降雨条件下黄土边坡现场试验研究
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摘要
黄土边坡的变形破坏多发生于降雨期间,由此也造成了大量的损失。为减小降雨诱发黄土滑坡的影响,开展降雨型滑坡现场实验研究,具有现实意义。本文选取泾阳一天然黄土边坡为研究对象,利用自行设计的模拟降雨系统,设计并进行了3组不同雨强下的大型黄土边坡人工模拟降雨试验,旨在研究不同雨强条件下天然黄土边坡的入渗规律及变形破坏模式。通过对边坡内埋设的土壤水分传感仪、土压力盒和张力计管的读数变化及试验现象进行分析,进而得出降雨条件下大型黄土边坡现场试验的变形破坏规律,总结出该类边坡的水分入渗规律和变形破坏模式。试验结果表明,边坡入渗呈现一定的规律:降雨条件下,坡肩入渗深度和速率最大,坡脚次之,坡面最小;同时,降雨强度越大,雨水入渗速率越快,入渗时间越长,边坡相同位置处体积含水率和土压力增大幅度越大,基质吸力减小的幅度越大。降雨条件下天然黄土边坡的变形破坏模式为:坡肩侵蚀及侵蚀扩展→坡面裂隙形成扩展→坡肩裂隙形成扩展→局部滑塌;若继续降雨,则坡肩局部裂隙逐渐贯通进而形成滑面,最终导致滑坡发生。
The deformation and failure of the loess slopes is more likely to occur during the rainfall,and have caused significant losses. In order to reduce the impact of loess landslides induced by rainfall,it is of practical significance to carry out the field experimental study on rainfall-induced landslides. The natural loess slope chosen in this article is located at Jingyang. Based on the rainfall simulation system designed by us,we designed andconducted three groups of field tests of loess slope with different rainfall intensities,aiming at investigating osmotic law and deformation and failure mode of the natural loess slopes under the different rain fall intensity. By analyzing the changes of readout of soil moisture sensors,earth pressure cells and tensiometers buried in the slope and experimental phenomenon,we obtained the deformation and failure law of field test of large loess slope under the artificial rainfall condition,and the law of water infiltration,and meanwhile we summarized deformation and failure mode of this kind of slopes. The experimental results show that,the rainfall infiltration on the loess slope present certain rules during the tests,which are : the infiltration depth and seepage rate of slope shoulder are the largest under rainfall condition,followed by slope toe,and that of middle slope location are the smallest. Moreover,the greater the rainfall intensity is,the lager the infiltration rate of loess is,the longer the infiltration time is,and the bigger the increasing range of the soil pressure and volume moisture at the same position and the decrease magnitude of the matrix suction are. Under the condition of rainfall,the deformation and failure mode of natural loess slope is:(1) formation and extension of erosion at the shoulder of slope;(2) emergence and development of fractures in the slope surface;(3)occurrence and growth of fissures at the shoulder of slope;(4)local caving of the slope. If it continues to rain,some cracks at the shoulder of slope will penetrate each other gradually,the sliding surface can be subsequently formed,and landslide can occur eventually.
The deformation and failure of the loess slopes is more likely to occur during the rainfall,and have caused significant losses. In order to reduce the impact of loess landslides induced by rainfall,it is of practical significance to carry out the field experimental study on rainfall-induced landslides. The natural loess slope chosen in this article is located at Jingyang. Based on the rainfall simulation system designed by us,we designed andconducted three groups of field tests of loess slope with different rainfall intensities,aiming at investigating osmotic law and deformation and failure mode of the natural loess slopes under the different rain fall intensity. By analyzing the changes of readout of soil moisture sensors,earth pressure cells and tensiometers buried in the slope and experimental phenomenon,we obtained the deformation and failure law of field test of large loess slope under the artificial rainfall condition,and the law of water infiltration,and meanwhile we summarized deformation and failure mode of this kind of slopes. The experimental results show that,the rainfall infiltration on the loess slope present certain rules during the tests,which are : the infiltration depth and seepage rate of slope shoulder are the largest under rainfall condition,followed by slope toe,and that of middle slope location are the smallest. Moreover,the greater the rainfall intensity is,the lager the infiltration rate of loess is,the longer the infiltration time is,and the bigger the increasing range of the soil pressure and volume moisture at the same position and the decrease magnitude of the matrix suction are. Under the condition of rainfall,the deformation and failure mode of natural loess slope is:(1) formation and extension of erosion at the shoulder of slope;(2) emergence and development of fractures in the slope surface;(3)occurrence and growth of fissures at the shoulder of slope;(4)local caving of the slope. If it continues to rain,some cracks at the shoulder of slope will penetrate each other gradually,the sliding surface can be subsequently formed,and landslide can occur eventually.
