北京市典型道路扬尘化学组分特征及年际变化
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摘要
选择北京市具有代表性道路,于2004年9月和2013年5月进行采样,利用再悬浮设备制备道路扬尘PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)样品,并进行化学组分分析,建立了2004年和2013年北京市道路扬尘PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)源成分谱,以分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘化学组分特征及其组分年际变化.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)源成分谱中的化学组分特征均为Ca、Si、有机碳(organic carbon,OC)、Al、Fe、K、Mg、SO_4~(2-)和元素碳(element carbon,EC),其在道路扬尘中的含量之和分别为:2004年PM_(10)为46. 7303%、PM_(2.5)为56. 9198%和2013年PM_(2.5)为38. 7478%;占全部被测组分的比例分别为95. 9%、94. 3%和94. 7%. 2004年道路扬尘中,环路Si、Al的含量显著低于其他道路类型,受到的土壤风沙尘影响最小;建筑水泥尘特征元素Ca主干道含量最高,高速五环进京口含量最低; EC在高速五环进京口的含量显著高于其他道路类型.而2013年PM_(2.5)中被测组分总含量及Si、Al、Ca的含量次干道均显著低于其他道路类型. 2013年与2004年相比,北京市道路扬尘PM_(2.5)中除SO_4~(2-)含量略上升了2. 0%外,其余组分含量下降显著,Ca、Si、OC、Al、Fe、K、EC和NO_3~-下降幅度分别为45. 1%、31. 5%、17. 5%、20. 3%、55. 6%、33. 3%、30. 0%和50. 3%.结果表明,[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]比值不能准确反映固定源和移动源相对贡献大小的变化.[OC]/[EC]比值,2004年PM_(10)为9. 77±3. 88,PM_(2.5)为9. 36±3. 25,2013年PM_(2.5)为14. 41±10. 41,北京市道路扬尘存在二次有机碳(secondary organic carbon,SOC),且SOC是道路扬尘PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)的重要组成部分.不同城市道路扬尘及同一城市不同粒径的道路扬尘成分谱相似度不高,应建立相应的成分谱并适时更新.
Samples of road dust were collected from selected representative roads in Beijing in September 2004 and May 2013,and then re-suspended on filters using a NK-ZXF sampler to prepare road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) samples. The concentrations of the chemical components in the road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) were analyzed,and source profiles of the road dust in Beijing in 2004 and 2013 were established. The characteristics and interannual variation of the chemical components in the road dust in Beijing were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the chemical components in the road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in Beijing were Ca,Si,organic carbon( OC),Al,Fe,K,Mg,SO_4~(2-),and elemental carbon( EC). The total content of these chemical components in the PM_(10) in 2004,PM_(2.5) in 2004,and PM_(2.5) in 2013 were 46. 730 3%,56. 919 8%,and 38. 747 8%,respectively,and the total content of these chemical components accounted for 95. 9%,94. 3% and 94. 7% of the total content of all components tested,respectively. In 2004,the contents of Si and Al in the road dust of ring road were significantly lower than those of other road types,and the influence of soil dust on the ring road was the smallest. The content of Ca,a characteristic element of construction dust,was the highest in main road,and was the lowest in the expressway entrance to Beijing. The content of EC in the road dust from the expressway entrance to Beijing was significantly higher than that in other road types. However,in 2013,the total content of all components tested and the contents of Si,Al,and Ca in the road dust PM_(2.5) of secondary main roads were significantly lower than those for other road types. Due to the implementation of dust,motor vehicles,and combustion source control measures in Beijing and the relocation of the Shougang corporation,only the content of SO_4~(2-)in the road dust PM_(2.5) in Beijing increased slightly by 2. 0% in 2013 compared with in 2004; the contents of the other components decreased significantly. The contents of Ca,Si,OC,Al,Fe,K,EC,and NO_3~-decreased by45. 1%,31. 5%,17. 5%,20. 3%,55. 6%,33. 3%,30. 0%,and 50. 3%,respectively. The results showed that the ratio of[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]did not accurately reflect the changes in the relative contributions of fixed sources and moving sources. The [OC]/[EC]ratios of PM_(10) in 2004,PM_(2.5) in 2004,and PM_(2.5) in 2013 were 9. 77 ± 3. 88,9. 36 ± 3. 25,and 14. 41 ± 10. 41,respectively.Secondary organic carbon( SOC) pollution was present in road dust in Beijing,and the SOC was an important component in the road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5). The source profiles of different urban road dust samples and the source profiles of road dust of different sizes in the same city were not very similar,so the corresponding source profiles should be established and updated in a timely manner.
