生态脆弱区保水采煤矿井(区)等级类型
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摘要
水资源保护性采煤是生态脆弱矿区可持续发展的必然选择,如何深化保水采煤研究,使之更好的付诸工程实践,是西北煤炭开发规划和建设生产亟需解决的问题。以陕北榆神矿区为例,结合浅表层水资源(保水采煤目的层)量分布和煤矿开采对浅表层水资源的影响程度两方面,研究了保水采煤矿井(区)类型。首先,分析了研究区生态-水-煤系地层空间赋存结构特征,提出了以保水采煤为目的的生态地质环境类型,将其划分为潜水沙漠滩地绿洲型、地表水沟谷河流绿洲型、地表径流(黄土)沟壑型和区域性(深埋)地下水富集型;其次,计算确定了浅表层水资源单位面积总储存量分布;然后,基于煤层开采对生态层及浅表层水的影响程度,提出了4种保水采煤环境工程地质模式(环境友好型、环境渐变恢复型、环境渐变恶化型及环境灾变型),在分析影响其分区的导水断裂带高度、残余隔水层釆动隔水性等关键指标的基础上,建立了不同环境工程地质模式分区阈值和确定方法;最后,基于浅表层水资源量和保水采煤环境工程地质模式分布特征,提出了保水采煤矿井等级类型划分方法,将其划分为:正常开采矿井、保水采煤一级矿井、保水采煤二级矿井和保水采煤三级矿井,总结了各级保水采煤矿井适用的开采方法与水资源保护、利用方法。
Coal mining with water protection is an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of ecologically fragile mining areas.The study and application of coal mining with water protection is an urgent problem to be solved in coal development planning,construction and production in northwest China.Taking Yushen mining area in northern Shaanxi Province as an example,this paper studies the types of water-preserved coal mining coalmines in combination with the quantity distribution of shallow water resources( water-preserved coal mining target seam) and the impact of coal mining on shallow water resources.Firstly,the spatial occurrence structure characteristics of eco-water-coal measures strata in the study area are analyzed.Also,the eco-geological environment types for the purpose of water-preserved coal mining are proposed,which are divided into oasis type with phreatic water and bottomland in desert,oasis type with surface water and valley river,loess gully type with surface runoff,and regional deep groundwater enrichment type.Secondly,the distribution of total storage per unit area of shallow water resources is calculated and determined.Then,based on the influence degree of coal mining on ecological layer and shallow water,four types of environmental engineering geological patterns( basically unaffected model,gradually restored model after destruction,gradually deteriorated model and disaster model) are proposed.Based on the analysis of the key indicators affecting the division of environmental engineering geological patterns,including the height of the water-flowing fractured zone and the mining water-resisting of residual aquiclude,etc.,the zoning threshold and determination method for environmental engineering geological patterns is established.Finally,based on the distribution characteristics of shallow water resources and environmental engineering geological patterns,the grade types of water-preserved coal mining coalmines are put forward for the first time,which is divided into normal mining mine,water-preserved coal mining first-class mine,water-preserved coal mining second-class mine and water-preserved coal mining third-class mine.
Coal mining with water protection is an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of ecologically fragile mining areas.The study and application of coal mining with water protection is an urgent problem to be solved in coal development planning,construction and production in northwest China.Taking Yushen mining area in northern Shaanxi Province as an example,this paper studies the types of water-preserved coal mining coalmines in combination with the quantity distribution of shallow water resources( water-preserved coal mining target seam) and the impact of coal mining on shallow water resources.Firstly,the spatial occurrence structure characteristics of eco-water-coal measures strata in the study area are analyzed.Also,the eco-geological environment types for the purpose of water-preserved coal mining are proposed,which are divided into oasis type with phreatic water and bottomland in desert,oasis type with surface water and valley river,loess gully type with surface runoff,and regional deep groundwater enrichment type.Secondly,the distribution of total storage per unit area of shallow water resources is calculated and determined.Then,based on the influence degree of coal mining on ecological layer and shallow water,four types of environmental engineering geological patterns( basically unaffected model,gradually restored model after destruction,gradually deteriorated model and disaster model) are proposed.Based on the analysis of the key indicators affecting the division of environmental engineering geological patterns,including the height of the water-flowing fractured zone and the mining water-resisting of residual aquiclude,etc.,the zoning threshold and determination method for environmental engineering geological patterns is established.Finally,based on the distribution characteristics of shallow water resources and environmental engineering geological patterns,the grade types of water-preserved coal mining coalmines are put forward for the first time,which is divided into normal mining mine,water-preserved coal mining first-class mine,water-preserved coal mining second-class mine and water-preserved coal mining third-class mine.
