迁移与幸福
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摘要
文章结合2012年度流动人口动态监测调查数据,系统考察了迁移行为对农民工主观幸福感的影响。研究表明:相比于省内迁移,跨省迁移对农民工的主观幸福感有显著负面影响;同样,相比于家庭化迁移,孤身外出也会显著弱化农民工的主观幸福感。在加入其他解释变量、控制地区效应,并通过倾向得分匹配法和处理效应模型纠正选择性偏误后,结论依然稳健。进一步,作用机制的分析表明,社会交往是迁移行为影响农民工主观幸福感的重要渠道,之所以跨省迁移、孤身外出的农民工主观幸福感偏低,很可能是因为面临着社会交往的困境,社会网络局限、社区参与不足。
The essence of urbanization is the transformation and reconstruction of social spatial organization,of which the most distinctive feature is the migration population. Along with migration to make a living,the fate and well-being of migrant workers themselves are also changing. So,are migrant workers happy? More specifically,howdoes migration behavior affect migrant workers 'happiness?In order to answer the above questions, we use the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2012 investigating the effect of the migration behavior on the subjective well-being of migrant workers from the perspectives of migration scope and migration pattern. The study finds that first,trans-provincial migration and "go out alone"have a significant negative impact on migrant workers' subjective well-being. Specifically, the probability of reporting "very happily " among migrant workers across provinces is 2. 6% lower than that of migrant workers within provinces; compared with the family-migration,the probability of reporting "very happily"among migrant workers who went out alone was significantly reduced by 3. 0%. "Go out alone"significantly weakens their well-being. Furthermore,because the migration behavior of migrant workers is likely to be the result of "self-selection",we employ the propensity score matching method and the treatment effect model to correct the selective bias,and the final result still supports the negative effect of cross-provincial migration and going out alone on the happiness of migrant workers. Second,the mechanism analysis results showsocial interaction is an important channel through which migrant behavior affects the happiness of migrant workers. And the reason why the subjective well-being of the trans-provincial and "go out alone"migrant workers is lowis that they face social communication difficulties,not only the community participation is significantly lower,but the social network is very limited. Third,the heterogeneity analysis results also showthat the migration scope has a more obvious impact on the happiness of the newgeneration of migrant workers and those who have resided there for less than 5 years.The above conclusions suggest that,we should gradually eliminate the label of "vulnerable groups"and try to guide and improve the level of community participation of migrant workers. Firstly,we should take the "residence permit"as the core to ensure that migrant workers enjoy equal access to social security and public services. Secondly,we can try to take the community as the carrier to build a platform for communication and interaction between migrant workers and urban residents through carrying out multi-type and multi-level community activities,so as to improve the sense of integration and acquisition of migrant workers. Besides,we should actively followthe trend of family migration,resolutely break down the "glass door",and support migrant workers to settle down in cities with their families. Firstly,we should gradually bring migrant workers into the scope of compulsory education at workplaces through the mode of "integral enrollment",and encourage public schools to absorb migrant workers' children into school. Secondly,in the supply of affordable housing,the first consideration should be given to the migrant workers who migrate with families,and efforts should be made to reduce the"threshold"for migrant workers who migrate with families to buy houses in cities. Furthermore,it is necessary to strengthen infrastructure construction,improve the level of public services,create "welfare attraction"for migrant workers,and actively guide migrant workers to achieve near-local citizenization.
