模拟氮沉降对马尾松土壤微生物群落结构及温室气体释放的影响
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摘要
以2年生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)盆栽苗土壤为对象,通过施氮肥模拟氮沉降对土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构及温室气体释放的影响,探明氮沉降对森林土壤温室气体释放的驱动机制。结果表明,模拟氮沉降处理显著提高了土壤速效氮含量和苗木根系氮含量;土壤微生物碳(SMBC)含量比对照显著下降78%,而土壤微生物氮(SMBN)则提高2.6倍。模拟氮沉降处理显著降低土壤中微生物群落总含量。施氮肥对马尾松土壤N_2O和CO_2的释放速率均有显著影响,增施氮肥不仅显著提高了土壤N_2O的释放速率,而且CO_2释放速率短期内也显著提高,但伴随微生物群落的下降,施肥后期CO_2释放速率表现下降趋势。相关分析表明,土壤CO_2和N_2O释放与土壤pH值、土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤速效氮含量及SMBC、SMBN相关;逐步回归分析表明,土壤硝态氮含量的变化是驱动土壤温室气体释放的主导因子。3株种植单位土壤体积内根系生物量较高,增加了土壤水分的消耗速率和氮的吸收固定,因而减少N_2O的释放速率。以上研究阐明了氮沉降或过量施肥对土壤氮含量、土壤pH值、根系生物量及氮含量、土壤微生物群落结构等因子的影响,这些因子直接或间接影响土壤温室气体释放速率。氮沉降及施用氮肥是加快土壤温室气体(CO_2和N_2O)排放进程的重要因素。
To understand the driving mechanism of nitrogen deposition on greenhouse gases-emission from forest soil, we studied soil physical and chemical properties, microbial community structure and greenhouse gas-emission of potted soil of two-years old Pinus massoniana, fertilized with nitrogen. The results showed that simulated nitrogen deposition treatment significantly increased soil available nitrogen and seedling root nitrogen level. Soil microbial carbon(SMBC) decreased by 78% compared with that of the control. In contrast, soil microbial nitrogen(SMBN) increased by 2.6 times from that of control. Simulated nitrogen deposition treatment significantly reduced the level of soil total microbials. Nitrogen application had a significant effect on the soil emission rates of N_2O and CO_2: the N_2O emission rate increased with higher level of nitrogen application, the CO_2 emission rate also increased in the short term but decreased at the later stage due to the significant decrease of soil microbials. Correlation analysis showed that soil pH, temperature, moisture, available nitrogen, SMBN and SMBC were all ralated to CO_2 and N_2O emission rates. Step-wise regression analysis showed that the amount of nitrate N was the dominant factor affecting soil CO_2 and N_2O flux. Larger amount of root in the soil from the three-plant pots was beneficial to absorb and reduce the excessive nitrogen in soil and decrease N_2O emission. In conclusion, our study illustrated the effects of nitrogen deposition or excessive N fertilization on soil nitrogen content, soil pH, root biomass and soil microbial community structure and other variables, which directly or indirectly affect the emission rate of soil greenhouse gas. Soil nitrate accumlation caused by N deposition or N fertilization or N fertilization is conductive to accelerating soil greenhouse gases(CO_2 and N_2O) emission.
To understand the driving mechanism of nitrogen deposition on greenhouse gases-emission from forest soil, we studied soil physical and chemical properties, microbial community structure and greenhouse gas-emission of potted soil of two-years old Pinus massoniana, fertilized with nitrogen. The results showed that simulated nitrogen deposition treatment significantly increased soil available nitrogen and seedling root nitrogen level. Soil microbial carbon(SMBC) decreased by 78% compared with that of the control. In contrast, soil microbial nitrogen(SMBN) increased by 2.6 times from that of control. Simulated nitrogen deposition treatment significantly reduced the level of soil total microbials. Nitrogen application had a significant effect on the soil emission rates of N_2O and CO_2: the N_2O emission rate increased with higher level of nitrogen application, the CO_2 emission rate also increased in the short term but decreased at the later stage due to the significant decrease of soil microbials. Correlation analysis showed that soil pH, temperature, moisture, available nitrogen, SMBN and SMBC were all ralated to CO_2 and N_2O emission rates. Step-wise regression analysis showed that the amount of nitrate N was the dominant factor affecting soil CO_2 and N_2O flux. Larger amount of root in the soil from the three-plant pots was beneficial to absorb and reduce the excessive nitrogen in soil and decrease N_2O emission. In conclusion, our study illustrated the effects of nitrogen deposition or excessive N fertilization on soil nitrogen content, soil pH, root biomass and soil microbial community structure and other variables, which directly or indirectly affect the emission rate of soil greenhouse gas. Soil nitrate accumlation caused by N deposition or N fertilization or N fertilization is conductive to accelerating soil greenhouse gases(CO_2 and N_2O) emission.
引文
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[32] 王杰,李刚,修伟明,赵建宁,王慧,杨殿林.贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物功能多样性对氮素和水分添加的响应.草业学报,2014,23(4):343- 350.
[33] 马慧君,张雅坤,许文欢,葛之葳,阮宏华.模拟氮沉降对杨树人工林土壤微生物群落碳源利用类型影响研究.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(05):1- 6.
[34] Sitaula B K,Bakken L R,Abrahamsen G.N-fertilization and soil acidification effects on N2O and CO2 emission from temperate pine forest soil.Soil Biology & Biochemistry,1995,27(11):1401- 1408.
[35] Bowden R D,Davidson E,Savage K,Arabia C,Steudler P.Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2004,196(1):43- 56.
[36] 陈平,赵博,闫子超,杨璐,赵秀海,张春雨.太岳山油松人工林土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的短期响应.生态学报,2018,38(22):1- 10
[37] Liang G P,Cai A D,Wu H J,Wu X P,Houssou A A,Ren C J,Wang Z T,Gao L L,Wang B S,Li S P,Song X J,Cai D X.Soil biochemical parameters in the rhizosphere contribute more to changes in soil respiration and its components than those in the bulk soil under nitrogen application in croplands.Plant and Soil,2019,435(1/2):111-125
[38] Jassal R S,Black T A,Roy R,Ethier G.Effect of nitrogen fertilization on soil CH4 and N2O fluxes,and soil and bole respiration.Geoderma,2011,162:182- 186.
[39] Ling N,Chen D,Guo H,Wei J,Bai Y,Shen Q,Hu S.Differential responses of soil bacterial communities to long-term N and P inputs in a semi-arid steppe.Geoderma,2017,292:25- 33.
[40] Zhang X,Wang W.The decomposition of fine and coarse roots:their global patterns and controlling factors.Scientific Reports,2015,5:9940.
[41] Frimpong K A,Yawson D O,Baggs E M,Agyorka K.Does incorporation of cowpea-maize residue mixes influence nitrous oxide emission and mineral nitrogen release in a tropical luvisol.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2011,91(3):281- 292.
[42] Wang C H,Wang N N,Zhu J X,Liu Y,Xu X F,Niu S L,Yu G R,Han X G,He N P.Soil gross N ammonification and nitrification from tropical to temperate forests in eastern China.Functional Ecology,2018,32(1):83- 94.
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[2] Bond-Lamberty B,Thomson A.A global database of soil respiration data.Biogeosciences,2010,7:1915- 1926.
[3] Dixon R K,Solomon A M,Brown S,Houghton R A,Trexier M C.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems.Science,1994,263:185- 190.
[4] Pan Y D,Birdsey R A,Fang J Y,Houghton R,Kauppi P E,Kurz W A,Phillips O L,Shvidenko A,Lewis S L,Canadell J G,Ciais P,Jackson RB,Pacala S W,McGuire A D,Piao S L,Rautiainen A,Sitch S,Hayes D A.Large and persistent carbon sink in the world′s forests.Science,2011,333:988- 993.
[5] Williams C A,Vanderhoof M K,Khomik M,Ghimire B.Post-clearcut dynamics of carbon,water and energy exchanges in a midlatitude temperate,deciduous broadleaf forest environment.Global Change Biology,2014,20:992- 1007.
[6] 陈书涛,黄耀,邹建文,史艳姝,卢燕宇,张稳,胡正华.中国陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的年际间变异及其对气候变化的响应.中国科学:地球科学,2012,42:1273- 1281.
[7] Wu J,Roulet N T.Climate change reduces the capacity of northern peatlands to absorb the atmospheric carbon dioxide:The different responses of bogs and fens.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2015,28:1005- 1024.
[8] Andersson P,Dan B,Johnsson L.30 Years of N fertilization in a forest ecosystem-the fate of added N and effects on N fluxes.Water Air & Soil Pollution,2001,130:637- 642.
[9] Treseder K K.Nitrogen additions and microbial biomass:a meta-analysis of ecosystem studies.Ecology Letters,2008,11(10):1111–1120.
[10] Gao Q,Hasselquist N J,Palmroth S,Zheng Z,You W.Short-term response of soil respiration to nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical evergreen forest.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,76:297- 300.
[11] Haynes B E,Gower S T.Belowground carbon allocation in unfertilized and fertilized red pine plantations in northern Wisconsin.Tree Physiology,1995,15(5):317- 325.
[12 ] Kane E S,Pregitzer K S,Burton A J.Soil respiration along environmental gradients in Olympic National Park.Ecosystems,2003,6(4):326- 335.
[13] Zhou L Y.Different responses of soil respiration and its components to nitrogen addition among biomes:a meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,2014,20:2332- 2343.
[14] Tu L H,Hu T X,Zhang J,Li R H,Dai H Z,Luo Sh,Short term simulated nitrogen deposition increases carbon sequestration in a Pleioblastus amarus plantation.Plant and Soil,2011,340(1/2):383- 396.
[15] Lepp?lammi-Kujansuu J,Salemaa M,Kleja D B,Linder S,Helmisaari H S.Fine root turnover and litter production of Norway spruce in a long-term temperature and nutrient manipulation experiment.Plant and Soil,2014,374(1- 2):73- 88.
