长江沿江地区化工产业空间格局演化及影响因素
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摘要
基于企业数据和空间计量方法,探讨了长江沿江地区2000—2013年化工产业空间格局演化及影响因素。结果表明:化工产业主要分布在上海市和江苏沿江地区;中上游部分地区化工产业呈现明显的增长势头,由3个主要热点区发展到20余个不同规模大小的分布热点,成为化工产业新兴"增长极";城市主城区化工产业减少而远郊区县增加,分布热点变化也反映了化工产业"郊区化""园区化"的过程;相对低端基础的行业呈现集聚趋势,其中肥料业集聚明显;相对高端精细的行业呈现扩散趋势,其中合成材料业分散化明显;地区化工产业增长受到环境规制、外商投资、交通区位等因素显著影响,外商投资和交通区位具有显著的促进作用,而环境规制呈现显著的抑制效果。
Layout of industrial activity has always been the hot topic in research field of economic geography. With environmental problems arousing people's more and more attention and the concept of environmental economic geography being proposed in recent years,industrial layout especially pollution intensive industrial layout from the perspective of environmental regulation is of great significance. Chemical industry including petrochemical industry(hereinafter referred to as chemical industry) is not only an important basic industry sector to support economic development and national defense construction, but also the typical pollution intensive industries which are sensitive to environmental regulation. The regions along the Yangtze River(including 27 cities, from Yibin to Shanghai) are considered as the study area of this paper, where typical cities and manufacturing industry belt in China are located. Based on the chemical enterprises data and spacial measurement methods, chemical industrial spatial evolution and its influencing factors in the study area from 2000 to 2013 are discussed. The results show that the main chemical industries in the regions along the Yangtze River are located in the Yangtze River Delta especially in the regions surrounding the Taihu Lake. Chemical industry production share of urban counties was greatly reduced and that of its suburban counties along the Yangtze River was raised which reflects the suburbanization process of chemical industry from urban areas to suburbs. Main foci of enterprises are located in Shanghai and cities along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu province where enterprise hot spots are concentrated. Enterprise hot-spots in middle and upper regions along the Yangtze River developed from three regions(i.e. Wuhan urban area, Chongqing urban area and Changshou) in 2000 to more than 20 regions with different sizes including Yunxi and Dongzhi in 2010 and 2013, which are new growth poles of chemical industry. The sectors of relatively low technology dependence, low value-added products and intensive environmental pollution tend to be concentrated(e. g. fertilizer sector), whereas relatively high-end and fine sectors show a trend of diffusion(e.g. synthetic material). Chemical industrial spatial layout and evolution are affected by factors of environmental regulation, foreign direct investment and traffic location,among which environmental regulation shows significant inhibition effect on growth of chemical industry, and foreign investment and traffic location present significant promoting effect.
Layout of industrial activity has always been the hot topic in research field of economic geography. With environmental problems arousing people's more and more attention and the concept of environmental economic geography being proposed in recent years,industrial layout especially pollution intensive industrial layout from the perspective of environmental regulation is of great significance. Chemical industry including petrochemical industry(hereinafter referred to as chemical industry) is not only an important basic industry sector to support economic development and national defense construction, but also the typical pollution intensive industries which are sensitive to environmental regulation. The regions along the Yangtze River(including 27 cities, from Yibin to Shanghai) are considered as the study area of this paper, where typical cities and manufacturing industry belt in China are located. Based on the chemical enterprises data and spacial measurement methods, chemical industrial spatial evolution and its influencing factors in the study area from 2000 to 2013 are discussed. The results show that the main chemical industries in the regions along the Yangtze River are located in the Yangtze River Delta especially in the regions surrounding the Taihu Lake. Chemical industry production share of urban counties was greatly reduced and that of its suburban counties along the Yangtze River was raised which reflects the suburbanization process of chemical industry from urban areas to suburbs. Main foci of enterprises are located in Shanghai and cities along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu province where enterprise hot spots are concentrated. Enterprise hot-spots in middle and upper regions along the Yangtze River developed from three regions(i.e. Wuhan urban area, Chongqing urban area and Changshou) in 2000 to more than 20 regions with different sizes including Yunxi and Dongzhi in 2010 and 2013, which are new growth poles of chemical industry. The sectors of relatively low technology dependence, low value-added products and intensive environmental pollution tend to be concentrated(e. g. fertilizer sector), whereas relatively high-end and fine sectors show a trend of diffusion(e.g. synthetic material). Chemical industrial spatial layout and evolution are affected by factors of environmental regulation, foreign direct investment and traffic location,among which environmental regulation shows significant inhibition effect on growth of chemical industry, and foreign investment and traffic location present significant promoting effect.