Samples of road dust were collected from selected representative roads in Beijing in September 2004 and May 2013,and then re-suspended on filters using a NK-ZXF sampler to prepare road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) samples. The concentrations of the chemical components in the road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) were analyzed,and source profiles of the road dust in Beijing in 2004 and 2013 were established. The characteristics and interannual variation of the chemical components in the road dust in Beijing were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the chemical components in the road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in Beijing were Ca,Si,organic carbon( OC),Al,Fe,K,Mg,SO_4~(2-),and elemental carbon( EC). The total content of these chemical components in the PM_(10) in 2004,PM_(2.5) in 2004,and PM_(2.5) in 2013 were 46. 730 3%,56. 919 8%,and 38. 747 8%,respectively,and the total content of these chemical components accounted for 95. 9%,94. 3% and 94. 7% of the total content of all components tested,respectively. In 2004,the contents of Si and Al in the road dust of ring road were significantly lower than those of other road types,and the influence of soil dust on the ring road was the smallest. The content of Ca,a characteristic element of construction dust,was the highest in main road,and was the lowest in the expressway entrance to Beijing. The content of EC in the road dust from the expressway entrance to Beijing was significantly higher than that in other road types. However,in 2013,the total content of all components tested and the contents of Si,Al,and Ca in the road dust PM_(2.5) of secondary main roads were significantly lower than those for other road types. Due to the implementation of dust,motor vehicles,and combustion source control measures in Beijing and the relocation of the Shougang corporation,only the content of SO_4~(2-)in the road dust PM_(2.5) in Beijing increased slightly by 2. 0% in 2013 compared with in 2004; the contents of the other components decreased significantly. The contents of Ca,Si,OC,Al,Fe,K,EC,and NO_3~-decreased by45. 1%,31. 5%,17. 5%,20. 3%,55. 6%,33. 3%,30. 0%,and 50. 3%,respectively. The results showed that the ratio of[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]did not accurately reflect the changes in the relative contributions of fixed sources and moving sources. The [OC]/[EC]ratios of PM_(10) in 2004,PM_(2.5) in 2004,and PM_(2.5) in 2013 were 9. 77 ± 3. 88,9. 36 ± 3. 25,and 14. 41 ± 10. 41,respectively.Secondary organic carbon( SOC) pollution was present in road dust in Beijing,and the SOC was an important component in the road dust PM_(10) and PM_(2.5). The source profiles of different urban road dust samples and the source profiles of road dust of different sizes in the same city were not very similar,so the corresponding source profiles should be established and updated in a timely manner.
引文
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[16]华蕾,郭婧,徐子优,等.北京市主要PM10排放源成分谱分析[J].中国环境监测,2006,22(6):64-71.Hua L,Guo J,Xu Z Y,et al. Analysis of PM10source profiles in Beijing[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2006,22(6):64-71.
[17]王珍,郭军,陈卓.贵阳市PM2. 5主要污染源源成分谱分析[J].安全与环境学报,2016,16(2):346-351.Wang Z,Guo J,Chen Z. Analysis of the source componential spectrum of PM2. 5emission in Guiyang[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment,2016,16(2):346-351.
[18] Chen P L,Wang T J,Hu X,et al. Chemical mass balance source apportionment of size-fractionated particulate matter in Nanjing,China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2015,15(5):1855-1867.
[19]张伟,姬亚芹,张军,等.辽宁省典型城市道路尘PM2. 5成分谱研究[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(2):412-417.Zhang W,Ji Y Q,Zhang J,et al. Study on the road dust source profile of PM2. 5in Liaoning Province typical cities[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(2):412-417.
