大跨度黄土公路隧道结构稳定性及控制技术研究
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摘要
大跨度黄土隧道施工时易产生地表开裂、沉降变形、支护侵限、塌方等现象,建设难度极大。以目前世界上开挖跨度最大的高速公路黄土隧道——墩梁隧道为工程依托,采用现场实测、理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,通过对大跨度黄土公路隧道变形规律进行分析,结合单洞两车道黄土隧道支护设计相关研究成果和工程实践经验,提出大跨度黄土隧道初期支护结构型式,并对其结构受力和稳定性开展研究。研究表明:采用三台阶法施工时,上台阶处收敛经历4个阶段,最大开挖线处收敛经历3个阶段。上台阶处收敛速率比最大开挖线处的收敛速率快,最大开挖线处的最终收敛值约为上台阶处的3倍左右。沉降曲线随着与掌子面距离增大,沉降值持续增大,增速放缓。距掌子面1D、1D～2D、2D～3D和3D～4D范围内,各测点产生的沉降值分别为最大沉降值的49%、23%、12%和6%。大跨度黄土隧道采用"钢架+喷射混凝土+钢筋网+锁脚锚杆(管)+纵向连接筋"组合结构能够满足隧道结构稳定。提出洞口段施工采用双侧壁导坑法,洞身段施工采用三台阶留核心土法,浅埋段地基承载力较低的隧底采用钢管注浆加固的大跨度黄土隧道稳定控制技术。
During the construction of large-span loess tunnel,surface cracking,settlement deformation,support invasion and landslides are easy to occur,which makes the construction of large-span loess tunnel extremely difficult. Based on the pier-beam tunnel,the largest-span highway loess tunnel excavated in the world at present,the combination of field measurement,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation was used to analyze the deformation lawof large-span loess highway tunnel. Combined with the relevant research results and engineering practice experience of support design of single loess tunnel and two-lane loess tunnel,the structure type of the initial support was put forward,and structural force and stability of initial support were studied. The results showed that the convergence at the upper step and the maximum excavation line could be divided into four stages when the three-step method was adopted. The convergence rate at the upper step was faster than that at the maximum excavation line,and the final convergence value at the maximum excavation line was about three times of that at the upper step. As the distance between the settlement curve and the face increases,the settlement value increased continuously and the growth rate slowed down. Within the range of 1D,1D to 2D,2D to 3D and 3D to 4D from the palm surface,the settlement values generated by each measuring point were 49%,23%,12% and 6% of the maximum settlement values,respectively. The large-span loess tunnel colud ensure the stability of the tunnel structure by adopting the composite structure of "steel frame+shotcrete+steel mesh+anchor bolt( pipe)+longitudinal connection bar". The double-sided guide pit method was adopted in the construction of the tunnel entrance section,the three-step retaining core soil method in the construction of the tunnel body section,and the stability control technology of the large-span loess tunnel strengthened by steel pipe grouting was adopted in the tunnel bottom with lowbearing capacity in the shallowsection.
During the construction of large-span loess tunnel,surface cracking,settlement deformation,support invasion and landslides are easy to occur,which makes the construction of large-span loess tunnel extremely difficult. Based on the pier-beam tunnel,the largest-span highway loess tunnel excavated in the world at present,the combination of field measurement,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation was used to analyze the deformation lawof large-span loess highway tunnel. Combined with the relevant research results and engineering practice experience of support design of single loess tunnel and two-lane loess tunnel,the structure type of the initial support was put forward,and structural force and stability of initial support were studied. The results showed that the convergence at the upper step and the maximum excavation line could be divided into four stages when the three-step method was adopted. The convergence rate at the upper step was faster than that at the maximum excavation line,and the final convergence value at the maximum excavation line was about three times of that at the upper step. As the distance between the settlement curve and the face increases,the settlement value increased continuously and the growth rate slowed down. Within the range of 1D,1D to 2D,2D to 3D and 3D to 4D from the palm surface,the settlement values generated by each measuring point were 49%,23%,12% and 6% of the maximum settlement values,respectively. The large-span loess tunnel colud ensure the stability of the tunnel structure by adopting the composite structure of "steel frame+shotcrete+steel mesh+anchor bolt( pipe)+longitudinal connection bar". The double-sided guide pit method was adopted in the construction of the tunnel entrance section,the three-step retaining core soil method in the construction of the tunnel body section,and the stability control technology of the large-span loess tunnel strengthened by steel pipe grouting was adopted in the tunnel bottom with lowbearing capacity in the shallowsection.
