博罗可努-阿齐克库都克断裂精河段晚更新世以来的断错地貌和走滑速率
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摘要
博罗可努-阿齐克库都克断裂(博-阿断裂)是中天山与北天山的板块会聚边界,它NW向斜切天山山脉,是一条继承性的右旋走滑活动断层。研究其活动性质、限定其滑动速率有助于理解天山地区晚第四纪构造变形模式、应变速率分配情况及评估区域地震危险性。文中通过卫星遥感影像解译及野外考察,基于地貌面高程、水系密度和切割深度等,将精河东南的冲洪积扇分为4期,由老到新分别命名为Fan1、Fan2、Fan3和Fan4。利用无人机航拍获取断裂附近的高精度影像,并对冲洪积扇上发育的冲沟、阶地陡坎等进行构造地貌解译,发现Fan1、Fan2和Fan3 3期冲洪积扇上发育右旋位错冲沟及断层陡坎。其中,Fan2b、Fan3a和Fan3b上的冲沟最小右旋位错约6m,最大位错分别为(414±10) m、(91±5) m和(39±1) m; Fan2b与Fan3a分界的地貌陡坎被右旋位错(212±11) m。结合前人在天山北麓得到的阶地或冲洪积扇的堆积年龄,并与古里雅冰芯气候曲线进行对比,推测Fan2b、Fan3a和Fan3b 3期冲洪积扇的下切年龄分别为56～64ka、35～41ka和10～14ka。博-阿断裂自冲洪积扇Fan2b、Fan3a和Fan3b形成以来的滑动速率分别为3. 3～3. 7mm/a、2. 2～2. 6mm/a和2. 7～3. 9mm/a,利用蒙特卡洛模拟方法拟合得到晚更新世以来其平均右旋走滑速率为(3. 1±0. 3) mm/a。
The Bolokonu-Aqikekuduke fault zone(Bo-A Fault) is the plate convergence boundary between the middle and the northern Tianshan. Bo-A Fault is an inherited right-lateral strike-slip active fault and obliquely cuts the Tianshan Mountains to the northwest. Accurately constrained fault activity and slip rate is crucial for understanding the tectonic deformation mechanism,strain rate distribution and regional seismic hazard. Based on the interpretation of satellite remote sensing images and topographic surveys,this paper divides the alluvial fans in the southeast of Jinghe River into four phases,Fan1,Fan2,Fan3 and Fan4 by geomorphological elevation,water density,depth of cut,etc. This paper interprets gullies and terrace scarps by high-resolution Li DAR topographic data. Right-laterally offset gullies,fault scarps and terrace scarps are distributed in Fan1,Fan2 b and Fan3. We have identified a total of 30 right-laterally offset gullies and terrace scarps. Minimum right-lateral displacement is about 6 m and the maximum right-lateral displacements are(414±10) m,(91±5) m and(39±1) m on Fan2 b,Fan3 a and Fan3 b. The landform scarp dividing Fan2 b and Fan3 a is offset right-laterally by(212±11) m. Combining the work done by the predecessors in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains with Guliya ice core climate curve,this paper concludes that the undercut age of alluvial fan are 56 ～ 64 ka,35 ～ 41 ka,10 ～ 14 ka in the Tianshan Mountains. The slip rate of Bo-A Fault since the formation of the Fan2 b,Fan3 a and Fan3 b of the alluvial-proluvial fan is 3. 3 ～ 3. 7 mm/a,2. 2 ～2. 6 mm/a and 2. 7 ～ 3. 9 mm/a. The right-lateral strike-slip rate since the late Pleistocene is obtained to be 3. 1±0. 3 mm/a based on high-resolution Li DAR topographic data and Monte Carlo analysis.
