强降雨下果园除草对径流中颗粒物及营养盐的影响
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摘要
为探究夏季果园除草对果园面源污染的影响,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了3种雨强(60 mm/h、120 mm/h、180 mm/h)及2种下垫面(有草样地和无草样地)条件下,果园地表径流中颗粒物(SS)及营养盐(TN、TP)的流失情况。试验结果表明,径流中TN、TP质量浓度与SS质量浓度均呈线性相关关系,TP与SS质量浓度之间的线性相关性更强(R~2=0.921 5);人工割草造成了径流中SS、TN、TP质量浓度升高,使其单位面积流失量分别增加了30%～46%、11%～29%、11%～22%,尤其是增大了降雨后期的流失量。因此,在夏季多雨、尤其是暴雨发生时段,应减少对果园中杂草的收割频次。
In order to explore the effect of orchard weeding in summer on non-point source pollution of orchard, the loss of suspended solids(SS) and nutrients(TN, TP) in surface runoff was studied under three rainfall intensities(60 mm/h, 120 mm/h, 180 mm/h) and two kinds of underlying surface(with grass and without grass). The results show that the mass concentration of TN and TP in runoff is linearly correlated with the mass concentration of SS, and the linear correlation between the mass concentration of TP and SS is stronger(R~2=0.921 5). Artificial weeding results in the increase of SS, TN and TP mass concentration in runoff, which cause the loss per unit area of SS, TN and TP increased by 30%-46%, 11%-29% and 11%-22%, respectively, especially in the later stage of rainfall. Therefore, the frequency of orchard weeding should be reduced during the rainy summer, especially during the rainstorm period.
In order to explore the effect of orchard weeding in summer on non-point source pollution of orchard, the loss of suspended solids(SS) and nutrients(TN, TP) in surface runoff was studied under three rainfall intensities(60 mm/h, 120 mm/h, 180 mm/h) and two kinds of underlying surface(with grass and without grass). The results show that the mass concentration of TN and TP in runoff is linearly correlated with the mass concentration of SS, and the linear correlation between the mass concentration of TP and SS is stronger(R~2=0.921 5). Artificial weeding results in the increase of SS, TN and TP mass concentration in runoff, which cause the loss per unit area of SS, TN and TP increased by 30%-46%, 11%-29% and 11%-22%, respectively, especially in the later stage of rainfall. Therefore, the frequency of orchard weeding should be reduced during the rainy summer, especially during the rainstorm period.
引文
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[12] 付小猛,毛加梅,刘红明,等.国内外有机果园杂草管理技术研究综述[J].杂草学报,2016,34(4):7-11.(FU Xiaomeng,MAO Jiamei,LIU Hongming,et al.Review on weed management in organic orchards at home and abroad[J].Journal of Weed Science,2016,34(4):7-11.(in Chinese))
[13] 袁溪,潘忠成,李敏,等.雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):3099-3106.(YUAN Xi,PAN Zhongcheng,LI Min,et al.Influence of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on suspended substance and phosphorus losses in runoff[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(10):3099-3106.(in Chinese))
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[15] 张展羽,王超,杨洁,等.不同植被条件下红壤坡地果园氮磷流失特征分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):479-483.(ZHANG Zhanyu,WANG Chao,YANG Jie,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in garden of red soil slope land under different vegetation measures[J].Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences),2010,38(5):479-483.(in Chinese))
[16] 石飞,于江华,方华,等.模拟降雨下雨强对城市回填土草地径流系统中水量和污染物分配的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(9):3449-3455.(SHI Fei,YU Jianghua,FANG Hua,et al.Effects of rainfall intensity on the transport and distribution of water and pollutants in the runoff system with backfilled soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(9):3449-3455.(in Chinese))
[2] 边博,朱伟,李冰,等.太湖流域西部地区面源污染特征及其控制技术[J].水资源保护,2015,31(1):48-55.(BIAN Bo,ZHU Wei,LI Bing,et al.Characteristics and control techniques of non-point pollution in the western region of Taihu Basin[J].Water Resources Protection,2015,31(1):48-55.(in Chinese))
[3] 耿润哲,王晓燕,庞树江,等.潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(4):1258-1267.(GENG Runzhe,WANG Xiaoyan,PANG Shujiang,et al.Identification of key factors and zonation for nonpoint source pollution control in Chaohe River watershed [J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(4):1258-1267.(in Chinese))