引文
[1]“能源领域咨询研究"综合组.推动能源生产和消费革命战略研究[J].中国工程科学,2015,17(9):11-17.
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[6]FAN Limin,MA Xiongde.A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2018,5(4):411-416.
[7]叶贵钧,张莱,李文平,等.陕北榆神府矿区煤炭资源开发主要水工环问题及防治对策[J].工程地质学报,2000,8(4):446-455.YE Guijun,ZHANG Lai,LI Wenping,et al.The main hydro-engineering-environmental-geological problems arose from the exploitation of coal resource in Yushenfu mine area of northern Shannxi and their prevention measures[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2000,8(4):446-455.
[8]李文平,段中会,华解明.陕北榆神府矿区地质环境现状及采煤效应影响预测[J].工程地质学报,2000,8(3):324-333.LI Wenping,DUAN Zhonghui,HUA Jieming.Evaluation of present geological environment and prediction of its variation caused by mining in Yushenfu mine area of north Shannxi[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2000,8(3):324-333.
[9]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区含(隔)水层特征及保水开采分区研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(1):7-14.WANG Shuangming,HUANG Qingxiang,FAN Limin,et al.Study on overburden aquclude and water protection mining regionazation in the ecological fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(1):7-14.
[10]李文平,叶贵钧,张莱,等.陕北榆神府矿区保水采煤工程地质条件研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(5):449-454.LI Wenping,YE Guijun,ZHANG Lai,et al.Study on the engineering geological conditions of protected water resources during coal mining action in Yushenfu mine area in the North Shaanxi Procince[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2000,25(5):449-454.
[11]李文平,王启庆,李小琴.隔水层再造---西北保水采煤关键隔水层N2红土工程地质研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):88-97.LI Wenping,WANG Qiqing,LI Xiaoqin.Reconstruction of aquifuge:The engineering geological study of N2laterite located in key aquifuge concerning coal mining with water protection in northwest China[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):88-97.
[12]黄庆享.浅埋煤层覆岩隔水性与保水开采分类[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(S2):3622-3627.HUANG Qingxiang.Impermeability of overburden rock in shallow buried coal seam and classification of water conservation mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(S2):3622-3627.
[13]马雄德,王文科,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区采煤对泉的影响[J].中国煤炭地质,2010,22(1):32-36.MA Xiongde,WANG Wenke,FAN Limin,et al.Coal mining impacting on springs in ecologically Fragile Mining Area[J].Coal Geology of China,2010,22(1):32-36.
[14]马雄德,范立民,张晓团,等.基于植被地下水关系的保水采煤研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(5):1277-1283.MA Xiongde,FAN Limin,ZHANG Xiaotuan,et al.Water-preserved mining based on relationship between vegetation and groundwater[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(5):1277-1283.
[15]许家林,朱卫兵,王晓振.基于关键层位置的导水裂隙带高度预计方法[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(5):762-769.XU Jialin,ZHU Weibing,WANG Xiaozhen.New method to predict the height of fractured water-conducting zone by location of key strata[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(5):762-769.
[16]LIU Shiliang,LI Wenping,WANG Qiqing.Height of the waterflowing fractured zone of the Jurassic coal seam in northwestern China[J].Mine Water and the Environment,2018,37(2):312-321.
[17]MIAO Xiexing,CUI Xinmin,WANG Jinan,et al.The height of fractured water-conducting zone in undermined rock strata[J].Engineering Geology,2011,120(1-4):32-39.
[18]马立强,张东升,乔京利,等.浅埋煤层采动覆岩导水通道分布特征试验研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2008,27(5):649-652.MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,QIAO Jingli,et al.Physical simulation of water crack distribution characteristics in overlying strata under coal mining conditions[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science Edition),2008,27(5):649-652.
[19]刘建功,赵利涛.基于充填采煤的保水开采理论与实践应用[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1545-1551.LIU Jiangong,ZHAO Litao.Theory of water protection and practice application in mining based on the backfilling mining technology[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1545-1551.
[20]邵小平,石平五,王怀贤.陕北中小煤矿条带保水开采煤柱稳定性研究[J].煤炭技术,2009,28(12):58-61.SHAO Xiaoping,SHI Pingwu,WANG Huaixian.Study on pillars stability by keeping water in strip mining for small and mediumsized mines in Northern Shaanxi Province[J].Coal Technology,2009,28(12):58-61.
[21]刘玉德,闫守峰,刘东升.浅埋薄基岩煤层短壁连采模式及应用研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2010,12(6):51-56.LIU Yude,YAN Shoufeng,LIU Dongsheng.Study on the pattern and the application of short-wall continuous mechanical mining in shallow coal seam with thin bedrock[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2010,12(6):51-56.
[22]王启庆,李文平,李涛.陕北生态脆弱区保水采煤地质条件分区类型研究[J].工程地质学报,2014,22(3):515-521.WANG Qiqing,LI Wenping,LI Tao.Division types of geological conditions at mining with water protection in ecological fragile area of northern Shaanxi[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2014,22(3):515-521.
[23]国家煤炭工业局.建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规程[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2000.
[24]邢茂林.沙漠滩地矿区综放开采水害及潜水位影响研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2016.XING Maolin.Water disasters and impact on phreatic water table by full-mechanized top-coal caving in desert bottomland[D].Xuzhou:China University of mining and Technology,2016.
[25]钱鸣高,许家林.科学采矿的理念与技术框架[J].中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,13(3):1-7.QIAN Minggao,XU Jialin.Concept and technical framework of sustainable mining[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology(Social Sciences),2011,13(3):1-7.
[26]钱鸣高,许家林,王家臣.再论煤炭的科学开采[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(1):1-13.QIAN Minggao,XU Jialin,WANG Jiachen.Further on the sustainable mining of coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(1):1-13.
[2]孙亚军,张梦飞,高尚,等.典型高强度开采矿区保水采煤关键技术与实践[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):56-65.SUN Yajun,ZHANG Mengfei,GAO Shang,et al.Water-preserved mining technology and practice in typical high intensity mining area of China[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):56-65.
[3]范立民.神木矿区的主要环境地质问题[J].水文地质工程地质,1992,19(6):37-40.FAN Limin.Environmental geology in Shenmu mining area[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1992,19(6):37-40.
[4]范立民,马雄德,冀瑞君.西部生态脆弱矿区保水采煤研究与实践进展[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(8):1711-1717.FAN Limin,MA Xiongde,JI Ruijun.Progress in engineering practice of water-preserved coal mining in western eco-environment frangible area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(8):1711-1717.
[5]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.Scientific connotation of water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[6]FAN Limin,MA Xiongde.A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2018,5(4):411-416.
[7]叶贵钧,张莱,李文平,等.陕北榆神府矿区煤炭资源开发主要水工环问题及防治对策[J].工程地质学报,2000,8(4):446-455.YE Guijun,ZHANG Lai,LI Wenping,et al.The main hydro-engineering-environmental-geological problems arose from the exploitation of coal resource in Yushenfu mine area of northern Shannxi and their prevention measures[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2000,8(4):446-455.
[8]李文平,段中会,华解明.陕北榆神府矿区地质环境现状及采煤效应影响预测[J].工程地质学报,2000,8(3):324-333.LI Wenping,DUAN Zhonghui,HUA Jieming.Evaluation of present geological environment and prediction of its variation caused by mining in Yushenfu mine area of north Shannxi[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2000,8(3):324-333.
[9]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区含(隔)水层特征及保水开采分区研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(1):7-14.WANG Shuangming,HUANG Qingxiang,FAN Limin,et al.Study on overburden aquclude and water protection mining regionazation in the ecological fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(1):7-14.
[10]李文平,叶贵钧,张莱,等.陕北榆神府矿区保水采煤工程地质条件研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(5):449-454.LI Wenping,YE Guijun,ZHANG Lai,et al.Study on the engineering geological conditions of protected water resources during coal mining action in Yushenfu mine area in the North Shaanxi Procince[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2000,25(5):449-454.
[11]李文平,王启庆,李小琴.隔水层再造---西北保水采煤关键隔水层N2红土工程地质研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):88-97.LI Wenping,WANG Qiqing,LI Xiaoqin.Reconstruction of aquifuge:The engineering geological study of N2laterite located in key aquifuge concerning coal mining with water protection in northwest China[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):88-97.
[12]黄庆享.浅埋煤层覆岩隔水性与保水开采分类[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(S2):3622-3627.HUANG Qingxiang.Impermeability of overburden rock in shallow buried coal seam and classification of water conservation mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(S2):3622-3627.
[13]马雄德,王文科,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区采煤对泉的影响[J].中国煤炭地质,2010,22(1):32-36.MA Xiongde,WANG Wenke,FAN Limin,et al.Coal mining impacting on springs in ecologically Fragile Mining Area[J].Coal Geology of China,2010,22(1):32-36.
[14]马雄德,范立民,张晓团,等.基于植被地下水关系的保水采煤研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(5):1277-1283.MA Xiongde,FAN Limin,ZHANG Xiaotuan,et al.Water-preserved mining based on relationship between vegetation and groundwater[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(5):1277-1283.
[15]许家林,朱卫兵,王晓振.基于关键层位置的导水裂隙带高度预计方法[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(5):762-769.XU Jialin,ZHU Weibing,WANG Xiaozhen.New method to predict the height of fractured water-conducting zone by location of key strata[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(5):762-769.
[16]LIU Shiliang,LI Wenping,WANG Qiqing.Height of the waterflowing fractured zone of the Jurassic coal seam in northwestern China[J].Mine Water and the Environment,2018,37(2):312-321.
[17]MIAO Xiexing,CUI Xinmin,WANG Jinan,et al.The height of fractured water-conducting zone in undermined rock strata[J].Engineering Geology,2011,120(1-4):32-39.
[18]马立强,张东升,乔京利,等.浅埋煤层采动覆岩导水通道分布特征试验研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2008,27(5):649-652.MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,QIAO Jingli,et al.Physical simulation of water crack distribution characteristics in overlying strata under coal mining conditions[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science Edition),2008,27(5):649-652.
[19]刘建功,赵利涛.基于充填采煤的保水开采理论与实践应用[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1545-1551.LIU Jiangong,ZHAO Litao.Theory of water protection and practice application in mining based on the backfilling mining technology[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1545-1551.
[20]邵小平,石平五,王怀贤.陕北中小煤矿条带保水开采煤柱稳定性研究[J].煤炭技术,2009,28(12):58-61.SHAO Xiaoping,SHI Pingwu,WANG Huaixian.Study on pillars stability by keeping water in strip mining for small and mediumsized mines in Northern Shaanxi Province[J].Coal Technology,2009,28(12):58-61.
[21]刘玉德,闫守峰,刘东升.浅埋薄基岩煤层短壁连采模式及应用研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2010,12(6):51-56.LIU Yude,YAN Shoufeng,LIU Dongsheng.Study on the pattern and the application of short-wall continuous mechanical mining in shallow coal seam with thin bedrock[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2010,12(6):51-56.
[22]王启庆,李文平,李涛.陕北生态脆弱区保水采煤地质条件分区类型研究[J].工程地质学报,2014,22(3):515-521.WANG Qiqing,LI Wenping,LI Tao.Division types of geological conditions at mining with water protection in ecological fragile area of northern Shaanxi[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2014,22(3):515-521.
[23]国家煤炭工业局.建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规程[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2000.
[24]邢茂林.沙漠滩地矿区综放开采水害及潜水位影响研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2016.XING Maolin.Water disasters and impact on phreatic water table by full-mechanized top-coal caving in desert bottomland[D].Xuzhou:China University of mining and Technology,2016.
[25]钱鸣高,许家林.科学采矿的理念与技术框架[J].中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,13(3):1-7.QIAN Minggao,XU Jialin.Concept and technical framework of sustainable mining[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology(Social Sciences),2011,13(3):1-7.
[26]钱鸣高,许家林,王家臣.再论煤炭的科学开采[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(1):1-13.QIAN Minggao,XU Jialin,WANG Jiachen.Further on the sustainable mining of coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(1):1-13.
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