前瞻记忆后效的加工机制:对自发提取观点和抑制观点的检验
|
摘要
实验1探究前瞻记忆后效的产生是否消耗认知资源,实验2进一步探究前瞻记忆后效产生过程中消耗的认知资源的去向。实验1结果显示在完成阶段,相比于基线条件,其它四种实验条件的进行中任务反应速度均较慢,实验2结果显示前瞻记忆后效均会随着认知负荷和线索显著性的提高而提高。结果表明前瞻记忆后效产生过程中会消耗认知资源对原意向进行抑制。
Prospective memory represents the ability of remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.In a typical prospective memory experiment,participants are required to engage in two tasks:the ongoing task and the prospective task.According to the nature of the prospective memory cues,there are two types of prospective memory:time-based and event-based prospective memory.There are two kinds of processes that can support prospective memory:preparatory attentional processes and memory processes theory(PAM) and multiple processes theory.The PAM assumes that prospective memory retrieval requires resource-demanding preparatory attentional processes,whereas the multiple process theory assumes that retrieval can also occur spontaneously.Aftereffects of prospective memory is a phenomenon that when prospective memory is finished or canceled,people still execute the prospective memory tasks repeatedly.The aftereffects of prospective memory can affect the quality of our lives.Lots of studies shows that aftereffect of prospective memory does exist in various conditions,but the processing mechanism of the aftereffect is controversial.The viewpoint of spontaneous extraction assumes that when prospective memory is completed,people are still able to spontaneously extract the original prospective memory task.The view of inhibitory states that when the cognitive resources used to suppress the original prospective memory are insufficient,people will make commission errors.The view of monitoring hold that people will continue to monitor the appearance of cues of prospective memory after their completion of tasks.Therefore,they are easy to make mistakes when meeting the original clues.This study is to explore which of these point is more reasonable.Experiment 1 adopted a single factor design.A total of 133 college students(26 baseline condition,24 nonsalient/low frequency,29 salient/low frequency,27 nonsalient/high frequency,27 salient/high frequency) participated in the experiment.Experiment 2 adopted 2(cue saliency:nonsalient,salient) × 2(cognitive loading:high,low) design.A total of 107 college students(24 nonsalient/low loading,29 salient/low loading,26 nonsalient/high loading,28 salient/high loading) participated in the experiment.Participants were asked to respond by pressing the key(F or J),but when meeting the prospective memory cues they should press the specified key(SPACE).During the course of the experiments,ongoing task and PM task were done simultaneously by the participants.Participants' behavioral data was recorded by computer automatically.The results showed that participants would make more commission errors in cue salient condition.Besides,in the four experimental conditions(nonsalient/low frequency,salient/low frequency,nonsalient/high frequency,salient/high frequency) the speed of ongoing tasks was slower than the baseline condition after completion of prospective memory.In addition,no matter whether the clue was significant or not,participants would make more commission errors in high cognitive loading.Beyond these points,participants made the slowest reaction to the original prospective memory cues.The results showed that the appearance of aftereffect of prospective memory would occupy additional cognitive resources.What's more,the cognitive resources were used to restrain primary prospective memory tasks.The process of inhibition was through the whole process of the experiment.