[20]李凤华,吴琳,张静,等.典型道路路边空气颗粒物及无机元素特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(7):2460-2469.Li F H, Wu L, Zhang J, et al. Characteristic analysis of inorganic elements in PM2. 5and PM10at urban roadside environment[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(7):2460-2469.
[21] Zhao P S,Dong F,He D,et al. Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2. 5in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(9):4631-4644.
[22] Sutherland R A,Tolosa C A. Multi-element analysis of roaddeposited sediment in an urban drainage basin, Honolulu,Hawaii[J]. Environmental Pollution,2000,110(3):483-495.
[23]武媛媛,李如梅,彭林,等.运城市道路扬尘化学组成特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):1799-1806.Wu Y Y,Li R M,Peng L,et al. Chemical compositions and source apportionment of road dust in Yuncheng[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(5):1799-1806.
[24]康苏花,李海峰,赵鑫,等.石家庄市开放源颗粒物化学组成特征分析[J].科学技术与工程,2015,15(13):221-225.Kang S H,Li H F,Zhao X,et al. Analysis of characteristics and chemical composition of open source particulate matter in Shijiazhuang city[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2015,15(13):221-225.
[25] Pant P,Baker S J,Shukla A,et al. The PM10fraction of road dust in the UK and India:characterization,source profiles and oxidative potential[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,530-531:445-452.
[26] Han S,Youn J S,Jung Y W. Characterization of PM10and PM2. 5source profiles for resuspended road dust collected using mobile sampling methodology[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(20):3343-3351.
[27]姬亚芹.城市空气颗粒物源解析土壤风沙尘成分谱研究[D].天津:南开大学,2006.
[28]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990. 330-493.
[29]石栋奇,卢新卫.西安城区路面细颗粒灰尘重金属污染水平及来源分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3126-3133.Shi D Q,Lu X W. Contamination levels and source analysis of heavy metals in the finer particles of urban road dust from Xi'an,China[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3126-3133.
[30]段海静,蔡晓强,阮心玲,等.开封市公园地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2972-2980.Duan H J,Cai X Q,Ruan X L,et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and its health risk of surface dusts from parks of Kaifeng,China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(8):2972-2980.
[31]曹军骥. PM2. 5与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2014. 256-306.
[32]天津市环境保护局.城市生态系统与污染综合防治[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988. 425-436.
[2]王燕,彭林,李丽娟,等.晋城城市扬尘化学组成特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):82-87.Wang Y,Peng L,Li L J,et al. Chemical compositions and sources apportionment of re-suspended dust in Jincheng[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):82-87.
[3] Cao J J,Shen Z X,Chow J C,et al. Winter and summer PM2. 5chemical compositions in fourteen Chinese cities[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2012,62(10):1214-1226.
[4]胡月琪,马召辉,冯亚君,等.北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中水溶性离子排放特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1966-1974.Hu Y Q,Ma Z H,Feng Y J,et al. Emission characteristics of water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):1966-1974.
[5] Lelieveld J,Evans J S,Fnais M,et al. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale[J]. Nature,2015,525(7569):367-371.
[6] Li M H,Fan L C,Mao B,et al. Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter increases hospitalizations and mortality in COPD:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Chest,2016,149(2):447-458.
[7] Shen G F,Xue M,Yuan S Y,et al. Chemical compositions and reconstructed light extinction coefficients of particulate matter in a mega-city in the western Yangtze River Delta, China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,83:14-20.
[8]冯静,董君,李大伟.青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系[J].环境监测管理与技术,2013,25(1):18-21.Feng J,Dong J,Li D W. The relationship between atmospheric visibility and particulate matter in spring and summer in Qingdao urban area[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2013,25(1):18-21.
[9] Watson J G. Visibility:science and regulation[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2002,52(6):628-713.
[10] Jacob D J,Winner D A. Effect of climate change on air quality[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(1):51-63.
[11]赵静琦,姬亚芹,张蕾,等.基于样方法的天津市春季道路扬尘PM2. 5中水溶性离子特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):1994-1999.Zhao J Q,Ji Y Q,Zhang L,et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble inorganic ions in road dust PM2. 5during spring in Tianjin using the quadrat sampling method[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):1994-1999.