The Bolokonu-Aqikekuduke fault zone(Bo-A Fault) is the plate convergence boundary between the middle and the northern Tianshan. Bo-A Fault is an inherited right-lateral strike-slip active fault and obliquely cuts the Tianshan Mountains to the northwest. Accurately constrained fault activity and slip rate is crucial for understanding the tectonic deformation mechanism,strain rate distribution and regional seismic hazard. Based on the interpretation of satellite remote sensing images and topographic surveys,this paper divides the alluvial fans in the southeast of Jinghe River into four phases,Fan1,Fan2,Fan3 and Fan4 by geomorphological elevation,water density,depth of cut,etc. This paper interprets gullies and terrace scarps by high-resolution Li DAR topographic data. Right-laterally offset gullies,fault scarps and terrace scarps are distributed in Fan1,Fan2 b and Fan3. We have identified a total of 30 right-laterally offset gullies and terrace scarps. Minimum right-lateral displacement is about 6 m and the maximum right-lateral displacements are(414±10) m,(91±5) m and(39±1) m on Fan2 b,Fan3 a and Fan3 b. The landform scarp dividing Fan2 b and Fan3 a is offset right-laterally by(212±11) m. Combining the work done by the predecessors in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains with Guliya ice core climate curve,this paper concludes that the undercut age of alluvial fan are 56 ～ 64 ka,35 ～ 41 ka,10 ～ 14 ka in the Tianshan Mountains. The slip rate of Bo-A Fault since the formation of the Fan2 b,Fan3 a and Fan3 b of the alluvial-proluvial fan is 3. 3 ～ 3. 7 mm/a,2. 2 ～2. 6 mm/a and 2. 7 ～ 3. 9 mm/a. The right-lateral strike-slip rate since the late Pleistocene is obtained to be 3. 1±0. 3 mm/a based on high-resolution Li DAR topographic data and Monte Carlo analysis.
引文
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刘金瑞,任治坤,张会平,等.2018.海原断裂带老虎山段晚第四纪滑动速率精确厘定与讨论[J].地球物理学报,61(4):1281-1297.LIU Jin-rui,REN Zhi-kun,ZHANG Hui-ping,et al.2018.Late Quaternary slip rate of the Laohushan Fault within the Haiyuan fault zone and its tectonic implications[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,61(4):1281-1297(in Chinese).
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吴传勇,吴国栋,沈军,等.2014.那拉提断裂晚第四纪活动及其反映的天山内部构造变形[J].第四纪研究,34(2):269-280.WU Chuan-yong,WU Guo-dong,SHEN Jun,et al.2014.The late-Quaternary activity of the Nalati Fault and its implications for the crustal deformation in the interior of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Quaternary Sciences,34(2):269-280(in Chinese).
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闫兵,贾东.2017.沿走滑活动断层的基岩河道系统位错:以青藏高原东部为例[J].地震地质,39(6):1127-1142.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.06.003.YAN Bing,JIA Dong.2017.Systematic offset of bedrock channels along active strike-slip faults on the eastern Tibetan plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,39(6):1127-1142(in Chinses).
杨晓平,李安,黄伟亮.2012.天山北麓活动褶皱带晚第四纪时期隆升的差异性[J].中国科学(D辑),42(12):1877-1888.YANG Xiao-ping,LI An,HUANG Wei-liang.2012.Uplift differential of active fold zones during the late Quaternary,northern piedmonts of the Tianshan Mountains,China[J].Science in China(Ser D),42(12):1877-1888(in Chinese).
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邓起东,冉勇康,杨晓平,等.2007.中国活动构造图(1︰400万)[CM].北京:地震出版社.DENG Qi-dong,RAN Yong-kang,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.2007.Active Tectonic Map of China(1︰4 000 000)[CM].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李杰,王晓强,谭凯,等.2010.北天山现今活动构造的运动特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,30(6):1-5.LI Jie,WANG Xiao-qiang,TAN Kai,et al.2010.Analysis of movement characters of present-day active tectonics of northern Tianshan region[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,30(6):1-5(in Chinese).
李有利,司苏沛,吕胜华,等.2012.构造运动和气候变化对天山北麓奎屯河阶地发育的影响作用[J].第四纪研究,32(5):880-890.LI You-li,SI Su-pei,LSheng-hua,et al.2012.Tectonic and climatic controls on the development of the Kuitun River terraces in the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountians[J].Quaternary Sciences,32(5):880-890(in Chinese).
刘金瑞,任治坤,张会平,等.2018.海原断裂带老虎山段晚第四纪滑动速率精确厘定与讨论[J].地球物理学报,61(4):1281-1297.LIU Jin-rui,REN Zhi-kun,ZHANG Hui-ping,et al.2018.Late Quaternary slip rate of the Laohushan Fault within the Haiyuan fault zone and its tectonic implications[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,61(4):1281-1297(in Chinese).
吕红华,李有利,南峰,等.2008.天山北麓河流阶地序列及形成年代[J].地理学报,63(1):65-74.LHong-hua,LI You-li,NAN Feng,et al.2008.Sequences and ages of fluvial terraces along the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,63(1):65-74(in Chinese).