Prospective memory represents the ability of remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.In a typical prospective memory experiment,participants are required to engage in two tasks:the ongoing task and the prospective task.According to the nature of the prospective memory cues,there are two types of prospective memory:time-based and event-based prospective memory.There are two kinds of processes that can support prospective memory:preparatory attentional processes and memory processes theory(PAM) and multiple processes theory.The PAM assumes that prospective memory retrieval requires resource-demanding preparatory attentional processes,whereas the multiple process theory assumes that retrieval can also occur spontaneously.Aftereffects of prospective memory is a phenomenon that when prospective memory is finished or canceled,people still execute the prospective memory tasks repeatedly.The aftereffects of prospective memory can affect the quality of our lives.Lots of studies shows that aftereffect of prospective memory does exist in various conditions,but the processing mechanism of the aftereffect is controversial.The viewpoint of spontaneous extraction assumes that when prospective memory is completed,people are still able to spontaneously extract the original prospective memory task.The view of inhibitory states that when the cognitive resources used to suppress the original prospective memory are insufficient,people will make commission errors.The view of monitoring hold that people will continue to monitor the appearance of cues of prospective memory after their completion of tasks.Therefore,they are easy to make mistakes when meeting the original clues.This study is to explore which of these point is more reasonable.Experiment 1 adopted a single factor design.A total of 133 college students(26 baseline condition,24 nonsalient/low frequency,29 salient/low frequency,27 nonsalient/high frequency,27 salient/high frequency) participated in the experiment.Experiment 2 adopted 2(cue saliency:nonsalient,salient) × 2(cognitive loading:high,low) design.A total of 107 college students(24 nonsalient/low loading,29 salient/low loading,26 nonsalient/high loading,28 salient/high loading) participated in the experiment.Participants were asked to respond by pressing the key(F or J),but when meeting the prospective memory cues they should press the specified key(SPACE).During the course of the experiments,ongoing task and PM task were done simultaneously by the participants.Participants' behavioral data was recorded by computer automatically.The results showed that participants would make more commission errors in cue salient condition.Besides,in the four experimental conditions(nonsalient/low frequency,salient/low frequency,nonsalient/high frequency,salient/high frequency) the speed of ongoing tasks was slower than the baseline condition after completion of prospective memory.In addition,no matter whether the clue was significant or not,participants would make more commission errors in high cognitive loading.Beyond these points,participants made the slowest reaction to the original prospective memory cues.The results showed that the appearance of aftereffect of prospective memory would occupy additional cognitive resources.What's more,the cognitive resources were used to restrain primary prospective memory tasks.The process of inhibition was through the whole process of the experiment.
引文
郭云飞,辛聪,干加裙,陈幼贞.(2017).任务规律性对前瞻记忆的影响.心理科学,40(6),1309-1315.
郭云飞,干加裙,张哲,黄婷红,陈幼贞.(2016).编码方式、认知负荷和线索数量对前瞻记忆的影响.心理科学,39(5),1058-1063.
袁宏,袁祥勇,尹天子,陈幼贞,黄希庭.(2011).背景任务刺激间的时距对前瞻干扰效应的影响.心理学报,43(5),500-508.
Anderson,F.T.,&Einstein,G.O.(2017).The fate of completed intentions.Memory,25(4),467-480.
Bugg,J.M.,Scullin,M.K.,&Rauvola,R.S.(2016).Forgetting no-longer-relevant prospective memory intentions is(sometimes)harder with age but easier with forgetting practice.Psychology and Aging,31(4),358-369.
Chen,Y.Z.,Lian,R.,Yang,L.X.,Liu,J.R.,&Meng,Y.F.(2017).Working memory load and reminder effect on event-based prospective memory of high-and low-achieving students in math.Journal of Learning Disabilities,50(5),602-608.
Denmark,F.L.(2010).Zeigarnik effect.In The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology.Hoboken,New Jersey:John Wiley and Sons,Inc.
Einstein,G.O.,McDaniel,M.A.,Owen,P.D.,&Coté,N.C.(1990).Encoding and recall of texts:The importance of material appropriate processing.Journal of Memory and Language,29(5),566-581.
Einstein,G.O.,McDaniel,M.A.,Thomas,R.,Mayfield,S.,Shank,H.,Morrisette,N.,&Breneiser,J.(2005).Multiple processes in prospective memory retrieval:Factors determining monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,134(3),327-342.
Hefer,C.,Cohen,A.L.,Jaudas,A.,&Dreisbach,G.(2017).The flexible engagement of monitoring processes in non-focal and focal prospective memory tasks with salient cues.Acta Psychologica,179,42-53.
Mc Daniel,M.A.,&Scullin,M.K.(2010).Implementation intention encoding does not automatize prospective memory responding.Memory and Cognition,38(2),221-232.
Meier,B.,&Rey-Mermet,A.(2018).After-effects without monitoring costs:The impact of prospective memory instructions on task switching performance.Acta Psychologica,184,85-99.
Pink,J.E.,&Dodson,C.S.(2013).Negative prospective memory:Remembering not,to perform an action.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,20(1),184-190.
Scullin,M.K.,&Bugg,J.M.(2013).Failing to forget:Prospective memory commission errors can result from spontaneous retrieval and impaired executive control.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(3),965-971.
Scullin,M.K.,Bugg,J.M.,&McDaniel,M.A.(2012).Whoops,I did it again:Commission errors in prospective memory.Psychology and Aging,27(1),46-53.
Scullin,M.K.,Einstein,G.O.,&McDaniel,M.A.(2009).Evidence for spontaneous retrieval of suspended but not finished prospective memories.Memory and Cognition,37(4),425-433.
Smith,R.E.,&Loft,S.(2014).Investigating the cost to ongoing tasks not associated with prospective memory task requirements.Consciousness and Cognition,27,1-13.
Walser,M.,Goschke,T.,M?schl,M.,&Fischer,R.(2017).Intention deactivation:
Effects of prospective memory task similarity on aftereffects of completed
intentions.Psychological Research,81(5),961-981.
郭云飞,干加裙,张哲,黄婷红,陈幼贞.(2016).编码方式、认知负荷和线索数量对前瞻记忆的影响.心理科学,39(5),1058-1063.
袁宏,袁祥勇,尹天子,陈幼贞,黄希庭.(2011).背景任务刺激间的时距对前瞻干扰效应的影响.心理学报,43(5),500-508.
Anderson,F.T.,&Einstein,G.O.(2017).The fate of completed intentions.Memory,25(4),467-480.
Bugg,J.M.,Scullin,M.K.,&Rauvola,R.S.(2016).Forgetting no-longer-relevant prospective memory intentions is(sometimes)harder with age but easier with forgetting practice.Psychology and Aging,31(4),358-369.
Chen,Y.Z.,Lian,R.,Yang,L.X.,Liu,J.R.,&Meng,Y.F.(2017).Working memory load and reminder effect on event-based prospective memory of high-and low-achieving students in math.Journal of Learning Disabilities,50(5),602-608.
Denmark,F.L.(2010).Zeigarnik effect.In The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology.Hoboken,New Jersey:John Wiley and Sons,Inc.
Einstein,G.O.,McDaniel,M.A.,Owen,P.D.,&Coté,N.C.(1990).Encoding and recall of texts:The importance of material appropriate processing.Journal of Memory and Language,29(5),566-581.
Einstein,G.O.,McDaniel,M.A.,Thomas,R.,Mayfield,S.,Shank,H.,Morrisette,N.,&Breneiser,J.(2005).Multiple processes in prospective memory retrieval:Factors determining monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,134(3),327-342.
Hefer,C.,Cohen,A.L.,Jaudas,A.,&Dreisbach,G.(2017).The flexible engagement of monitoring processes in non-focal and focal prospective memory tasks with salient cues.Acta Psychologica,179,42-53.
Mc Daniel,M.A.,&Scullin,M.K.(2010).Implementation intention encoding does not automatize prospective memory responding.Memory and Cognition,38(2),221-232.
Meier,B.,&Rey-Mermet,A.(2018).After-effects without monitoring costs:The impact of prospective memory instructions on task switching performance.Acta Psychologica,184,85-99.
Pink,J.E.,&Dodson,C.S.(2013).Negative prospective memory:Remembering not,to perform an action.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,20(1),184-190.
Scullin,M.K.,&Bugg,J.M.(2013).Failing to forget:Prospective memory commission errors can result from spontaneous retrieval and impaired executive control.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(3),965-971.
Scullin,M.K.,Bugg,J.M.,&McDaniel,M.A.(2012).Whoops,I did it again:Commission errors in prospective memory.Psychology and Aging,27(1),46-53.
Scullin,M.K.,Einstein,G.O.,&McDaniel,M.A.(2009).Evidence for spontaneous retrieval of suspended but not finished prospective memories.Memory and Cognition,37(4),425-433.
Smith,R.E.,&Loft,S.(2014).Investigating the cost to ongoing tasks not associated with prospective memory task requirements.Consciousness and Cognition,27,1-13.
Walser,M.,Goschke,T.,M?schl,M.,&Fischer,R.(2017).Intention deactivation:
Effects of prospective memory task similarity on aftereffects of completed
intentions.Psychological Research,81(5),961-981.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |