苍耳子药理作用及毒性研究进展
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摘要
苍耳子是历代治疗鼻渊及头痛的要药之一。临床常用于治疗风湿性关节炎、慢性鼻炎、急性鼻炎、过敏性鼻炎、皮肤病等与免疫异常相关的疾病,具有较高的药用价值。现代药理学研究显示苍耳子有广泛的药理作用,但由于长期或过量服用,药材炮制不当等原因,导致毒性反应情况时有发生。毒理学研究表明苍耳子中毒可引起肝脏、心脏和肾脏等实质性脏器损伤,尤其是对肝脏损伤严重。该文通过系统地查阅和整理国内外关于苍耳子研究的相关文献,对苍耳子的药理作用、毒性物质、肝毒性机制等进行综述。总结出苍耳子具有降血压、抗过敏、抑菌、抗炎、镇痛、抗肿瘤和降血脂等药理作用。毒性成分主要为苍术苷、羧基苍术苷和4’-去磺基苍术苷。苍耳子导致肝脏毒性机制与脂质过氧化损伤、胆汁淤积及肝细胞能量代谢机理密切相关。与此同时,肝毒性新型生物标志物的发现,如miRNA-122,也为医药学提供新的研究手段。毒性类中药是中药的重要组成部分,配伍或炮制后入药可以降低或消除毒性并保存或增加疗效。目前为止,关于苍耳子炮制减毒原理研究报道较少,笔者建议要进一步加强苍耳子炮制减毒原理研究,充分发挥苍耳子特有疗效,开发其更大的药用价值。
Xanthii Fructus( XF) is one of important drugs for the treatment of sinusitis and headache. It is commonly used in the treatment of diseases relating to immune abnormalities,such as rheumatoid arthritis,acute and chronic rhinitis,allergic rhinitis,and skin diseases,with a high medicinal value. Modern pharmacological studies have showed a wide range of pharmacological effect and a high medicinal value in XF. However,due to long-term or excessive intake,and improper processing of medicinal materials,toxic reactions have often occurred.Toxicological studies have shown that XF poisoning can cause substantial damage to organs,such as the liver,heart and kidney,especially to liver. This paper reviews the pharmacological action,toxic substances and hepatotoxicity mechanism of XF by systematically reviewing and summarizing relevant literatures on XF both at home and abroad.It is concluded that XF has anti-hypertension,anti-allergic,anti-bacterial,anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antitumor and lipid-decreasing effects. The toxic components are mainly atractyloside,carboxy atractyloside and 4’-desulphate-atractyloside. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by XF is closely related to lipid peroxidation,bile cholestasis and hepatocyte energy metabolism. Meanwhile,the discovery of novel biomarkers of hepatotoxicity,such as miRNA-122,also provides new ideals for medical research. Toxic traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) is an important part of TCM. Compatibility or processing can reduce or eliminate toxicity and preserve or increase efficacy. At present,there are few reports on the principle of attenuating the production of XF. The author suggests further strengthening the study on the principle of attenuation of XF,giving full play to the unique curative effect of XF and developing its greater medicinal value.
Xanthii Fructus( XF) is one of important drugs for the treatment of sinusitis and headache. It is commonly used in the treatment of diseases relating to immune abnormalities,such as rheumatoid arthritis,acute and chronic rhinitis,allergic rhinitis,and skin diseases,with a high medicinal value. Modern pharmacological studies have showed a wide range of pharmacological effect and a high medicinal value in XF. However,due to long-term or excessive intake,and improper processing of medicinal materials,toxic reactions have often occurred.Toxicological studies have shown that XF poisoning can cause substantial damage to organs,such as the liver,heart and kidney,especially to liver. This paper reviews the pharmacological action,toxic substances and hepatotoxicity mechanism of XF by systematically reviewing and summarizing relevant literatures on XF both at home and abroad.It is concluded that XF has anti-hypertension,anti-allergic,anti-bacterial,anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antitumor and lipid-decreasing effects. The toxic components are mainly atractyloside,carboxy atractyloside and 4’-desulphate-atractyloside. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by XF is closely related to lipid peroxidation,bile cholestasis and hepatocyte energy metabolism. Meanwhile,the discovery of novel biomarkers of hepatotoxicity,such as miRNA-122,also provides new ideals for medical research. Toxic traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) is an important part of TCM. Compatibility or processing can reduce or eliminate toxicity and preserve or increase efficacy. At present,there are few reports on the principle of attenuating the production of XF. The author suggests further strengthening the study on the principle of attenuation of XF,giving full play to the unique curative effect of XF and developing its greater medicinal value.
引文
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[4]宋民宪,郭维加主编.新编国家中成药[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002:1-1138.
[5]侯爱莲,李爱云,张小丽.苍耳子酊治疗寻常疣扁平疣[J].中国民间疗法,2003,11(12):63-64.
[6]张跃传.明矾合苍耳子水煎洗治疗荨麻疹[J].中医外治杂志,1995,4(3):40-42.
[7]胡燕,王景霞,张力,等.苍耳子综合评价与风险控制措施的探讨[J].中国中药杂志,2017,42(21):4079-4085.
