 3 times per day in backfat change, days of estrus after weaning and average daily gained of body mass of one piglet. Ad libitum fed after farrowing perhaps could lead to anorexia which can affect the feeding intake and body condition negatively. It was necessary to use intelligent feeders under such conditions like simulating excellent experienced workers when excellent experienced workers were not easy to hire and in research work which need to collect feed parameters. Under the existing equipment investment and wage level, the intelligent feeder could replace an excellent breeder with the normal use of 4.5 a. The results can provide reference for intelligent feeding to replace experienced artificial feeding and to select feeding methods according to feeding conditions in the future.
During lactation period, body mass and backfat loss of lactating sows were relatively severe, improving the feed intake of lactating sows is the key to improving performance of lactating sows and piglets. With the rapid development of large-scale and intensive breeding pig farms in China, the demand for intelligent feeding equipments have been increased,intelligent feeding equipments can not only save labors but also can increase the feed intake of lactating sows. In order to explore the effect of intelligent feeding on feed intake, body condition and production performance of lactating sows, different feeding modes of feed intake, reproductive performance, water consumption of sows and growth rate of piglets were measured and analyzed. 40 healthy first-born sows, including 13 Landrace pigs and 27 Large White pigs, were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, there were 15 sows in the test group 1(5 Landrace pigs and 10 Large White pigs), 13 sows in the test group 2(4 Landrace pigs and 9 Large White pigs) and 12 sows in the control group(4 Landrace pigs and 8 Large White pigs).Test group 1 was fed with intelligent feeder(6 times per day), test group 2 was fed artificial(6 times per day) and control group was fed artificial(3 times per day). Sows in control group were fed at 7:00, 10:30 and 17:00, respectively, the amount of feeding per meal was same and was 1/3 of the total amount of feeding per day, from 1 to 7 d after farrowing, sows were fed with restricted feeding, from 8 to 21 d of lactation(weaning age), sows were fed with step up feeding scheme, the feed offered at each meal was adjusted according to the condition of the former meal, if there was no residue of feed in the feeder, the feed offered at this meal would be added within 200 g, the total feeding amount of the next day was 300-500 g more than that of the previous day in all. If there was residue more than 50% of the feed offered, a small amount of feeding or no feeding was required in the next meal. Sows in teat group 1 were fed at 5:00-7:00, 8:00-10:00, 11:00-13:00, 14:00-16:00, 17:00-19:00 and20:00-22:00, respectively, the percent of each meal was 30%, 10%, 10%, 10%, 30% and 10% of the feed should be offered in one day, respectively. From 1 to 21 d of lactation, feed offered each day was given according to the setting feed offered. The feed offered at each meal was adjusted according to the condition of the former meal and the feed offered previous day, If the first feeding was finished according to the setting value, the feeding amount would be increased by one grade(10% of the feeding amount on the same day) and reduced by one grade if there was leftovers. Sows in test group 2 were fed at 7:00, 8:30, 10:30,14:00, 17:00 and 20:00, respectively, and the feed offered at each meal was 1/6 of the feed offered one day. From 8 to 21 d of lactation, the feed offered at each meal was adjusted according to the condition of the former meal, if there was no residue in the feeder, the feed offered at this meal would be added within 100 g,feed offered one day would be 300～500 g more than that of the previous day in all. If there was residue more than 50% of the feed offered, no feeding was offered for the next meal.The results showed that the feed intake of artificial feeding for 3 e times per day(6.46 kg) was significantly higher than that of intelligent feeding for 6 times per day(5.22 kg) under the experimental environment during the lactation days of 8-21 d(P<0.05). If only consider the daily feeding intake of lactating sows, artificial feeding for 3 times per day was better than intelligent feeding for 6 times per day. The change of body mass, backfat change, water consumption, number of total piglets,days of estrus after weaning and average daily gained of body mass of one piglet had no significant difference(P>0.05). But intelligent feeding for 6 times per day was slightly better than artificial feeding for 3 times per day in backfat change, days of estrus after weaning and average daily gained of body mass of one piglet. Ad libitum fed after farrowing perhaps could lead to anorexia which can affect the feeding intake and body condition negatively. It was necessary to use intelligent feeders under such conditions like simulating excellent experienced workers when excellent experienced workers were not easy to hire and in research work which need to collect feed parameters. Under the existing equipment investment and wage level, the intelligent feeder could replace an excellent breeder with the normal use of 4.5 a. The results can provide reference for intelligent feeding to replace experienced artificial feeding and to select feeding methods according to feeding conditions in the future.