[16] 刘涛,张永贤,许振柱,周广胜,侯彦会,林琳.短期增温和增加降水对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响.植物生态学报,2012,36(10):1043- 1053.
[17] 张蔷,李家湘,谢宗强.氮添加对亚热带山地杜鹃灌丛土壤呼吸的影响.植物生态学报,2017,41(1):95- 104.
[18] Nadine K,Nina B.Soil respiration fluxes in a temperate mixed forest:seasonality and temperature sensitivities differ among microbial and root–rhizosphere respiration.Tree Physiology,2010,30(2):165.
[19] Volder A,Smart D R,Bloom A J,Eissenstat D M.Rapid decline in nitrate uptake and respiration with age in fine lateral roots of grape:implications for root efficiency and competitive effectiveness.New Phytologist,2005,165(2):493- 501.
[20] Burton,Pregitzer K,Ruess R,Hendrick R,Allen M.Root respiration in North American forests:effects of nitrogen concentration and temperature across biomes.Oecologia,2002,131,559568.
[21] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000,25- 108.
[22] 胡诚,曹志平,胡婵娟,王金凯.不同施肥管理措施对土壤碳含量及基础呼吸的影响.中国生态农业学报,2007,15(5):63- 66.
[23] 徐阳春,沈其荣,雷宝坤,储国良,王全洪.水旱轮作下长期免耕和施用有机肥对土壤某些肥力性状的影响.应用生态学报,2004,25(4):549- 552.
[24] Cao Z P,Hu C,Ye Z N,Wu W L.Impact of soil fertility maintaining practice on microbial biomass carbon in high production agro-ecosystem in northern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(5):1486- 1493.
[25] Mary B,Recous S,Robin D.A model for calculating nitrogen fluxes in soil using 15N tracing.Soil Biology & Biochemistry,1998,30(14):1963- 1979.
[26] 刘桂要,陈莉莉,袁志友.氮添加对黄土丘陵区油松人工林根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响.应用生态学报,2019,30(1):117-126
[27] Ramirez K S,Craine J M,Noah F.Consistent effects of nitrogen amendments on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes.Global Change Biology,2012,18(6):1918- 1927.
[28] 曾清苹,何丙辉.应用 PLFA 法分析氮沉降对缙云山马尾松林土壤微生物群落结构的影响.环境科学,2016,37(9):3590- 3597.
[29] Sushko S,Ananyeva N,Ivashchenko K.Soil CO2 emission,microbial biomass,and microbial respiration of woody and grassy areas in Moscow (Russia).Journal of Soils and Sediments,2018,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018- 2151- 8.
[30] 洪丕征,刘世荣,于浩龙,郝建.模拟氮沉降对红椎人工幼龄林土壤微生物生物量和微生物群落结构的影响.山东大学学报(理学版),2016,51(5):18- 28.
[31] H?gberg M N,B??th E,Nordgren A,Arnebrant K,H?gberg P.Contrasting effects of nitrogen availability on plant carbon supply to mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs:A hypothesis based on field observations in boreal forest.New Phytologist,2003,160(1):225- 238.
[32] 王杰,李刚,修伟明,赵建宁,王慧,杨殿林.贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物功能多样性对氮素和水分添加的响应.草业学报,2014,23(4):343- 350.
[33] 马慧君,张雅坤,许文欢,葛之葳,阮宏华.模拟氮沉降对杨树人工林土壤微生物群落碳源利用类型影响研究.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(05):1- 6.
[34] Sitaula B K,Bakken L R,Abrahamsen G.N-fertilization and soil acidification effects on N2O and CO2 emission from temperate pine forest soil.Soil Biology & Biochemistry,1995,27(11):1401- 1408.
[35] Bowden R D,Davidson E,Savage K,Arabia C,Steudler P.Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2004,196(1):43- 56.
[36] 陈平,赵博,闫子超,杨璐,赵秀海,张春雨.太岳山油松人工林土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的短期响应.生态学报,2018,38(22):1- 10
[37] Liang G P,Cai A D,Wu H J,Wu X P,Houssou A A,Ren C J,Wang Z T,Gao L L,Wang B S,Li S P,Song X J,Cai D X.Soil biochemical parameters in the rhizosphere contribute more to changes in soil respiration and its components than those in the bulk soil under nitrogen application in croplands.Plant and Soil,2019,435(1/2):111-125
[38] Jassal R S,Black T A,Roy R,Ethier G.Effect of nitrogen fertilization on soil CH4 and N2O fluxes,and soil and bole respiration.Geoderma,2011,162:182- 186.
[39] Ling N,Chen D,Guo H,Wei J,Bai Y,Shen Q,Hu S.Differential responses of soil bacterial communities to long-term N and P inputs in a semi-arid steppe.Geoderma,2017,292:25- 33.
[40] Zhang X,Wang W.The decomposition of fine and coarse roots:their global patterns and controlling factors.Scientific Reports,2015,5:9940.
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