The essence of urbanization is the transformation and reconstruction of social spatial organization,of which the most distinctive feature is the migration population. Along with migration to make a living,the fate and well-being of migrant workers themselves are also changing. So,are migrant workers happy? More specifically,howdoes migration behavior affect migrant workers 'happiness?In order to answer the above questions, we use the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2012 investigating the effect of the migration behavior on the subjective well-being of migrant workers from the perspectives of migration scope and migration pattern. The study finds that first,trans-provincial migration and "go out alone"have a significant negative impact on migrant workers' subjective well-being. Specifically, the probability of reporting "very happily " among migrant workers across provinces is 2. 6% lower than that of migrant workers within provinces; compared with the family-migration,the probability of reporting "very happily"among migrant workers who went out alone was significantly reduced by 3. 0%. "Go out alone"significantly weakens their well-being. Furthermore,because the migration behavior of migrant workers is likely to be the result of "self-selection",we employ the propensity score matching method and the treatment effect model to correct the selective bias,and the final result still supports the negative effect of cross-provincial migration and going out alone on the happiness of migrant workers. Second,the mechanism analysis results showsocial interaction is an important channel through which migrant behavior affects the happiness of migrant workers. And the reason why the subjective well-being of the trans-provincial and "go out alone"migrant workers is lowis that they face social communication difficulties,not only the community participation is significantly lower,but the social network is very limited. Third,the heterogeneity analysis results also showthat the migration scope has a more obvious impact on the happiness of the newgeneration of migrant workers and those who have resided there for less than 5 years.The above conclusions suggest that,we should gradually eliminate the label of "vulnerable groups"and try to guide and improve the level of community participation of migrant workers. Firstly,we should take the "residence permit"as the core to ensure that migrant workers enjoy equal access to social security and public services. Secondly,we can try to take the community as the carrier to build a platform for communication and interaction between migrant workers and urban residents through carrying out multi-type and multi-level community activities,so as to improve the sense of integration and acquisition of migrant workers. Besides,we should actively followthe trend of family migration,resolutely break down the "glass door",and support migrant workers to settle down in cities with their families. Firstly,we should gradually bring migrant workers into the scope of compulsory education at workplaces through the mode of "integral enrollment",and encourage public schools to absorb migrant workers' children into school. Secondly,in the supply of affordable housing,the first consideration should be given to the migrant workers who migrate with families,and efforts should be made to reduce the"threshold"for migrant workers who migrate with families to buy houses in cities. Furthermore,it is necessary to strengthen infrastructure construction,improve the level of public services,create "welfare attraction"for migrant workers,and actively guide migrant workers to achieve near-local citizenization.
引文
陈刚、李树,2012,“政府如何能够让人幸福?---政府质量影响居民幸福感的实证研究”,《管理世界》,第8期,第55-67页。
陈前恒、林海、吕之望,2014,“村庄民主能够增加幸福吗?---基于中国中西部120个贫困村庄1800个农户的调查”,《经济学(季刊)》,第2期,第723-744页。
陈钊、徐彤、刘晓峰,2012,“户籍身份、示范效应与居民幸福感:来自上海和深圳社区的证据”,《世界经济》,第4期,第79-101页。
[美]德布拉吉·瑞,2002,《发展经济学》,北京:北京大学出版社。
何立新、潘春阳,2011,“破解中国的‘Easterlin悖论’:收入差距、机会不均与居民幸福感”,《管理世界》,第8期,第11-22页。
贺京同、郝身永,2013,“怎样才能使落脚城市人群更幸福?---基于CHIPS数据的实证分析”,《南开经济研究》,第6期,第54-73页。
黄嘉文,2015,“流动人口主观幸福感及其代际差异”,《华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)》,第2期,第122-133页。
李丹丹,2017,“教育程度提高了农民工的幸福感吗---来自2015年中国企业-员工匹配调查的证据”,《经济理论与经济管理》,第1期,第39-54页。
李后建,2014,“不确定性防范与城市务工人员主观幸福感基于反事实框架的研究”,《社会》,第2期,第140-165页。
李涛、史宇鹏、陈斌开,2011,“住房与幸福:幸福经济学视角下的中国城镇居民住房问题”,《经济研究》,第9期,第69-82页。
刘靖、毛学峰、熊艳艳,2013,“农民工的权益与幸福感---基于微观数据的实证分析”,《中国农村经济》,第8期,第65-77页。
卢海阳、梁海兵、钱文荣,2015,“农民工的城市融入:现状与政策启示”,《农业经济问题》,第7期,第26-36页。
陆铭、蒋仕卿、佐藤宏,2014,“公平与幸福”,《劳动经济研究》,第1期,第26-48页。
秦立建、陈波,2014,“医疗保险对农民工城市融入的影响分析”,《管理世界》,第10期,第91-99页。
[爱尔兰]瑞雪·墨菲,2009,《农民工改变中国农村》,杭州:浙江人民出版社。
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谭燕芝、张子豪,2017,“社会网络、非正规金融与农户多维贫困”,《财经研究》,第3期,第43-56页。
田国强、杨立岩,2006,“对‘幸福-收入之谜’的一个解答”,《经济研究》,第11期,第4-15页。
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王智波、李长洪,2016,“好男人都结婚了吗?---探究我国男性工资婚姻溢价的形成机制”,《经济学(季刊)》,第2期,第917-940页。
温忠麟、张雷、侯杰泰、刘红云,2004,“中介效应检验程序及其应用”,《心理学报》,第5期,第614-620页。
吴菲、王俊秀,2017,“相对收入与主观幸福感:检验农民工的多重参照群体”,《社会》,第2期,第74-105页。
夏巍巍、金祥荣,2017,“实验经济学视角下的宗教研究:信仰与行为”,《南方经济》,第9期,第58-72页。
肖云、邓睿,2015,“新生代农民工城市社区融入困境分析”,《华南农业大学学报社会科学版》,第1期,第36-45页。
许世存,2015,“城市适应对流动人口主观幸福感的影响分析---以黑龙江省为例”,《人口学刊》,第4期,第36-47页。
杨菊华、陈传波,2013,“流动人口家庭化的现状与特点:流动过程特征分析”,《人口与发展》,第3期,第2-13页。
叶鹏飞,2012,“探索农民工城市社会融合之路---基于社会交往“内卷化”的分析”,《城市发展研究》,第1期,第81-85页。
曾迪洋、洪岩璧,2016,“城镇化背景下劳动力迁移对农民工幸福感的影响”,《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》,第6期,49-60页。
张波、周恩毅,2017,“新生代农民工幸福感影响因素与对策研究”,《浙江社会科学》,第1期,第146-154页。
周闯,2015,“教育对农民工和城镇职工幸福感影响的差异---直接效应还是间接效应?”,《劳动经济研究》,第2期,第82-94页。
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(1)据《2012年全国农民工监测调查报告》显示,2012年我国外出农民工总量为16336万人,其中举家迁移的农民工3375万人,占比20. 66%。不过因数据所限,暂未区别家庭化迁移中的半家庭化迁移与举家迁移。
(1)Suest是指似无相关估计,用于检测组间系数差异,其作用等同于Chow Test,具体内容详见Stata手册或参见:https://stats. idre. ucla. edu/stata/code/comparing-regression-coefficients-across-groups-using-suest/
(1)根据中介效应模型的原理可知,将核心解释变量与中介变量均纳入模型后,若核心解释变量与中介变量都显著,且核心解释变量的回归系数下降(若核心解释变量对被解释变量有负向影响,则回归系数上升,本文即为此种情形),说明部分中介效应存在,即中介变量是核心解释变量影响被解释变量的渠道之一。若中介变量显著,而核心解释变量影响系数不显著,则需要进一步检测是否存在完全中介效应,即中介变量可能是核心解释变量影响被解释变量的唯一渠道。
(1)积分入学,指的是以积分排名方式安排农民工子女入读公立学校的模式,目前广东省东莞市、深圳市等地已经施行。
陈前恒、林海、吕之望,2014,“村庄民主能够增加幸福吗?---基于中国中西部120个贫困村庄1800个农户的调查”,《经济学(季刊)》,第2期,第723-744页。
陈钊、徐彤、刘晓峰,2012,“户籍身份、示范效应与居民幸福感:来自上海和深圳社区的证据”,《世界经济》,第4期,第79-101页。
[美]德布拉吉·瑞,2002,《发展经济学》,北京:北京大学出版社。
何立新、潘春阳,2011,“破解中国的‘Easterlin悖论’:收入差距、机会不均与居民幸福感”,《管理世界》,第8期,第11-22页。
贺京同、郝身永,2013,“怎样才能使落脚城市人群更幸福?---基于CHIPS数据的实证分析”,《南开经济研究》,第6期,第54-73页。
黄嘉文,2015,“流动人口主观幸福感及其代际差异”,《华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)》,第2期,第122-133页。
李丹丹,2017,“教育程度提高了农民工的幸福感吗---来自2015年中国企业-员工匹配调查的证据”,《经济理论与经济管理》,第1期,第39-54页。
李后建,2014,“不确定性防范与城市务工人员主观幸福感基于反事实框架的研究”,《社会》,第2期,第140-165页。
李涛、史宇鹏、陈斌开,2011,“住房与幸福:幸福经济学视角下的中国城镇居民住房问题”,《经济研究》,第9期,第69-82页。
刘靖、毛学峰、熊艳艳,2013,“农民工的权益与幸福感---基于微观数据的实证分析”,《中国农村经济》,第8期,第65-77页。
卢海阳、梁海兵、钱文荣,2015,“农民工的城市融入:现状与政策启示”,《农业经济问题》,第7期,第26-36页。
陆铭、蒋仕卿、佐藤宏,2014,“公平与幸福”,《劳动经济研究》,第1期,第26-48页。
秦立建、陈波,2014,“医疗保险对农民工城市融入的影响分析”,《管理世界》,第10期,第91-99页。
[爱尔兰]瑞雪·墨菲,2009,《农民工改变中国农村》,杭州:浙江人民出版社。
盛亦男,2014,“中国的家庭化迁居模式”,《人口研究》,第3期,第41-54页。
孙三百、白金兰,2014,“迁移行为、户籍获取与城市移民幸福感流失”,《经济评论》,第6期,第101-112页。
谭燕芝、张子豪,2017,“社会网络、非正规金融与农户多维贫困”,《财经研究》,第3期,第43-56页。
田国强、杨立岩,2006,“对‘幸福-收入之谜’的一个解答”,《经济研究》,第11期,第4-15页。
王毅杰、丁百仁,2014,“城市化进程中的农民工幸福感---一项探索性研究”,《社会发展研究》,第2期,第92-113页。
王智波、李长洪,2016,“好男人都结婚了吗?---探究我国男性工资婚姻溢价的形成机制”,《经济学(季刊)》,第2期,第917-940页。
温忠麟、张雷、侯杰泰、刘红云,2004,“中介效应检验程序及其应用”,《心理学报》,第5期,第614-620页。
吴菲、王俊秀,2017,“相对收入与主观幸福感:检验农民工的多重参照群体”,《社会》,第2期,第74-105页。
夏巍巍、金祥荣,2017,“实验经济学视角下的宗教研究:信仰与行为”,《南方经济》,第9期,第58-72页。
肖云、邓睿,2015,“新生代农民工城市社区融入困境分析”,《华南农业大学学报社会科学版》,第1期,第36-45页。
许世存,2015,“城市适应对流动人口主观幸福感的影响分析---以黑龙江省为例”,《人口学刊》,第4期,第36-47页。
杨菊华、陈传波,2013,“流动人口家庭化的现状与特点:流动过程特征分析”,《人口与发展》,第3期,第2-13页。
叶鹏飞,2012,“探索农民工城市社会融合之路---基于社会交往“内卷化”的分析”,《城市发展研究》,第1期,第81-85页。
曾迪洋、洪岩璧,2016,“城镇化背景下劳动力迁移对农民工幸福感的影响”,《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》,第6期,49-60页。
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(1)据《2012年全国农民工监测调查报告》显示,2012年我国外出农民工总量为16336万人,其中举家迁移的农民工3375万人,占比20. 66%。不过因数据所限,暂未区别家庭化迁移中的半家庭化迁移与举家迁移。
(1)Suest是指似无相关估计,用于检测组间系数差异,其作用等同于Chow Test,具体内容详见Stata手册或参见:https://stats. idre. ucla. edu/stata/code/comparing-regression-coefficients-across-groups-using-suest/
(1)根据中介效应模型的原理可知,将核心解释变量与中介变量均纳入模型后,若核心解释变量与中介变量都显著,且核心解释变量的回归系数下降(若核心解释变量对被解释变量有负向影响,则回归系数上升,本文即为此种情形),说明部分中介效应存在,即中介变量是核心解释变量影响被解释变量的渠道之一。若中介变量显著,而核心解释变量影响系数不显著,则需要进一步检测是否存在完全中介效应,即中介变量可能是核心解释变量影响被解释变量的唯一渠道。
(1)积分入学,指的是以积分排名方式安排农民工子女入读公立学校的模式,目前广东省东莞市、深圳市等地已经施行。
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