引文
[1]陈建勋,王梦恕,轩俊杰,等.两车道公路黄土隧道变形规律[J].交通运输工程学报,2012,12(3):9-18.CHEN Jianxun,Wang M engshu,XUAN Junjie,et al.Deformation rule of loess highw ay tunnel w ith tw o lanes[J]Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2012,12(3):9-18.
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[4]陈建勋,姜久纯,王梦恕.黄土隧道网喷支护结构中锚杆的作用[J].中国公路学报,2007,20(3):71-75.CHEN Jianxun,JIANG Jiuchun,WANG M engshu.Function of rock bolt of lattice girder and shotcrete support structure in loess tunnel[J].China Journal of Highw ay and Transport,2007,20(3):71-75.
[5]陈建勋,轩俊杰,乔雄.浅埋黄土隧道中系统锚杆支护作用的数值模拟[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(1):59-62,78.CHEN Jianxun,XUAN Junjie,QIAO Xiong.Numerical simulation of support action of systematic anchorage bolts in shallow-buried loess tunnel[J].Journal of Chang'an U-niversity(Natural Science Edition),2011,31(1):59-62,78.
[6]陈建勋,杨海峰,夏鹏.大跨度黄土隧道洞口浅埋段支护效果监测及分析[J].公路隧道,2013(4):23-27.CHEN Jianxun,YANG Haifeng XIA Peng.M onitoring and analysis of supporting effect of Shallow-buried section at the entrance of large-span loess tunnel[J].Highw ay Tunnel,2013(4):23-27.
[7]陈建勋,乔雄.黄土隧道浅埋偏压洞口段套拱结构受力监测与分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2011,28(1):100-105.CHEN Jianxun,QIAO Xiong.M echanical monitoring and analysis of umbrella arch structure in shallow-buried bias loess tunnel entrance[J].Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering,2011,28(1):100-105.
[8]梁文灏,李国良,杨国柱,等.郑西客运专线大断面黄土隧道设计与施工技术要点[C]//2006中国高速铁路隧道国际技术交流会.北京:中国铁道出版社,2006.LIANG Wenhao,LI Guoliang,YANG Guozhu,et al.Key points for design and construction technology of large section loess tunnel on Zhengxi passenger dedicated line[C]//2006 China High Speed Railway Tunnel International Technical Exchange Conference.Beijing:China Railw ay Publishing House,2006.
[9]赵勇.黄土隧道工程[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2011.
[10]HE Benguo,ZHU Yongquan,YE Chaoliang,et al.M odel test for dynamic construction mechanical effect of large-span loess tunnel[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2011,16(1):112-117.
[11]辛振省.砂质黄土大断面隧道施工方法优化研究[J].铁道工程学报,2011(1):58-61.XIN Zhensheng.Research on optimization of construction method for sandy loess large section tunnel[J].Journal of Railw ay Engineering Society,2011(1):58-61.
[12]程选生,王建华.基于围岩位移控制的超大断面黄土隧道施工方法研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013(增刊1):82-89.CHENG Xuansheng,WANG Jianhua.Construction methods for loess tunnels w ith super-large cross-section based on displacement control of surrounding rock[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013(Suppl.1):82-89.
[13]杨建民.大断面黄土隧道施工方法分析[J].铁道工程学报,2015,32(10):86-92.YANG Jianmin.Analysis of large cross section loess tunnel construction method[J].Journal of Railw ay Engineering Society,2015,32(10):86-92.
[14]张英才,胡国伟,辛振省.大断面黄土隧道开挖工法对比分析与选择[J].铁道工程学报,2010(3):87-92.ZHANG Yingcai,HU Guow ei,XIN Zhensheng.Comparative analysis and selection of construction methods for large section loess tunnel[J].Journal of Railw ay Engineering Society,2010(3):87-92.
[15]陈建勋,乔雄,王梦恕.黄土隧道锚杆受力与作用机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(8):1690-1697.CHEN Jianxun,QIAO Xiong,WANG M engshu.Stress and action mechanism of rock bolt in loess tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock M echanics and Engineering,2011,30(8):1690-1697.
[16]陈建勋,王超,罗彦斌,等.高含水量土质隧道不设系统锚杆的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(5):815-820.CHEN Jianxun,WANG Chao,LUO Yanbin,et al.Experimental research on high-w ater-content soil tunnel w ithout systematic bolts[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(5):815-820.
[2]乔雄,陈建勋,王梦恕.黄土公路隧道洞口段变形规律测试研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(增刊2):3552-3556.QIAO Xiong,CHEN Jianxun,WANG M engshu.Test study of deformation law of enterance section for loess highw ay tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock M echanics and Engineering,2013,32(Suppl.2):3552-3556.