[12]朱先磊,张远航,曾立民,等.北京市大气细颗粒物PM2. 5的来源研究[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(5):1-5.Zhu X L,Zhang Y H,Zeng L M,et al. Source identification of ambient PM2. 5in Beijing[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(5):1-5.
[13] Tsai J,Owega S,Evans G,et al. Chemical composition and source apportionment of Toronto summertime urban fine aerosol(PM2. 5)[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2004,259(1):193-197.
[14] Chow J C,Watson J G,Kuhns H,et al. Source profiles for industrial,mobile,and area sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational study[J]. Chemosphere,2004,54(2):185-208.
[15]马召辉,梁云平,张健,等.北京市典型排放源PM2. 5成分谱研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(12):4043-4052.Ma Z H,Liang Y P,Zhang J,et al. PM2. 5profiles of typical sources in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(12):4043-4052.
[16]华蕾,郭婧,徐子优,等.北京市主要PM10排放源成分谱分析[J].中国环境监测,2006,22(6):64-71.Hua L,Guo J,Xu Z Y,et al. Analysis of PM10source profiles in Beijing[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2006,22(6):64-71.
[17]王珍,郭军,陈卓.贵阳市PM2. 5主要污染源源成分谱分析[J].安全与环境学报,2016,16(2):346-351.Wang Z,Guo J,Chen Z. Analysis of the source componential spectrum of PM2. 5emission in Guiyang[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment,2016,16(2):346-351.
[18] Chen P L,Wang T J,Hu X,et al. Chemical mass balance source apportionment of size-fractionated particulate matter in Nanjing,China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2015,15(5):1855-1867.
[19]张伟,姬亚芹,张军,等.辽宁省典型城市道路尘PM2. 5成分谱研究[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(2):412-417.Zhang W,Ji Y Q,Zhang J,et al. Study on the road dust source profile of PM2. 5in Liaoning Province typical cities[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(2):412-417.
[20]李凤华,吴琳,张静,等.典型道路路边空气颗粒物及无机元素特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(7):2460-2469.Li F H, Wu L, Zhang J, et al. Characteristic analysis of inorganic elements in PM2. 5and PM10at urban roadside environment[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(7):2460-2469.
[21] Zhao P S,Dong F,He D,et al. Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2. 5in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(9):4631-4644.
[22] Sutherland R A,Tolosa C A. Multi-element analysis of roaddeposited sediment in an urban drainage basin, Honolulu,Hawaii[J]. Environmental Pollution,2000,110(3):483-495.
[23]武媛媛,李如梅,彭林,等.运城市道路扬尘化学组成特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):1799-1806.Wu Y Y,Li R M,Peng L,et al. Chemical compositions and source apportionment of road dust in Yuncheng[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(5):1799-1806.
[24]康苏花,李海峰,赵鑫,等.石家庄市开放源颗粒物化学组成特征分析[J].科学技术与工程,2015,15(13):221-225.Kang S H,Li H F,Zhao X,et al. Analysis of characteristics and chemical composition of open source particulate matter in Shijiazhuang city[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2015,15(13):221-225.
[25] Pant P,Baker S J,Shukla A,et al. The PM10fraction of road dust in the UK and India:characterization,source profiles and oxidative potential[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,530-531:445-452.
[26] Han S,Youn J S,Jung Y W. Characterization of PM10and PM2. 5source profiles for resuspended road dust collected using mobile sampling methodology[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(20):3343-3351.
[27]姬亚芹.城市空气颗粒物源解析土壤风沙尘成分谱研究[D].天津:南开大学,2006.
[28]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990. 330-493.
[29]石栋奇,卢新卫.西安城区路面细颗粒灰尘重金属污染水平及来源分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3126-3133.Shi D Q,Lu X W. Contamination levels and source analysis of heavy metals in the finer particles of urban road dust from Xi'an,China[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3126-3133.
[30]段海静,蔡晓强,阮心玲,等.开封市公园地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2972-2980.Duan H J,Cai X Q,Ruan X L,et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and its health risk of surface dusts from parks of Kaifeng,China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(8):2972-2980.
[31]曹军骥. PM2. 5与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2014. 256-306.
[32]天津市环境保护局.城市生态系统与污染综合防治[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988. 425-436.
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