[4] 周静雯,苏保林,黄宁波,等.不同灌溉模式下水稻田径流污染试验研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(3):963-969.(ZHOU Jingwen,SU Baolin,HUANG Ningbo,et al.Runoff pollution experiments of paddy fields under different irrigation patterns [J].Environmental Science,2016,37(3):963-969.(in Chinese))
[5] 孙铖,周华真,陈磊,等.农田化肥氮磷地表径流污染风险评估[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1266-1273.(SUN Cheng,ZHOU Huazhen,CHEN Lei,et al.The pollution risk assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in surface runoff from farmland fertilizer[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(7):1266-1273.(in Chinese))
[6] 杨翠玲,祖艳群,李元,等.不同配比的蔬菜与玉米间套作削减农田径流污染的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(2):378-384.(YANG Cuiling,ZU Yanqun,LI Yuan,et al.Reduction of runoff from cultivated land with intercropping system of different ratio of vegetables to maize[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(2):378-384.(in Chinese))
[7] 毕明浩,梁斌,董静,等.果园生草对氮素表层累积及径流损失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):102-105.(BI Minghao,LIANG Bin,DONG Jing,et al.Effects of cover crop (Vulpia myuros) on the accumulation and runoff loss of nitrogen in orchard[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(3):102-105.(in Chinese))
[8] 王艳廷,冀晓昊,吴玉森,等.我国果园生草的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1892-1900.(WANG Yanting,JI Xiaohao,WU Yusen,et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1892-1900.(in Chinese))
[9] 李发林,谢南松,郑域茹,等.生草栽培方式对坡地果园氮磷流失的控制效果[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2014,43(3):304-311.(LI Falin,XIE Nansong,ZHENG Yuru,et al.Influence of sod culture with the whole orchard on controlling the nitrogen and phosphorus erosion[J].Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2014,43(3):304-311.(in Chinese))
[10] 高小叶,张兴兴,朱建国,等.生草栽培对果园面源污染的控制:三种牧草的比较研究[J].草业学报,2015,24(2):49-54.(GAO Xiaoye,ZHANG Xingxing,ZHU Jianguo,et al.A comparison of the effect of three grass species on controlling non-point pollution in orchards[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(2):49-54.(in Chinese))
[11] 李发林,郑域茹,郑涛,等.果园带状生草对果园面源污染的控制效果[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(3):82-89.(LI Falin,ZHENG Yuru,ZHENG Tao,et al.Influence of zonal grass on non-point source pollution control in orchard[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(3):82-89.(in Chinese))
[12] 付小猛,毛加梅,刘红明,等.国内外有机果园杂草管理技术研究综述[J].杂草学报,2016,34(4):7-11.(FU Xiaomeng,MAO Jiamei,LIU Hongming,et al.Review on weed management in organic orchards at home and abroad[J].Journal of Weed Science,2016,34(4):7-11.(in Chinese))
[13] 袁溪,潘忠成,李敏,等.雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):3099-3106.(YUAN Xi,PAN Zhongcheng,LI Min,et al.Influence of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on suspended substance and phosphorus losses in runoff[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(10):3099-3106.(in Chinese))
[14] 曾远,张永春,范学平.太湖流域典型平原河网区降雨径流氮磷流失特征分析[J].水资源保护,2007,23(1):25-27.(ZENG Yuan,ZHANG Yongchun,FAN Xueping.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of rainfall runoff in typical plain river-net area of Taihu Lake Basin[J].Water Resources Protection,2007,23(1):25-27.(in Chinese))
[15] 张展羽,王超,杨洁,等.不同植被条件下红壤坡地果园氮磷流失特征分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):479-483.(ZHANG Zhanyu,WANG Chao,YANG Jie,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in garden of red soil slope land under different vegetation measures[J].Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences),2010,38(5):479-483.(in Chinese))
[16] 石飞,于江华,方华,等.模拟降雨下雨强对城市回填土草地径流系统中水量和污染物分配的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(9):3449-3455.(SHI Fei,YU Jianghua,FANG Hua,et al.Effects of rainfall intensity on the transport and distribution of water and pollutants in the runoff system with backfilled soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(9):3449-3455.(in Chinese))