[8]杨雪,夏东胜,高建超,等.193例苍耳子不良反应文献分析[J].中国药物警戒,2016,13(11):691-696.
[9]赵胜乾,吴敏.苍耳子中毒致急性肾功能衰竭及肝损伤1例[J].中华实用诊断与治疗杂志,2004,18(6):514.
[10]喻建平.苍耳子外用治疗类风湿性关节炎30例疗效观察[J].江西中医药,2005,36(2):31.
[11]袁海洲.苍耳子散汤剂经鼻雾化吸入治疗小儿慢性鼻炎70例临床疗效观察[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2018,18(23):144-148.
[12]杨艳平.基于数据挖掘的中医治疗湿疹处方用药规律研究[D].北京:北京中医药大学,2018.
[13]ZHUANG Y,QIN K,YU B,et al.A metabolomics research based on UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS coupled with metabolic pathway analysis:treatment effects of stir-fry ing Xanthii Fructus on allergic rhinitis in mice model[J].Chromatogr B,2018,doi:10.1002/bmc.4352.
[14]王涂路,冯娟.苍耳子散加减内服及薰鼻对慢性鼻窦炎内窥镜术后的临床疗效[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2012,18(12):291-292.
[15]张梅,吴越,慕春海,等.苍耳子对小鼠血糖影响的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2009,20(3):669-671.
[16]Hwang S H,WANG Z,Yoon H N,et al.Xanthium strumarium as an inhibitor ofα-glucosidase,protein tyrosine phosphatase 1β,protein glycation and ABTS+for diabetic and its complication[J].Molecules,2016,doi:10.3390/molecules21091241.
[17]SONG M Y,Kim E K,Lee H J,et al.Fructus Xanthii extract protects against cytokine-induced damage in pancreatic beta-cells through suppression of NF-kappa B activation[J].Int J Mol Med,2009,23(4):547-553.
[18]邵海峰,胡晓梅,柴天川,等.苍耳子抗过敏有效部位的实验研究[J].四川中医,2006,24(8):25-26.
[19]戴岳,毕培曦,陈耀邦.苍耳子对速发型过敏反应的抑制作用[J].中国野生植物资源,2002,26(6):61-64.
[20]刘环香,傅道珍,张倩,等.复方苍耳子散提取物的体外抗菌作用研究[J].中国医院药学杂志,1999,19(6):347-348.
[21]赵传胜.苍耳子及其炮制品抗菌作用实验研究[J].时珍国医国药,2002,13(9):522.
[22]张明发,沈雅琴,朱自平,等.辛温(热)合归脾胃经中药药性研究IV.镇痛作用[J].中药药理与临床,1996,12(4):1-4.
[23]付小梅,孙艳朝,刘婧,等.蒙古苍耳子和苍耳子的抗炎镇痛作用比较[J].医药导报,2014,33(5):555-557.
[24]SU T,CHENG B C,FU X Q,et al.Comparison of the toxicities,activities and chemical profiles of raw and processed Xanthii Fructus[J].BMC Complement Altern Med,2016,16(24):1-8.
[25]孙延萍,郑立运,李晓红.苍耳子抗炎活性部位的筛选[J].今日科苑,2009(16):281.
[26]Yeom M,Kim J H,Min J H,et al.Xanthii Fructus inhibits inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages through suppressing NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2015,176(11):394-401.
[27]俞发荣,谢明仁,张琛,等.苍耳子药物血清对H4细胞毒性作用的实验研究[J].中国临床研究,2013,26(3):209-210,220.
[28]潘菊花,王玉琳,谢明仁,等.苍耳子提取物对S180荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制及免疫功能的影响[J].中国临床研究,2013,26(4):317-319.
[29]LI I,YANG M,LI Z,et al.Fructus Xanthii improves lipid homeostasis in the epididymal adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,13(1):787-795.
[30]杨柳,吴金雄,许舜军,等.苍耳子中酚酸类化合物的鉴别及绿原酸的含量测定[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2011,17(19):85-88.
[31]姜海,杨柳,邢绪东,等.苍耳子中木脂素类化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2018,43(10):2097-2103.
[32]HAN T,LI H L,ZHANG Q Y,et al.Bioactivityguided fractionation for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and constituents of Xanthium strumarium L.[J].Phytomedicine,2007,14(12):825-829.
[33]YIN R H,BAI X,FENG T,et al.Two new compounds from Xanthium strumarium[J].J Asian Nat Prod Res,2016,18(4):354-359.
[34]WANG L,WANG J,LI F,et al.Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum[J].Planta Med,2013,79(8):661-665.
[35]KAN S,CHEN G,HAN C,et al.Chemical constituents from the roots of Xanthium sibiricum[J].Nat Prod Res,2011,25(13):1243-1249.
[36]龚千锋.中药炮制学[M].4版.北京:中国中医药出版社,2016:117-118.
[37]Rodriguez E,Towers G H N,Mitchell J C.Biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones[J].Phytochemistry,1976,15(11):1573-1580.
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