雷州半岛尾叶桉和湿加松人工林的蒸腾耗水规律
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摘要
为正确认识大径材桉树及湿加松耗水规律,为地区人工林树种选择、栽培及抚育提供指导,应用TDP热扩散探针技术,对10年生尾叶桉和湿加松树干液流进行连续监测,并同步测定各气象因子,分析了雷州半岛地区尾叶桉和湿加松蒸腾耗水的日变化特征和季节变化规律,并与气象因子建立了相关模型。结果表明:尾叶桉和湿加松边材液流均表现出典型的昼高夜低的单峰型日变化特征,各月平均液流速率不同,且旱雨季差异显著;其中峰值尾叶桉雨季(0.127 cm/min)和旱季(0.096 cm/min)分别是湿加松雨季和旱季的1.30倍和1.57倍;日平均液流速率尾叶桉雨季(0.045 cm/min)和旱季(0.033 cm/min)分别是湿加松雨季和旱季的1.27倍和1.54倍;启动时间和迅速下降时间雨季两树种间差异不大,但旱季尾叶桉要提前湿加松约1—1.5 h启动,并晚0.5—1 h迅速下降。影响两树种边材液流速率的主要气象因子相同。尾叶桉人工林年平均单株日耗水量为12.79 L/d,是湿加松的1.33倍,林分蒸腾耗水量尾叶桉(582.16 mm)和湿加松(483.24 mm),分别占同期年降雨量的34.2%和28.4%,且两树种旱雨季蒸腾耗水量均雨季显著大于旱季。
To examine water consumption rules in Eucalyptus macrophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea and to provide guidance for tree species selection, cultivation and tending of regional plantation, sap flow of plantation grown, E. urophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea were continuously measured using the Thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe technology and the meteorological factors were continuously monitored and measured simultaneously to establish a sap flow rate model with meteorological factors. The diurnal variation and seasonal variation of transpiration water consumption of E. urophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea in the Leizhou Peninsula were analyzed. Results showed that diurnal variations of sap flow of both E. urophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea displayed typical single-peaked curves. The average monthly flow rate was different and significant difference was found during the rainy season and drought. The peak sap flow of E. urophylla in the rainy season(0.127 cm/min) and dry season(0.096 cm/min) were 1.30 times and 1.57 times higher than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea, respectively. The average daily flow rate of E. urophylla in the rainy season(0.045 cm/min) and dry season(0.033 cm/min) were 1.27 times and 1.54 times higher than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea, respectively. There was no significant difference between the start-up time and the rapid decline time of the two species in the rainy season. But the E. urophylla in the dry season increased by about 1—1.5 hours in advance and started to decline rapidly 0.5—1 hour later than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea. The main meteorological factors affecting the sapwood flow rate of the two species are the same. The average single plant daily water consumption of E. urophylla plantation was 12.79 L/d, which was 1.33 times higher than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea. The stand transpiration water consumption of E. urophylla(582.16 mm) and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea(483.24 mm) accounted for 34.2% and 28.4% of the annual rainfall, respectively, and the Stand transpiration water consumption of both tree species during the rainy season was significantly greater than that during the dry season.
To examine water consumption rules in Eucalyptus macrophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea and to provide guidance for tree species selection, cultivation and tending of regional plantation, sap flow of plantation grown, E. urophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea were continuously measured using the Thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe technology and the meteorological factors were continuously monitored and measured simultaneously to establish a sap flow rate model with meteorological factors. The diurnal variation and seasonal variation of transpiration water consumption of E. urophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea in the Leizhou Peninsula were analyzed. Results showed that diurnal variations of sap flow of both E. urophylla and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea displayed typical single-peaked curves. The average monthly flow rate was different and significant difference was found during the rainy season and drought. The peak sap flow of E. urophylla in the rainy season(0.127 cm/min) and dry season(0.096 cm/min) were 1.30 times and 1.57 times higher than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea, respectively. The average daily flow rate of E. urophylla in the rainy season(0.045 cm/min) and dry season(0.033 cm/min) were 1.27 times and 1.54 times higher than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea, respectively. There was no significant difference between the start-up time and the rapid decline time of the two species in the rainy season. But the E. urophylla in the dry season increased by about 1—1.5 hours in advance and started to decline rapidly 0.5—1 hour later than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea. The main meteorological factors affecting the sapwood flow rate of the two species are the same. The average single plant daily water consumption of E. urophylla plantation was 12.79 L/d, which was 1.33 times higher than that of Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea. The stand transpiration water consumption of E. urophylla(582.16 mm) and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea(483.24 mm) accounted for 34.2% and 28.4% of the annual rainfall, respectively, and the Stand transpiration water consumption of both tree species during the rainy season was significantly greater than that during the dry season.
引文
[1] 尹立河,黄金廷,王晓勇,董佳秋,马洪云,张俊.陕西榆林地区旱柳和小叶杨夜间树干液流变化特征分析.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2013,41(8):85- 90.
[2] 凡超,邱燕萍,李志强,李建光,张邦跃,袁沛元.荔枝树干液流速率与气象因子的关系.生态学报,2014,34(9):2401- 2410.
[3] 徐利岗,苗正伟,杜历,鲍子云,王怀博,李金泽.干旱区枸杞树干液流变化特征及其影响因素.生态学报,2016,36(17):5519- 5527.
[4] 温杰,陈云明,唐亚坤,吴旭,谢育利,崔高阳.黄土丘陵区油松、沙棘生长旺盛期树干液流密度特征及其影响因素.应用生态学报,2017,28(3):763- 771.
[5] 程静,欧阳旭,黄德卫,刘世忠,张德强,李跃林.鼎湖山针阔叶混交林4种优势树种树干液流特征.生态学报,2015,35(12):4097- 4104.
[6] 孙慧珍,周晓峰,康绍忠.应用热技术研究树干液流进展.应用生态学报,2004,15(6):1074- 1078.
[7] 隋旭红,张建军,文万荣.晋西黄土区辽东栎、山杨树干液流比较研究.生态学报,2011,31(16):4791- 4798.
[8] 聂立水,李吉跃,翟洪波.油松、栓皮栎树干液流速率比较.生态学报,2005,25(8):1934- 1940.
[9] 张宁南,徐大平,Morris J,周光益,周国逸,吴仲民.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究.林业科学研究,2003,16(6):661- 667.
[10] 栾启福,姜景民,张建忠,沈凤强,刘昭息.国外松种间杂交育种及其F1代早期生长评价.林业科学研究,2008,21(3):314- 319.
[11] Nikles D G.Experience with some Pinus hybrids in Queensland,Australia//Dungey H S,Dieters M J,Nikles D G,eds.Proceedings of QFRI/CRC-SPF Symposium on Hybrid Breeding and Genetics of Forest Trees-Theme:case studies of hybrid breeding programs.Brisbane:QFRI/CRC-SPF,2000:27- 43.
[12] Nikles D G.The first 50 years of the evolution of forest tree improvement in Queensland[C]//Dieters M J,Matheson A C,Nikles D G,Harwood,C E,Walker,S M,eds.Proceedings of QFRI–IUFRO Conference on Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry.Australia:QFRI–IUFRO,1996:51- 64.
[13] 张应中,赵奋成,林军,赖旭恩,黄永权,蔡坚.湿加松在粤北山区早期生长表现初报.林业科学研究,2007,20(4):556- 562.
[14] 潘志刚,管宁,韦善华,杨建林,王观明,陈贰.我国南方杂交松生长和材性的研究.林业科学研究,1999,12(4):398- 402.
[15] 李义良,赵奋成,吴惠姗,张应中,李福明,钟岁英,李宪政,蔡坚.湿加松亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性分析.林业科学研究,2012,25(2):138- 143.
[16] 时忠杰,徐大平,张宁南,邱志军,胡哲森,郭俊誉.桉树人工林水文影响研究进展[J].林业科学,2009,45(11):135- 140.
[17] 刘国粹,杜阿朋,赵知渊,谢耀坚,张婧.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林蒸腾耗水特征.华中农业大学学报,2015,34(6):27- 32.
[18] 张宁南,徐大平,JIM Morris,周光益,白嘉雨,周涛.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林耗水量研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(1):1- 5.
[19] 孙振伟,赵平,牛俊峰,倪广艳,朱丽薇,高建国,赵秀华,张振振,周娟.外来引种树种大叶相思和柠檬桉树干液流和蒸腾耗水的季节变异.生态学杂志,2014,33(10):2588- 2595.
[20] 王志超,竹万宽,杜阿朋.尾巨桉旱雨两季树干液流特征分析.浙江农林大学学报,2017,34(2):319- 325.
[21] Vertessy R A,Hatton T J,Reece P,O′Sullivan S K,Benyon R G.Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique.Tree Physiology,1997,17(12):747- 756.
[22] Wullschleger S D,Hanson P J,Todd D E.Transpiration from a multi-species deciduous forest as estimated by xylem sap flow techniques.Forest Ecology and Management,2001,143(1/3):205- 213.
[23] 陈彪,陈立欣,刘清泉,刘平生,张志强.半干旱地区城市环境下樟子松蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应.生态学报,2015,35(15):5076- 5084.
[24] Granier A.Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements.Tree Physiology,1987,3(4):309- 320.
[25] 于占辉,陈云明,杜盛.黄土高原半干旱区侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)树干液流动态.生态学报,2009,29(7):3970- 3976.
[26] 蒋文伟,杨广远,赵明水,杨淑贞.天目山柳杉树干液流的昼夜及季节变化.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(5):77- 80.
[27] 刘春鹏.河北省平山县石质山区主要造林树种耗水特征研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2011.
[28] 王志超,杜阿朋.尾巨桉树干液流动态及其影响因子分析.东北林业大学学报,2016,44(5):24- 28.
[29] Goldstein G,Andrade J L,Meinzer F C,Holbrook N M,Cavelier J,Jackson P,Celis A.Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest canopy trees.Plant,Cell & Environment,1998,21(4):397- 406.
[30] Snyder K A,Richards J H,Donovan L A.Night-time conductance in C3 and C4 species:do plants lose water at night?Journal of Experimental Botany,2003,54(383):861- 865.
[31] 鱼腾飞,冯起,司建华,张小由,赵春彦.胡杨的夜间蒸腾——来自树干液流、叶片气体交换及显微结构的证据.北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):8- 16.
[32] 王小菲,孙永玉,李昆,张春华,李彬.干热河谷大叶相思树干液流季节动态及其与气象因子的关系.林业科学研究,2013,26(2):145- 150.
[33] 赵平,邹绿柳,饶兴权,马玲,倪广艳,曾小平,蔡锡安.成熟马占相思林的蒸腾耗水及年际变化.生态学报,2011,31(20):6038- 6048.
[34] 熊伟.六盘山北侧主要造林树种耗水特性研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2003.
[35] 张宁南.广东桉树人工林耗水量研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.
[36] 张宁南,徐大平,Morri S J,杨曾奖,周光益.雷州半岛加勒比松人工林旱季液流特征与耗水量研究.林业科学研究,2007,20(5):591- 597.
[37] 刘琪璟,曾慧卿,马泽清.江西千烟洲湿地松人工林碳蓄积及其与水分的关系.生态学报,2008,28(11):5322- 5330.
[2] 凡超,邱燕萍,李志强,李建光,张邦跃,袁沛元.荔枝树干液流速率与气象因子的关系.生态学报,2014,34(9):2401- 2410.
[3] 徐利岗,苗正伟,杜历,鲍子云,王怀博,李金泽.干旱区枸杞树干液流变化特征及其影响因素.生态学报,2016,36(17):5519- 5527.
[4] 温杰,陈云明,唐亚坤,吴旭,谢育利,崔高阳.黄土丘陵区油松、沙棘生长旺盛期树干液流密度特征及其影响因素.应用生态学报,2017,28(3):763- 771.
[5] 程静,欧阳旭,黄德卫,刘世忠,张德强,李跃林.鼎湖山针阔叶混交林4种优势树种树干液流特征.生态学报,2015,35(12):4097- 4104.
[6] 孙慧珍,周晓峰,康绍忠.应用热技术研究树干液流进展.应用生态学报,2004,15(6):1074- 1078.
[7] 隋旭红,张建军,文万荣.晋西黄土区辽东栎、山杨树干液流比较研究.生态学报,2011,31(16):4791- 4798.
[8] 聂立水,李吉跃,翟洪波.油松、栓皮栎树干液流速率比较.生态学报,2005,25(8):1934- 1940.
[9] 张宁南,徐大平,Morris J,周光益,周国逸,吴仲民.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究.林业科学研究,2003,16(6):661- 667.
[10] 栾启福,姜景民,张建忠,沈凤强,刘昭息.国外松种间杂交育种及其F1代早期生长评价.林业科学研究,2008,21(3):314- 319.
[11] Nikles D G.Experience with some Pinus hybrids in Queensland,Australia//Dungey H S,Dieters M J,Nikles D G,eds.Proceedings of QFRI/CRC-SPF Symposium on Hybrid Breeding and Genetics of Forest Trees-Theme:case studies of hybrid breeding programs.Brisbane:QFRI/CRC-SPF,2000:27- 43.
[12] Nikles D G.The first 50 years of the evolution of forest tree improvement in Queensland[C]//Dieters M J,Matheson A C,Nikles D G,Harwood,C E,Walker,S M,eds.Proceedings of QFRI–IUFRO Conference on Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry.Australia:QFRI–IUFRO,1996:51- 64.
[13] 张应中,赵奋成,林军,赖旭恩,黄永权,蔡坚.湿加松在粤北山区早期生长表现初报.林业科学研究,2007,20(4):556- 562.
[14] 潘志刚,管宁,韦善华,杨建林,王观明,陈贰.我国南方杂交松生长和材性的研究.林业科学研究,1999,12(4):398- 402.
[15] 李义良,赵奋成,吴惠姗,张应中,李福明,钟岁英,李宪政,蔡坚.湿加松亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性分析.林业科学研究,2012,25(2):138- 143.
[16] 时忠杰,徐大平,张宁南,邱志军,胡哲森,郭俊誉.桉树人工林水文影响研究进展[J].林业科学,2009,45(11):135- 140.
[17] 刘国粹,杜阿朋,赵知渊,谢耀坚,张婧.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林蒸腾耗水特征.华中农业大学学报,2015,34(6):27- 32.
[18] 张宁南,徐大平,JIM Morris,周光益,白嘉雨,周涛.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林耗水量研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(1):1- 5.
[19] 孙振伟,赵平,牛俊峰,倪广艳,朱丽薇,高建国,赵秀华,张振振,周娟.外来引种树种大叶相思和柠檬桉树干液流和蒸腾耗水的季节变异.生态学杂志,2014,33(10):2588- 2595.
[20] 王志超,竹万宽,杜阿朋.尾巨桉旱雨两季树干液流特征分析.浙江农林大学学报,2017,34(2):319- 325.
[21] Vertessy R A,Hatton T J,Reece P,O′Sullivan S K,Benyon R G.Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique.Tree Physiology,1997,17(12):747- 756.
[22] Wullschleger S D,Hanson P J,Todd D E.Transpiration from a multi-species deciduous forest as estimated by xylem sap flow techniques.Forest Ecology and Management,2001,143(1/3):205- 213.
[23] 陈彪,陈立欣,刘清泉,刘平生,张志强.半干旱地区城市环境下樟子松蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应.生态学报,2015,35(15):5076- 5084.
[24] Granier A.Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements.Tree Physiology,1987,3(4):309- 320.
[25] 于占辉,陈云明,杜盛.黄土高原半干旱区侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)树干液流动态.生态学报,2009,29(7):3970- 3976.
[26] 蒋文伟,杨广远,赵明水,杨淑贞.天目山柳杉树干液流的昼夜及季节变化.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(5):77- 80.
[27] 刘春鹏.河北省平山县石质山区主要造林树种耗水特征研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2011.
[28] 王志超,杜阿朋.尾巨桉树干液流动态及其影响因子分析.东北林业大学学报,2016,44(5):24- 28.
[29] Goldstein G,Andrade J L,Meinzer F C,Holbrook N M,Cavelier J,Jackson P,Celis A.Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest canopy trees.Plant,Cell & Environment,1998,21(4):397- 406.
[30] Snyder K A,Richards J H,Donovan L A.Night-time conductance in C3 and C4 species:do plants lose water at night?Journal of Experimental Botany,2003,54(383):861- 865.
[31] 鱼腾飞,冯起,司建华,张小由,赵春彦.胡杨的夜间蒸腾——来自树干液流、叶片气体交换及显微结构的证据.北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):8- 16.
[32] 王小菲,孙永玉,李昆,张春华,李彬.干热河谷大叶相思树干液流季节动态及其与气象因子的关系.林业科学研究,2013,26(2):145- 150.
[33] 赵平,邹绿柳,饶兴权,马玲,倪广艳,曾小平,蔡锡安.成熟马占相思林的蒸腾耗水及年际变化.生态学报,2011,31(20):6038- 6048.
[34] 熊伟.六盘山北侧主要造林树种耗水特性研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2003.
[35] 张宁南.广东桉树人工林耗水量研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.
[36] 张宁南,徐大平,Morri S J,杨曾奖,周光益.雷州半岛加勒比松人工林旱季液流特征与耗水量研究.林业科学研究,2007,20(5):591- 597.
[37] 刘琪璟,曾慧卿,马泽清.江西千烟洲湿地松人工林碳蓄积及其与水分的关系.生态学报,2008,28(11):5322- 5330.
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