引文
[1]Macharia K O.Sow Lactation:Colostrum and Milk Yield:a Review[J].Journal of Animal Science Advances,2012,2(6):525-533.
[2]Park M S,Shinde P L,Yang Y X,et al.Reproductive Performance,Milk Composition,Blood Metabolites and Hormone Profiles of Lactating Sows Fed Diets with Different Cereal and Fat Sources[J].Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2016,23(23):226-233.
[3]Heo S,Yang Y X,Jin Z,et al.Effects of dietary energy and lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites,hormones,milk compositions and reproductive performance in primiparous sows[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2008,88(2):247-255.
[4]Mcnamara J P,Pettigrew J E.Protein and fat utilization in lactating sows:I.Effects on milk production and body composition[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,80(9):2442-2451.
[5]Estienne M J,Harper A F,Horsley B R.Effect of P G 600 on rebreeding performance in sows limit-fed during lactation[J].Reproductive biology,2006,6(1):51-62.
[6]Eckhardt O H,Horta F C,Parazzi L J,et al.Differences in maternal plane of nutrition and body condition during late gestation coupled with estrus synchronization at weaning do not result in differences in embryonic development at 4 days of gestation[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(7):3436-3444.
[7]Yoder C L,Schwab C R,Fix J S,et al.Estimation of deviations from predicted lactation feed intake and the effect on reproductive performance[J].Livestock Science,2013,154(1):184-192.
[8]Ogrady J F,Elsley F W,Macpherson R M,et al.The response of lactating sows and their litters to different dietary energy allowances.1.Milk yield and composition,reproductive performance of sows and growth rate of litters[J].Animal production,1973,17(1):65-74.
[9]Van Leeuwen J J,Martens M R,Jourquin J,et al.Effects of altrenogest treatments before and after weaning on follicular development,farrowing rate,and litter size in sows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(8):2397-2406.
[10]Baidoo S K,Aherne F X,Kirkwood R N,et al.Effect of feed intake during lactation and after weaning on sow reproductive performance[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1993,72(4):911-917.
[11]Eissen J J,Kanis E,Kemp B,et al.Sow factors affecting voluntary feed intake during lactation[J].Livestock Production Science,2000,64(2):147-165.
[12]Long H F,Ju W S,Piao L G,et al.Effect of dietary energy levels of gestating sows on physiological parameters and reproductive performance[J].Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2010,23(8):1080-1088.
[13]Brand H V D,Dieleman S J,Soede N M,et al.Dietary energy source at two feeding levels during lactation in primiparous sows.I.Effects on glucose,insulin and LH and on follicle development,weaning-to-estrus interval and ovulation rate[J].Journal of Animal Science,2000,78(2):396-404
[14]董国忠.哺乳母猪采食量的重要性[J].动物营养学报,2007,19(S1):446-453.Dong Guozhong.The importance of feed intake in lactating sows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2007,19(S1):446-453.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Clowes E J,Aherne F X,Foxcroft G R,et al.Selective protein loss in lactating sows is associated with reduced litter growth and ovarian function[J].Journal of Animal Science,2003,81(3):753-764.
[16]Cools A,Maes D,Decaluwe R,et al.Ad libitum feeding during the peripartal period affects body condition,reproduction results and metabolism of sows[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2014,145(3):130-140.
[17]Thingnes S L,Ekker A S,Gaustad A H,et al.Ad libitum versus step-up feeding during late lactation:The effect on feed consumption,body composition and production performance in dry fed loose housed sows[J].Livestock Science,2012,149(3):250-259.
[18]徐言明.提高母猪繁殖力的综合措施[J].当代畜牧,2013(10):28-30.Xu Yanming.The comprehensive measures of improve sow fertility[J].Modern Animal Husbandry,2013(10):28-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]许万根.精准饲养方案[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2018.
[20]Jang J,Hong J,Jin S,et al.Comparing gestating sows housing between electronic sow feeding system and a conventional stall over three consecutive parities[J].Livestock Science,2017(199):37-45.
[21]谯仕彦,郑春田,姜建阳,等.猪营养需要(第十次修订版)[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1998.
[22]Usa N C.Nutrient requirements of swine[J].Nutrient Requirements of Swine,2012,44(3):38-44.
[23]熊本海,杨亮,曹沛,等.哺乳母猪自动饲喂机电控制系统的优化设计及试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):28-33.Xiong Benhai,Yang Liang,Cao Pei,et al.Optimal design and test of electromechanical control system of automatic feeder for nursing sow[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(20):28-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]熊本海,杨亮,郑姗姗,等.哺乳母猪精准饲喂下料控制系统的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(20):177-182.Xiong Benhai,Yang Liang,Zhen Shanshan,et al.Design and test of precise blanking control system for lactating sows[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(20):177-182.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]许栋,曹建国,杨南宗.哺乳母猪智能饲养技术在猪场中的应用研究[J].养猪,2016(2):87-88.Xu Dong,Cao Jianguo,Yang Nanzong.Study on the application of intelligent feeding technique of lactating sows in pig farms[J].Swine Production,2016(2):87-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Elsley F W,Bannerman M,Bathurst E V,et al.The effect of level of feed intake in pregnancy and in lactation upon the productivity of sows[J].Animal production,1969,11(2):225-241.
[27]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会,规模猪场环境参数与环境管理:GB/T17824.3-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[28]王美芝,吴中红,刘继军,等.猪舍有害气体及颗粒物环境参数研究综述[J].猪业科学,2016,33(4):94-97.
[29]刘铁男.光照对猪的影响及光照管理[J].现代畜牧科技,2017(2):16-16.
[30]加拿大阿尔伯特农业局畜牧处.养猪生产[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[31]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会:规模猪场生产技术规程GB/T178242-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[2]Park M S,Shinde P L,Yang Y X,et al.Reproductive Performance,Milk Composition,Blood Metabolites and Hormone Profiles of Lactating Sows Fed Diets with Different Cereal and Fat Sources[J].Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2016,23(23):226-233.
[3]Heo S,Yang Y X,Jin Z,et al.Effects of dietary energy and lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites,hormones,milk compositions and reproductive performance in primiparous sows[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2008,88(2):247-255.
[4]Mcnamara J P,Pettigrew J E.Protein and fat utilization in lactating sows:I.Effects on milk production and body composition[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,80(9):2442-2451.
[5]Estienne M J,Harper A F,Horsley B R.Effect of P G 600 on rebreeding performance in sows limit-fed during lactation[J].Reproductive biology,2006,6(1):51-62.
[6]Eckhardt O H,Horta F C,Parazzi L J,et al.Differences in maternal plane of nutrition and body condition during late gestation coupled with estrus synchronization at weaning do not result in differences in embryonic development at 4 days of gestation[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(7):3436-3444.
[7]Yoder C L,Schwab C R,Fix J S,et al.Estimation of deviations from predicted lactation feed intake and the effect on reproductive performance[J].Livestock Science,2013,154(1):184-192.
[8]Ogrady J F,Elsley F W,Macpherson R M,et al.The response of lactating sows and their litters to different dietary energy allowances.1.Milk yield and composition,reproductive performance of sows and growth rate of litters[J].Animal production,1973,17(1):65-74.
[9]Van Leeuwen J J,Martens M R,Jourquin J,et al.Effects of altrenogest treatments before and after weaning on follicular development,farrowing rate,and litter size in sows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(8):2397-2406.
[10]Baidoo S K,Aherne F X,Kirkwood R N,et al.Effect of feed intake during lactation and after weaning on sow reproductive performance[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1993,72(4):911-917.
[11]Eissen J J,Kanis E,Kemp B,et al.Sow factors affecting voluntary feed intake during lactation[J].Livestock Production Science,2000,64(2):147-165.
[12]Long H F,Ju W S,Piao L G,et al.Effect of dietary energy levels of gestating sows on physiological parameters and reproductive performance[J].Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2010,23(8):1080-1088.
[13]Brand H V D,Dieleman S J,Soede N M,et al.Dietary energy source at two feeding levels during lactation in primiparous sows.I.Effects on glucose,insulin and LH and on follicle development,weaning-to-estrus interval and ovulation rate[J].Journal of Animal Science,2000,78(2):396-404
[14]董国忠.哺乳母猪采食量的重要性[J].动物营养学报,2007,19(S1):446-453.Dong Guozhong.The importance of feed intake in lactating sows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2007,19(S1):446-453.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Clowes E J,Aherne F X,Foxcroft G R,et al.Selective protein loss in lactating sows is associated with reduced litter growth and ovarian function[J].Journal of Animal Science,2003,81(3):753-764.
[16]Cools A,Maes D,Decaluwe R,et al.Ad libitum feeding during the peripartal period affects body condition,reproduction results and metabolism of sows[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2014,145(3):130-140.
[17]Thingnes S L,Ekker A S,Gaustad A H,et al.Ad libitum versus step-up feeding during late lactation:The effect on feed consumption,body composition and production performance in dry fed loose housed sows[J].Livestock Science,2012,149(3):250-259.
[18]徐言明.提高母猪繁殖力的综合措施[J].当代畜牧,2013(10):28-30.Xu Yanming.The comprehensive measures of improve sow fertility[J].Modern Animal Husbandry,2013(10):28-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]许万根.精准饲养方案[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2018.
[20]Jang J,Hong J,Jin S,et al.Comparing gestating sows housing between electronic sow feeding system and a conventional stall over three consecutive parities[J].Livestock Science,2017(199):37-45.
[21]谯仕彦,郑春田,姜建阳,等.猪营养需要(第十次修订版)[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1998.
[22]Usa N C.Nutrient requirements of swine[J].Nutrient Requirements of Swine,2012,44(3):38-44.
[23]熊本海,杨亮,曹沛,等.哺乳母猪自动饲喂机电控制系统的优化设计及试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):28-33.Xiong Benhai,Yang Liang,Cao Pei,et al.Optimal design and test of electromechanical control system of automatic feeder for nursing sow[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(20):28-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]熊本海,杨亮,郑姗姗,等.哺乳母猪精准饲喂下料控制系统的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(20):177-182.Xiong Benhai,Yang Liang,Zhen Shanshan,et al.Design and test of precise blanking control system for lactating sows[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(20):177-182.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]许栋,曹建国,杨南宗.哺乳母猪智能饲养技术在猪场中的应用研究[J].养猪,2016(2):87-88.Xu Dong,Cao Jianguo,Yang Nanzong.Study on the application of intelligent feeding technique of lactating sows in pig farms[J].Swine Production,2016(2):87-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Elsley F W,Bannerman M,Bathurst E V,et al.The effect of level of feed intake in pregnancy and in lactation upon the productivity of sows[J].Animal production,1969,11(2):225-241.
[27]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会,规模猪场环境参数与环境管理:GB/T17824.3-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[28]王美芝,吴中红,刘继军,等.猪舍有害气体及颗粒物环境参数研究综述[J].猪业科学,2016,33(4):94-97.
[29]刘铁男.光照对猪的影响及光照管理[J].现代畜牧科技,2017(2):16-16.
[30]加拿大阿尔伯特农业局畜牧处.养猪生产[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[31]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会:规模猪场生产技术规程GB/T178242-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |