PDC切削齿破碎干热岩数值模拟
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摘要
开采干热岩地热资源大多都需要在硬度大、研磨性强、可钻性差、温度高的地层中钻井,PDC钻头的合理布齿是提高破岩效率的关键。为了给干热岩钻井用PDC钻头的设计提供参考,基于弹塑性力学和岩石力学,以Drucker-Prager准则作为岩石的强度准则,建立了PDC切削齿动态破岩的三维数值仿真模型,研究了60 MPa围压条件下切削深度、温度、后倾角、切削速度对PDC切削齿破岩效率的影响以及影响机理。研究结果表明:①PDC切削齿以0.5 m/s的速度切削岩石,PDC切削齿(后倾角5°～25°)的破岩比功随切削深度的增加而减小,随温度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,临界温度为200℃;②PDC切削齿以0.5 m/s切削速度切削岩石,PDC齿(切削深度1～3 mm)的破岩比功随后倾角增加呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,最优破岩后倾角为20°;③岩石温度处于20～300℃的范围内,PDC齿以后倾角5°进行破岩,破岩比功随切削速度的增加而增大,任意切削速度下,破岩比功随切削深度的增加而减小。结论认为:在干热岩钻井中,采用浅内锥、大冠顶、长外锥的钻头外形结构,增加冠顶处布齿密度、降低中心处布齿密度、20°后倾角,可以释放岩石围压、均匀切削齿磨损、增加切削深度、降低破岩比功、提高钻井效率。
Penetrating through hot dry rocks for geothermal resources with high geothermal gradients, high degrees of hardness and abrasivity will be extremely difficult, and a reasonable tooth distribution is a key factor to improve its rock breaking efficiency. In order to explore an available cutter arrangement design of PDC cutters in hot dry rock drilling, we, based on elastic–plastic mechanics and rock mechanics, established a dynamic 3 D numerical simulation model of rock breaking with PDC cutters by using the Drucker–Prager yield criterion as the rock strength judgment principle. On the basis of this, we studied, under the confining pressure of 60 MPa, the effects of cutting depth, temperature, back rake angle and cutting speed on the mechanical specific energy of PDC cutters. The following results were achieved.(1) When a PDC cutter cuts a rock with the speed of 0.5 m/s and the back rack angle of 5°–25°, the rock destruction specific energy of the cutter decreases significantly with the rise of cutting depth, while increases first and then decreases with the increasing temperature. And the critical temperature is 200 ℃.(2) When a PDC cutter cuts a rock with the speed of 0.5 m/s and the cutting depth of1–3 mm, the rock destruction specific energy of the cutter decreases first and then increases with the increase of back rack angle. And the optimal rack angle is 20°.(3) Within the temperature range of 20–300 ℃, a PDC cutter cuts a rock with the back rack angle of 5°, the rock destruction specific energy of the cutter increases with the cutting speed but decreases with the increase of cutting depth.
Penetrating through hot dry rocks for geothermal resources with high geothermal gradients, high degrees of hardness and abrasivity will be extremely difficult, and a reasonable tooth distribution is a key factor to improve its rock breaking efficiency. In order to explore an available cutter arrangement design of PDC cutters in hot dry rock drilling, we, based on elastic–plastic mechanics and rock mechanics, established a dynamic 3 D numerical simulation model of rock breaking with PDC cutters by using the Drucker–Prager yield criterion as the rock strength judgment principle. On the basis of this, we studied, under the confining pressure of 60 MPa, the effects of cutting depth, temperature, back rake angle and cutting speed on the mechanical specific energy of PDC cutters. The following results were achieved.(1) When a PDC cutter cuts a rock with the speed of 0.5 m/s and the back rack angle of 5°–25°, the rock destruction specific energy of the cutter decreases significantly with the rise of cutting depth, while increases first and then decreases with the increasing temperature. And the critical temperature is 200 ℃.(2) When a PDC cutter cuts a rock with the speed of 0.5 m/s and the cutting depth of1–3 mm, the rock destruction specific energy of the cutter decreases first and then increases with the increase of back rack angle. And the optimal rack angle is 20°.(3) Within the temperature range of 20–300 ℃, a PDC cutter cuts a rock with the back rack angle of 5°, the rock destruction specific energy of the cutter increases with the cutting speed but decreases with the increase of cutting depth.
引文
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[2]汪集旸.一带一路,地热先行[J].科技导报,2016,34(21):1.Wang Jiyang.The belt and road,geothermal advance[J].Science&Technology Review,2016,34(21):1.
[3]汪集旸,胡圣标,庞忠和,何丽娟,赵平,朱传庆,等.中国大陆干热岩地热资源潜力评估[J].科技导报,2012,30(32):25-31.Wang Jiyang,Hu Shengbiao,Pang Zhonghe,He Lijuan,Zhao Ping,Zhu Chuanqing,et al.Estimate of geothermal resources potential for hot dry rock in the continental area of China[J].Science&Technology Review,2012,30(32):25-31.
[4]蔺文静,刘志明,王婉丽,王贵玲.中国地热资源及其潜力评估[J].中国地质,2013,40(1):312-321.Lin Wenjing,Liu Zhiming,Wang Wanli&Wang Guiling.The assessment of geothermal resources potential of China[J].Geology in China,2013,40(1):312-321.
[5]蔺文静,刘志明,马峰,刘春雷,王贵玲.我国陆区干热岩资源潜力估算[J].地球学报,2012,33(5):807-811.Lin Wenjing,Liu Zhiming,Ma Feng,Liu Chunlei&Wang Guiling.An estimation of HDR resources in China’s mainland[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2012,33(5):807-811.