吴传勇,吴国栋,沈军,等.2014.那拉提断裂晚第四纪活动及其反映的天山内部构造变形[J].第四纪研究,34(2):269-280.WU Chuan-yong,WU Guo-dong,SHEN Jun,et al.2014.The late-Quaternary activity of the Nalati Fault and its implications for the crustal deformation in the interior of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Quaternary Sciences,34(2):269-280(in Chinese).
吴传勇.2016.西南天山北东东走向断裂的晚第四纪活动特征及在天山构造变形中的作用[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所。WU Chuan-yong.2016.Late Quaternary activity of the east-northeastern trending faults in the southwestern Tianshan and their role in the tectonic deformation of the Tianshan Mountains[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinses).
闫兵,贾东.2017.沿走滑活动断层的基岩河道系统位错:以青藏高原东部为例[J].地震地质,39(6):1127-1142.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.06.003.YAN Bing,JIA Dong.2017.Systematic offset of bedrock channels along active strike-slip faults on the eastern Tibetan plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,39(6):1127-1142(in Chinses).
杨晓平,李安,黄伟亮.2012.天山北麓活动褶皱带晚第四纪时期隆升的差异性[J].中国科学(D辑),42(12):1877-1888.YANG Xiao-ping,LI An,HUANG Wei-liang.2012.Uplift differential of active fold zones during the late Quaternary,northern piedmonts of the Tianshan Mountains,China[J].Science in China(Ser D),42(12):1877-1888(in Chinese).
杨晓平,沈军.2000.天山内部博罗科努断裂精河-阿拉山口段晚更新世以来的活动特征[J].地震地质,22(3):305-315.YANG Xiao-ping,SHEN Jun.2000.Late Quaternary activity of Jinghe-Alashankou section of the Boluokenu Fault,interior Tianshan[J].Seismology and Geology,22(3):305-315(in Chinese).
杨晓平,邓起东,张培震,等.2008.天山山前主要推覆构造区的地壳缩短[J].地震地质,30(1):111-131.YANG Xiao-ping,DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,et al.2008.Crustal shortening of major nappe structures on the front margins of the Tianshan[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):111-131(in Chinese).
易朝路,崔之久,熊黑钢.2005.中国第四纪冰期数值年表初步划分[J].第四纪研究,25(5):609-619.YI Chao-lu,CUI Zhi-jiu,XIONG Hei-gang.2005.Numerical periods of Quaternary glaciations in China[J].Quaternary Sciences,25(5):609-619.
张培震,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1995.天山北麓的冰水冲洪积地貌与新构造运动[A]∥国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社:63-78.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.1995.Glaciofluvial geomorphology and neotectonics along the rangefront of the Northern Tianshan[A]∥Institute of Geology,SSB.Research of Active Fault(4).Seismological Press,Beijing:63-78(in Chinese).
张培震,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1996.天山的晚新生代构造变形及其地球动力学问题[J].中国地震,12(2):127-140.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.1996.Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation and mechanism along the Tianshan Mountain,northwestern China[J].Earthquake Research in China,12(2):127-140(in Chinese).
张培震.2003.天山及其前陆盆地的晚新生代构造变形[J].科学通报,48(24):2499-2500.ZHANG Pei-zhen.2003.Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation of the Tianshan and its foreland basins[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,48(24):2499-2500(in Chinese).
赵井东,施雅风,王杰.2011.中国第四纪冰川演化序列与MIS对比研究的新进展[J].地理学报,66(7):867-884.ZHAO Jing-dong,SHI Ya-feng,WANG Jie.2011.Comparison between Quaternary glaciations in China and the marine oxygen isotope stage(MIS):An improved schema[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,66(7):867-884(in Chinese).
Allen M B,Windley B F,Zhang C,et al.1993.Palaeozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tienshan,central Asia[J].Tectonophysics,220(1-4):89-115.
Avouca J P,Tapponnier P.1993.Active thrusting and folding along the North Tien Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,98(B4):6755-6804.
Burtman V S,Skobelev S F,Molnar P.1996.Late Cenozoic slip on the Talas-Ferghana Fault,the Tien Shan,central Asia[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,108(8):1004-1021.
Campbell G E,Walker R T,Abdrakhmatov K,et al.2013.The Dzhungarian Fault:Late Quaternary tectonics and slip rate of a major right-lateral strike-slip fault in the northern Tien Shan region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,118(10):5681-5698.
Chen J,Heermance R,Burbank D W,et al.2007.Quantification of growth and lateral propagation of the Kashi anticline,southwest Chinese Tian Shan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,112(B3):B03S16.
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