[3]陈建勋,姜久纯,罗彦斌,等.黄土隧道洞口段支护结构的力学特性分析[J].中国公路学报,2008,21(5):75-80.CHEN Jianxun,JIANG Jiuchun,LUO Yanbin,et al.M echanics characteristic analysis of support structure of loess tunnel entrance[J].China Journal of Highw ay and Transport,2008,21(5):75-80.
[4]陈建勋,姜久纯,王梦恕.黄土隧道网喷支护结构中锚杆的作用[J].中国公路学报,2007,20(3):71-75.CHEN Jianxun,JIANG Jiuchun,WANG M engshu.Function of rock bolt of lattice girder and shotcrete support structure in loess tunnel[J].China Journal of Highw ay and Transport,2007,20(3):71-75.
[5]陈建勋,轩俊杰,乔雄.浅埋黄土隧道中系统锚杆支护作用的数值模拟[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(1):59-62,78.CHEN Jianxun,XUAN Junjie,QIAO Xiong.Numerical simulation of support action of systematic anchorage bolts in shallow-buried loess tunnel[J].Journal of Chang'an U-niversity(Natural Science Edition),2011,31(1):59-62,78.
[6]陈建勋,杨海峰,夏鹏.大跨度黄土隧道洞口浅埋段支护效果监测及分析[J].公路隧道,2013(4):23-27.CHEN Jianxun,YANG Haifeng XIA Peng.M onitoring and analysis of supporting effect of Shallow-buried section at the entrance of large-span loess tunnel[J].Highw ay Tunnel,2013(4):23-27.
[7]陈建勋,乔雄.黄土隧道浅埋偏压洞口段套拱结构受力监测与分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2011,28(1):100-105.CHEN Jianxun,QIAO Xiong.M echanical monitoring and analysis of umbrella arch structure in shallow-buried bias loess tunnel entrance[J].Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering,2011,28(1):100-105.
[8]梁文灏,李国良,杨国柱,等.郑西客运专线大断面黄土隧道设计与施工技术要点[C]//2006中国高速铁路隧道国际技术交流会.北京:中国铁道出版社,2006.LIANG Wenhao,LI Guoliang,YANG Guozhu,et al.Key points for design and construction technology of large section loess tunnel on Zhengxi passenger dedicated line[C]//2006 China High Speed Railway Tunnel International Technical Exchange Conference.Beijing:China Railw ay Publishing House,2006.
[9]赵勇.黄土隧道工程[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2011.
[10]HE Benguo,ZHU Yongquan,YE Chaoliang,et al.M odel test for dynamic construction mechanical effect of large-span loess tunnel[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2011,16(1):112-117.
[11]辛振省.砂质黄土大断面隧道施工方法优化研究[J].铁道工程学报,2011(1):58-61.XIN Zhensheng.Research on optimization of construction method for sandy loess large section tunnel[J].Journal of Railw ay Engineering Society,2011(1):58-61.
[12]程选生,王建华.基于围岩位移控制的超大断面黄土隧道施工方法研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013(增刊1):82-89.CHENG Xuansheng,WANG Jianhua.Construction methods for loess tunnels w ith super-large cross-section based on displacement control of surrounding rock[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013(Suppl.1):82-89.
[13]杨建民.大断面黄土隧道施工方法分析[J].铁道工程学报,2015,32(10):86-92.YANG Jianmin.Analysis of large cross section loess tunnel construction method[J].Journal of Railw ay Engineering Society,2015,32(10):86-92.
[14]张英才,胡国伟,辛振省.大断面黄土隧道开挖工法对比分析与选择[J].铁道工程学报,2010(3):87-92.ZHANG Yingcai,HU Guow ei,XIN Zhensheng.Comparative analysis and selection of construction methods for large section loess tunnel[J].Journal of Railw ay Engineering Society,2010(3):87-92.
[15]陈建勋,乔雄,王梦恕.黄土隧道锚杆受力与作用机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(8):1690-1697.CHEN Jianxun,QIAO Xiong,WANG M engshu.Stress and action mechanism of rock bolt in loess tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock M echanics and Engineering,2011,30(8):1690-1697.
[16]陈建勋,王超,罗彦斌,等.高含水量土质隧道不设系统锚杆的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(5):815-820.CHEN Jianxun,WANG Chao,LUO Yanbin,et al.Experimental research on high-w ater-content soil tunnel w ithout systematic bolts[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(5):815-820.
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