引文
Bai J Z,Li P,Li X M,et al.2017.Research on saturation effective shear strength parameters of Jingyang loess[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,25(S1):178-182.
Chen G,Meng X M,Qiao L,et al.2017.Response of a loess landslide to rainfall:observations from a field artificial rainfall experiment in Bailong River Basin,China[J].Landslides,(1-2):1-17.
Hu J C,Xie Y L,Wang W S.2010.Stability characteristics test of multistairs-low highwaycut slope in loess under a rainfall condition[J].Journal of Guangxi University(Natural Science Edition),35(1):83-89.
Hu M J,Wang R,Shen J H.2011.Rainfall,landslide and Debris flow intergrowth relationship in Jiangjia ravine[J].Journal of Mountain Science,8(4):603-610.
Li G R,Chen W T,Zhu H L,et al.2015.Influence of rain infiltration to stability of loess slope in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,42(2):105-111.
Li J B,Hua L,Feng Y.2005.Soil nutrient losses from sloping land-a review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,36(5):753-759.
Li P.2006.Reliability applied to stability of loess slope[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
Li P,Wang B G,Li T L.2009.Study on analogism used in highway cutting loess slope design[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,26(2):1-5.
Li X,Niu J Z,Li J,et al.2012.Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus[J].Journal of Forestry Research,23(3):419-424.
Liu H S,Ni W K,Yang H Q,et al.2007.A Field test of rainfall erosion on loess-highway-Slope with plant protection[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,15(4):527-533.
Liu X L,Qiu J,Zhang D L.2018.Characteristics of slope run off and soil water content in benggang colluvium under simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,18(1):39-48.
Nie X D,Li Z W,He J J,et al.2015.Enrichment of organic carbon in sediment under field simulated rainfall experiments[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,74(6):5417-5425.
Ochiai H,Okada Y,Furuya G,et al.2004.A fluidized landslide on a natural slope by artificial rainfall[J].Landslides,1(3):211-219.
Wang G,Sun P,Wu L Z,et al.2017.Experimental study on mechanism of shallow loess landslides induced by rainfall[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,25(5):1252-1263.
Wang L M.2005.Loess Dynamics[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:1-430.
Wang Y,Liu J,Zhang J M.2017.Loess slope rainfall influent seepage pattern and its impact on slope stability[J].Coal Geology of China,29(1):48-52.
Wu C P.2013.Indoor model test research on loess slope under artificial rainfall conditions[D].Xianyang:Northwest A&F University.
Wu C P,Luo Y S,Chen W,et al.2013.Indoor model experiment for rainfall effects on bare loess slope shape[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,33(1):115-119.
Wu X.2015.Based on the research of the numerical simulation method of loess slope[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
Xie N,Zou W L,Yan Q R,et al.2009.Experimental research on response of a loess subgrade slope to artificial rainfall[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),41(4):31-36.
Yan F H.2012.Stability Analyzing of Loess Slope[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology,(1):58-60.
Yu J J,Yang C,Liu C,et al.2009.Slope runoff study in situ using rainfall simulator in mountainous area of North China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,19(4):461-470.
Zhang S,Pei X J,Huang R Q,et al.2017.Rainfall induced instability mechanism of high embankment retaining loess slope[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,25(4):1094-1104.
Zhang X,Yu G Q,Li Z B,et al.2014.Experimental study on slope runoff,erosion and sediment under different vegetation types[J].Water Resources Manage,28(9):2415-2433.
Zhong S.2015.Study on the permeability influence of rainfall on landslide soil[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology.
Zhou J W,Xu W Y,Deng J Y,et al.2008.Stability analysis of slope under the condition of rainfall infiltration[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,39(9):1066-1073.
白健忠,李萍,李晓猛,等.2017.泾阳黄土饱和有效抗剪强度参数研究[J].工程地质学报,25(S1):178-182.
刘海松,倪万魁,杨泓全,等.2007.降雨冲刷对黄土公路边坡植物防护影响的试验研究[J].工程地质学报,15(4):527-533.
胡晋川,谢永利,王文生.2010.降雨条件下阶梯状黄土边坡稳定性试验[J].广西大学学报(自然科学版),35(1):83-89.
李国荣,陈文婷,朱海丽,等.2015.青藏高原东北部黄土地区降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响研究[J].水文地质工程地质,42(2):105-111.
李俊波,华珞,冯琰.2005.坡地土壤养分流失研究概况[J].土壤通报,36(5):753-759.
李萍.2006.黄土边坡可靠性研究[D].西安:长安大学.
李萍,王秉纲,李同录.2009.自然类比法在黄土路堑边坡设计中的应用研究[J].公路交通科技,26(2):1-5.
王刚,孙萍,吴礼舟,等.2017.降雨诱发浅表层黄土滑坡机理实验研究[J].工程地质学报,25(5):1252-1263.
王兰民.2005.黄土动力学[M].北京:地震出版社:1-430.
汪勇,刘瑾,张建忙.2017.黄土边坡降雨入渗规律及其对稳定性的影响[J].中国煤炭地质,29(1):48-52.
武彩萍.2013.人工降雨条件下黄土边坡的室内模型试验研究[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学.
武彩萍,骆亚生,陈伟,等.2013.降雨对黄土裸坡坡面形态影响的室内模型试验[J].水土保持通报,33(1):115-119.
吴玺.2015.基于数值模拟方法的黄土边坡稳定性研究[D].西安:长安大学.
谢妮,邹维列,严秋荣,等.2009.黄土路基边坡降雨响应的试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),41(4):31-36.
晏凤辉.2012.河南某黄土高边坡稳定性分析[J].水科学与工程技术,(1):58-60.
张硕,裴向军,黄润秋,等.2017.降雨诱发黄土高填方支挡边坡失稳机理研究[J].工程地质学报,25(4):1094-1104.
钟声.2015.降雨下滑坡土体渗透性的研究[D].成都:成都理工大学.
周家文,徐卫亚,邓俊晔,等.2008.降雨入渗条件下边坡的稳定性分析[J].水利学报,39(9):1066-1073.
Chen G,Meng X M,Qiao L,et al.2017.Response of a loess landslide to rainfall:observations from a field artificial rainfall experiment in Bailong River Basin,China[J].Landslides,(1-2):1-17.
Hu J C,Xie Y L,Wang W S.2010.Stability characteristics test of multistairs-low highwaycut slope in loess under a rainfall condition[J].Journal of Guangxi University(Natural Science Edition),35(1):83-89.
Hu M J,Wang R,Shen J H.2011.Rainfall,landslide and Debris flow intergrowth relationship in Jiangjia ravine[J].Journal of Mountain Science,8(4):603-610.
Li G R,Chen W T,Zhu H L,et al.2015.Influence of rain infiltration to stability of loess slope in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,42(2):105-111.
Li J B,Hua L,Feng Y.2005.Soil nutrient losses from sloping land-a review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,36(5):753-759.
Li P.2006.Reliability applied to stability of loess slope[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
Li P,Wang B G,Li T L.2009.Study on analogism used in highway cutting loess slope design[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,26(2):1-5.
Li X,Niu J Z,Li J,et al.2012.Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus[J].Journal of Forestry Research,23(3):419-424.
Liu H S,Ni W K,Yang H Q,et al.2007.A Field test of rainfall erosion on loess-highway-Slope with plant protection[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,15(4):527-533.
Liu X L,Qiu J,Zhang D L.2018.Characteristics of slope run off and soil water content in benggang colluvium under simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,18(1):39-48.
Nie X D,Li Z W,He J J,et al.2015.Enrichment of organic carbon in sediment under field simulated rainfall experiments[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,74(6):5417-5425.
Ochiai H,Okada Y,Furuya G,et al.2004.A fluidized landslide on a natural slope by artificial rainfall[J].Landslides,1(3):211-219.
Wang G,Sun P,Wu L Z,et al.2017.Experimental study on mechanism of shallow loess landslides induced by rainfall[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,25(5):1252-1263.
Wang L M.2005.Loess Dynamics[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:1-430.
Wang Y,Liu J,Zhang J M.2017.Loess slope rainfall influent seepage pattern and its impact on slope stability[J].Coal Geology of China,29(1):48-52.
Wu C P.2013.Indoor model test research on loess slope under artificial rainfall conditions[D].Xianyang:Northwest A&F University.
Wu C P,Luo Y S,Chen W,et al.2013.Indoor model experiment for rainfall effects on bare loess slope shape[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,33(1):115-119.
Wu X.2015.Based on the research of the numerical simulation method of loess slope[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
Xie N,Zou W L,Yan Q R,et al.2009.Experimental research on response of a loess subgrade slope to artificial rainfall[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),41(4):31-36.
Yan F H.2012.Stability Analyzing of Loess Slope[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology,(1):58-60.
Yu J J,Yang C,Liu C,et al.2009.Slope runoff study in situ using rainfall simulator in mountainous area of North China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,19(4):461-470.
Zhang S,Pei X J,Huang R Q,et al.2017.Rainfall induced instability mechanism of high embankment retaining loess slope[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,25(4):1094-1104.
Zhang X,Yu G Q,Li Z B,et al.2014.Experimental study on slope runoff,erosion and sediment under different vegetation types[J].Water Resources Manage,28(9):2415-2433.
Zhong S.2015.Study on the permeability influence of rainfall on landslide soil[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology.
Zhou J W,Xu W Y,Deng J Y,et al.2008.Stability analysis of slope under the condition of rainfall infiltration[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,39(9):1066-1073.
白健忠,李萍,李晓猛,等.2017.泾阳黄土饱和有效抗剪强度参数研究[J].工程地质学报,25(S1):178-182.
刘海松,倪万魁,杨泓全,等.2007.降雨冲刷对黄土公路边坡植物防护影响的试验研究[J].工程地质学报,15(4):527-533.
胡晋川,谢永利,王文生.2010.降雨条件下阶梯状黄土边坡稳定性试验[J].广西大学学报(自然科学版),35(1):83-89.
李国荣,陈文婷,朱海丽,等.2015.青藏高原东北部黄土地区降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响研究[J].水文地质工程地质,42(2):105-111.
李俊波,华珞,冯琰.2005.坡地土壤养分流失研究概况[J].土壤通报,36(5):753-759.
李萍.2006.黄土边坡可靠性研究[D].西安:长安大学.
李萍,王秉纲,李同录.2009.自然类比法在黄土路堑边坡设计中的应用研究[J].公路交通科技,26(2):1-5.
王刚,孙萍,吴礼舟,等.2017.降雨诱发浅表层黄土滑坡机理实验研究[J].工程地质学报,25(5):1252-1263.
王兰民.2005.黄土动力学[M].北京:地震出版社:1-430.
汪勇,刘瑾,张建忙.2017.黄土边坡降雨入渗规律及其对稳定性的影响[J].中国煤炭地质,29(1):48-52.
武彩萍.2013.人工降雨条件下黄土边坡的室内模型试验研究[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学.
武彩萍,骆亚生,陈伟,等.2013.降雨对黄土裸坡坡面形态影响的室内模型试验[J].水土保持通报,33(1):115-119.
吴玺.2015.基于数值模拟方法的黄土边坡稳定性研究[D].西安:长安大学.
谢妮,邹维列,严秋荣,等.2009.黄土路基边坡降雨响应的试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),41(4):31-36.
晏凤辉.2012.河南某黄土高边坡稳定性分析[J].水科学与工程技术,(1):58-60.
张硕,裴向军,黄润秋,等.2017.降雨诱发黄土高填方支挡边坡失稳机理研究[J].工程地质学报,25(4):1094-1104.
钟声.2015.降雨下滑坡土体渗透性的研究[D].成都:成都理工大学.
周家文,徐卫亚,邓俊晔,等.2008.降雨入渗条件下边坡的稳定性分析[J].水利学报,39(9):1066-1073.
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