[6]陈梓慧,郑克棪,姜建军.试论我国干热岩地热资源开发战略[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(3):161-166.Chen Zihui,Zheng Keyan&Jiang Jianjun.Discussion on the development strategy of hot dry rock in China[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2015,42(3):161-166.
[7]赵阳升.高温岩体地热开发的岩石力学问题--21世纪新兴岩石力学与工程发展展望[C]//中国岩石力学与工程学会第六次学术大会论文集.北京,2000.Zhao Yangsheng.The problem of rock mechanics in heat extraction in hot dry rock-21st advancing of rock mechanics&rock engineering[C]//Proceedings of the 6th Academic Congress of the Chinese Society of Rock Mechanics and Engineering.2000-10-01,Beijing,China.
[8]Dwivedi RD,Goel RK,Prasad VVR&Sinha A.Thermo-mechanical properties of Indian and other granites[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2008,45(3):303-315.
[9]光新军,王敏生,思娜,叶海超.高温地热高效开发钻井技术难点及对策[C]//第十八届全国探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程)技术学术交流年会论文集.哈尔滨,2015.Guang Xinjun,Wang Minsheng,Si Na&Ye Haichao.Drilling technologies difficulty and countermeasures of HT geothermal efficient development[C]//The proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of National Prospecting Engineering(Geotechnical Drilling and Excavation Engineering),Haerbin,China,2015.
[10]陈欣伟.复合钻井PDC钻头破岩机理研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2016.Chen Xinwei.Study on rock breaking mechanism of PDC bit in compound drilling[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2016.
[11]陈平.钻井与完井工程[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2011.Chen Ping.Drilling and completion engineering[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2011.
[12]Rostamsowla I,Akbari B&Evans B.Analysis of rock cutting process with a blunt PDC cutter under different wear flat inclination angles[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,171(6):771-783.
[13]梁尔国,李子丰,邹德永.PDC钻头综合受力模型的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(4):938-942.Liang Erguo,Li Zifeng&Zou Deyong.Experimental research on integrated mechanical model of PDC bit[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(4):938-942.
[14]祝效华,李海.PDC切削齿破岩效率数值模拟研究[j].应用基础与工程科学学报,2015,23(1):182-191.Zhu Xiaohua&Li Hai.Numerical simulation on mechanical special energy of PDC cutter rock-cutting[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2015,23(1):182-191.
[15]赵金昌,万志军,李义,赵阳升,董付科,冯子军,等.高温高压条件下花岗岩切削破碎试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(7):1432-1438.Zhao Jinchang,Wan Zhijun,Li Yi,Zhao Yangsheng,Dong Fuke,Feng Zijun,et al.Research on granite cutting and breaking test under conditions of high temperature and high pressure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(7):1432-1438.
[16]许超.干热岩井施工关键技术研究[J].中国煤炭地质,2018,30(增刊1):94-96.Xu Chao.Study on hot dry rock well construction key technologies[J].Coal Geology of China,2018,30(S1):94-96.
[17]周舟,金衍,卢运虎,周博成.干热岩地热储层钻井和水力压裂工程技术难题和攻关建议[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48(12):97-102.Zhou Zhou,Jin Yan,Lu Yunhu&Zhou Bocheng.Present challenge and prospects of drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology for hot dry rock geothermal reservoir[J].Scientia Sinica Physica,Mechanica&Astronomica,2018,48(12):97-102.
[18]张所邦,宋鸿,陈兵,韩朝.中国干热岩开发与钻井关键技术[J].资源环境与工程,2017,31(2):202-207.Zhang Suobang,Song Hong,Chen Bing&Han Zhao.The development and key drilling technology of hot dry rock in China[J].Resources Environment&Engineering,2017,31(2):202-207.
[19]郤保平,赵金昌,赵阳升,朱合华,武晋文.高温岩体地热钻井施工关键技术研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(11):2234-2243.Xi Baoping,Zhao Jinchang,Zhao Yangsheng,Zhu Hehua&Wu Jinwen.Key technologies of hot dry rock drilling during construction[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(11):2234-2243.
[20]贾彦杰,蒋平,童华.基于Drucker-Prager准则的扩孔器单齿正交切削岩土三维力学模型[J].岩土力学,2013,34(5):1429-1436.Jia Yanjie,Jiang Ping&Tong Hua.3D mechanical modeling of soil orthogonal cutting under a single reamer cutter based on Drucker-Prager criterion[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(5):1429-1436.
[21]祝效华,汤历平,童华.高频扭转冲击钻进的减振与提速机理研究[J].振动与冲击,2012,31(20):75-78.Zhu Xiaohua,Tang Liping&Tong Hua.Rock breaking mechanism of a high frequency torsional impact drilling[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2012,31(20):75-78.
[22]Kumari WGP,Ranjith PG,Perera MSA,Shaoa S,Chen BK,Lashin A,et al.Mechanical behaviour of Australian Strathbogie granite under in-situ stress and temperature conditions:An application to geothermal energy extraction[J].Geothermics,2017,65(7):44-59.
[23]祝效华,易勤健.PDC钻头切削断面对破岩效率的影响[J].中国机械工程,2018,29(7):817-823.Zhu Xiaohua&Yi Qinjian.Influences of cutting shapes of PDCbits on rock breaking efficiency[J].China Mechanical Engineering,2018,29(7):817-823.
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