污水处理厂减排效率的统计评价及影响因素分析
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摘要
污染物减排和能源消耗成为衡量污水处理厂环境绩效的重要维度,提升污水处理厂的可持续性需要提高单位能耗的污染物减排效果,即污染物减排效率。采用数据包络分析方法,利用我国5 157座污水处理厂2007年至2017年的长历时运行数据,以电耗作为投入,以化学需氧量(COD)、悬浮颗粒物(SS)、氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)等污染物指标的去除率作为产出,分析我国污水处理厂污染物减排效率的动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,2007年至2017年我国污水处理厂的吨水处理电耗均值处于0. 33 kW·h和0. 46 k W·h之间,COD、SS、NH3-N和TP的去除率持续上升。污水处理厂减排效率的均值在34. 0%到40. 0%之间,2007年至2013年减排效率呈现上升趋势,2013年至2017年有所下降。从处理规模看,污水处理厂的减排效率总体上与处理规模呈正相关,2007年至2017年之间不同规模污水处理厂减排效率的差距在不断缩小;从处理工艺看,SBR及其改良工艺、氧化沟和A2/O工艺的减排效率相对较高,MBR工艺的减排效率相对较低;从经济地理区域看,珠三角、中部和西南区域污水处理厂的减排效率相对较高,西北区域相对较低;从进水污染物浓度看,进水COD浓度与减排效率呈倒U型曲线关系;从影响因素的交互作用看,处理规模、处理工艺、经济地理区域、进水COD浓度等4个因素之间的交互作用对减排效率具有显著影响。可以通过提升污水处理厂运营管理水平、推动大型污水处理厂技术革新、新建污水处理厂的工艺选择综合考虑减排效率影响因素、加强排水管网系统的规划设计和运行维护等方法,提升我国整个污水处理行业的减排效率。
Pollutant discharge reduction and energy consumption are two key dimensions in measuring the environmental performance of wastewater treatment plants( WWTPs). It is critical to enhance WWTPs ' sustainability by improving the pollutant discharge reduction per unit of energy consumption,i. e. the pollutant removal efficiency. Based on the long-term operation data of 5 157 WWTPs in China between 2007 and 2017,data envelopment analysis( DEA) was applied,with power consumption as input and the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand( COD),suspended solids( SS),ammonia nitrogen( NH3-N),and total phosphorus( TP)as output,respectively,to study the dynamic characteristics and determinants of the pollutant removal efficiencies of WWTPs. Results showed that the power consumption of WWTPs in China ranged from 0. 33 k W·h to 0. 46 k W·h per ton of treated wastewater,while the removal rates of COD,SS,NH3-N and TP rose steadily between 2007 and 2017. The average pollutant removal efficiency of WWTPs varied between 34. 0% and 40. 0%,and it increased from 2007 to 2013 but decreased from 2013 to 2017. Regarding treatment capacity,the pollutant removal efficiencies of WWTPs were positively correlated with their treatment capacity,and the gap in pollutant removal efficiencies between WWTPs of different treatment capacity narrowed from 2007 to 2017. In terms of treatment process,SBR and its variants,oxidation ditch and A2/O had relatively high pollutant removal efficiencies,while those of MBR were relatively low. With respect to economic geography,the pollutant removal efficiencies of WWTPs in the Pearl River Delta,Central China and Southwest China were relatively high,while those in Northwest China were relatively low. From the perspective of influent pollutant concentrations,the pollutant removal efficiencies and the influent COD concentrations of WWTPs exhibited an inverted 'U'relationship. The combined effects of these determinants on the pollutant removal efficiencies were also examined,and the interactions among the region,treatment capacity,treatment process,and influent COD concentration had significant impacts on the pollutant removal efficiencies. The pollutant removal efficiency of the entire wastewater treatment industry could be elevated by enhancing operation and management of WWTPs, promoting technology innovations in large-capacity WWTPs, determining the treatment processes of new WWTPs with the consideration of potential factors that influence the pollutant removal efficiency,and improving the planning,design,operation and maintenance of sewage systems.
Pollutant discharge reduction and energy consumption are two key dimensions in measuring the environmental performance of wastewater treatment plants( WWTPs). It is critical to enhance WWTPs ' sustainability by improving the pollutant discharge reduction per unit of energy consumption,i. e. the pollutant removal efficiency. Based on the long-term operation data of 5 157 WWTPs in China between 2007 and 2017,data envelopment analysis( DEA) was applied,with power consumption as input and the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand( COD),suspended solids( SS),ammonia nitrogen( NH3-N),and total phosphorus( TP)as output,respectively,to study the dynamic characteristics and determinants of the pollutant removal efficiencies of WWTPs. Results showed that the power consumption of WWTPs in China ranged from 0. 33 k W·h to 0. 46 k W·h per ton of treated wastewater,while the removal rates of COD,SS,NH3-N and TP rose steadily between 2007 and 2017. The average pollutant removal efficiency of WWTPs varied between 34. 0% and 40. 0%,and it increased from 2007 to 2013 but decreased from 2013 to 2017. Regarding treatment capacity,the pollutant removal efficiencies of WWTPs were positively correlated with their treatment capacity,and the gap in pollutant removal efficiencies between WWTPs of different treatment capacity narrowed from 2007 to 2017. In terms of treatment process,SBR and its variants,oxidation ditch and A2/O had relatively high pollutant removal efficiencies,while those of MBR were relatively low. With respect to economic geography,the pollutant removal efficiencies of WWTPs in the Pearl River Delta,Central China and Southwest China were relatively high,while those in Northwest China were relatively low. From the perspective of influent pollutant concentrations,the pollutant removal efficiencies and the influent COD concentrations of WWTPs exhibited an inverted 'U'relationship. The combined effects of these determinants on the pollutant removal efficiencies were also examined,and the interactions among the region,treatment capacity,treatment process,and influent COD concentration had significant impacts on the pollutant removal efficiencies. The pollutant removal efficiency of the entire wastewater treatment industry could be elevated by enhancing operation and management of WWTPs, promoting technology innovations in large-capacity WWTPs, determining the treatment processes of new WWTPs with the consideration of potential factors that influence the pollutant removal efficiency,and improving the planning,design,operation and maintenance of sewage systems.
引文
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[13]朱五星,舒锦琼.城市污水处理厂能量优化策略研究[J].给水排水,2005,31(12):31-33.
[14]梅小乐,周燕.城市污水处理厂节能水平评估标准探讨[J].给水排水,2011,37(3):45-49.
[15]杨凌波,曾思育,鞠宇平,等.我国城市污水处理厂能耗规律的统计分析与定量识别[J].给水排水,2008,34(10):42-45.
[16]何强,李彦春,龙腾锐,等.中国西部小城镇环境基础设施经济适用技术识别、集成与示范[J].中国科技成果,2012(11):61-62.
[17]CHARNES A, COOPER W W, RHODES E. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units[J]. European journal of operations research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[18]佟庆远,高建. PPP模式影响公共事业财务绩效的实证研究[J].技术经济,2018,37(5):136-143.
[19]任慕华,张光明,彭猛.中美两国城镇污水排放标准对比分析[J].环境保护,2016,44(2):68-70.
[20]王佳伟,张天柱,陈吉宁.污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减的成本模型[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(4):443-448.
[21]任福民,毛联华,阜葳,等.中国城镇污水处理厂运行能耗影响因素研究[J].给水排水,2015,41(1):42-47.
[2]宋国君,韩冬梅.中国城市生活污水管理绩效评估研究[J].中国软科学,2012(8):75-83.
[3]HE F,CHEN W,ZHU L,et al. Energy consumption evaluation in urban wastewater treatment plant based on AHP[J]. Oxidation communications,2016,39(1A):1100-1107.
[4]LIMPHITAKPHONG N, PHARINO C, KANCHANAPIYA P.Environmental impact assessment of centralized municipal wastewater management in Thailand[J]. The international journal of life cycle assessment,2016,21(12):1789-1798.
[5]LORENZO-TOJA Y,VAZQUEZ-ROWE I,AMORES M J,et al.Benchmarking wastewater treatment plants under an eco-efficiency perspective[J]. Science of the total environment,2016,566-567:468-479.
[6]HERNANDEZ-SANCHO F, SALA-GARRIDO R. Technical efficiency and cost analysis in wastewater treatment processes:a DEA approach[J]. Desalination,2009,249(1):230-234.
[7]HERNANDEZ-SANCHO F, MOLINOS-SENANTE M, SALAGARRIDO R. Energy efficiency in Spanish wastewater treatment plants:a non-radial DEA approach[J]. Science of the total environment,2011,409(14):2693-2699.
[8]GOMEZ T,GEMAR G,MOLINOS-SENANTE M,et al. Assessing the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants:a double-bootstrap approach[J]. Journal of cleaner production,2017,164:315-324.
[9]GUERRINI A,ROMANO G,INDIPENDENZA A. Energy efficiency drivers in wastewater treatment plants:a double bootstrap DEA analysis[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(7):1126.
[10]DONG X,ZHANG X,ZENG S. Measuring and explaining ecoefficiencies of wastewater treatment plants in China:an uncertainty analysis perspective[J]. Water research,2017,112:195-207.
[11]李鑫,孙小霞,苏时鹏.基于DEA-Tobit模型的中国县域污水处理服务减排效率测评[J].资源科学,2017,39(3):451-460.
[12]买亚宗,肖婉婷,石磊,等.我国城镇污水处理厂运行效率评价[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(11):1789-1796.
[13]朱五星,舒锦琼.城市污水处理厂能量优化策略研究[J].给水排水,2005,31(12):31-33.
[14]梅小乐,周燕.城市污水处理厂节能水平评估标准探讨[J].给水排水,2011,37(3):45-49.
[15]杨凌波,曾思育,鞠宇平,等.我国城市污水处理厂能耗规律的统计分析与定量识别[J].给水排水,2008,34(10):42-45.
[16]何强,李彦春,龙腾锐,等.中国西部小城镇环境基础设施经济适用技术识别、集成与示范[J].中国科技成果,2012(11):61-62.
[17]CHARNES A, COOPER W W, RHODES E. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units[J]. European journal of operations research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[18]佟庆远,高建. PPP模式影响公共事业财务绩效的实证研究[J].技术经济,2018,37(5):136-143.
[19]任慕华,张光明,彭猛.中美两国城镇污水排放标准对比分析[J].环境保护,2016,44(2):68-70.
[20]王佳伟,张天柱,陈吉宁.污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减的成本模型[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(4):443-448.
[21]任福民,毛联华,阜葳,等.中国城镇污水处理厂运行能耗影响因素研究[J].给水排水,2015,41(1):42-47.
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