引文
[1]刘颖,郭琪,贺灿飞.城市区位条件与企业区位动态研究.地理研究,2016,35(7):1301-1313.[Liu Ying,Guo Qi,He Canfei.Urban characteristics and firms'location selection.Geographical Research,2016,35(7):1301-1313.]
[2]高金龙,袁丰,陈雯.转型期城市制造业空间重构过程与机理:以南京市为例.地理研究,2017,36(6):1014-1028.[Gao Jinlong,Yuan Feng,Chen Wen.Economic transition and restructuring of manufacturing spaces in urban China:The evidence from Nanjing.Geographical Research,2017,36(6):1014-1028.]
[3]贺灿飞,郭琪,马妍,等.西方经济地理学研究进展.地理学报,2014,69(8):1207-1223.[He Canfei,Guo Qi,Ma Yan,et al.Progress of economic geography in the West:A literature review.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1207-1223.]
[4]张文忠,董科国,田山川.中国石化工业发展和区位变迁轨迹.地理研究,2009,28(5):1378-1388.[Zhang Wenzhong,Dong Keguo,Tian Shanchuan.Development and evolution of spatial distribution of Chinese petrochemical industry.Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1378-1388.]
[5]刘鹤,金凤君,刘毅,等.中国石化产业空间组织的评价与优化.地理学报,2011,66(10):1332-1342.[Liu He,Jin Fengjun,Liu Yi,et al.Evaluation and optimization of petrochemical industrial spatial organization in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(10):1332-1342.]
[6]王缉慈.试述我国石油化纤基地的布局与选址问题.经济地理,1982,(3):194-200.[Wang Jici.Layout and site selection of petroleum chemical fiber base in China.Economic Geography,1982,(3):194-200.]
[7]梁仁彩.化学工业布局概论.北京:科学出版社,1982.[Liang Rencai.Chemical Industrial Layout Introduction.Beijing:Science Press,1982.]
[8]李秉仁.我国炼油工业的区位问题.经济地理,1982,(3):109-113.[Li Binren.The location of oil refining industry in China.Economic Ggeography,1982,(3):109-113.]
[9]刘鹤,金凤君,刘毅.中国石化产业空间组织的演进历程与机制.地理研究,2012,31(11):2031-2043.[Liu He,Jin Fengjun,Liu Yi.Research on the evolution and mechanism of spatial organization of petrochemical industry in China.Geographical Research,2012,32(11):2031-2043.]
[10]刘刚,张长令.中国重化工业发展的空间组织形态演化.经济问题,2012,(4):40-45.[Liu Gang,Zhang Changling.The spatial organization form evolution of heavy chemical industry in China.On Economic Problems,2012,(4):40-45.]
[11]刘小丽,任景明,任意.石化产业布局亟需转危为安.环境保护,2009,(21):65-67.[Liu Xiaoli.The petrochemical industry needs to turn the corner.Environmental Protection,2009,(21):65-67.]
[12]Powe N A,Willis K G.Industrial location and residential disamenity:A case study of the chemical industry in Castleford,England.Journal of Environmental Management,1998,(53):17-29.
[13]蔡炜,张瑛.石油化工基地的开发与布局:兼论我国石化基地的建设.城市规划,1999,23(2):8-12,64.[Cai Wei,Zhang Ying.Development and layout of petrochemical industry bases.City Planning Review,1999,23(2):8-12,64.]
[14]Chapman K.The International Petrochemical Industry:Evolution and Location.Hoboken:B.Blackwell,1991.
[15]杨屹.化学工业布局与中国城市经济发展研究.上海:华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.[Yang Yi.The location of chemical industry and the studies of Chinese urban economy.Shanghai:Master Dissertation of East China Normal University,2006.]
[16]Willem M.Oil refineries and petrochemical industries in Europe.Geo Journal,1984,9(4):421-430.
[17]林丽钦.新加坡裕廊石化产业集群的发展及启示.石家庄经济学院学报,2011,34(3):74-78.[Lin Liqin.Enlightenment from the development of industrial clusters of Jurong petrochemical in Singapore.Journal of Shijiazhuang University of Economics,2011,34(3):74-78.]
[18]孟宪玲.美国炼厂规模和布局研究.当代石油石化,2002,10(11):18-21.[Meng Xianling.Research on the size and distribution of refineries in USA.Petrochemical Industry Trends,2002,10(11):18-21.]
[19]Greenstone M.The impacts of environmental regulations on industrial activity:Evidence from the 1970 and 1977 clean air act amendments and census of manufactures.Journal of Political Economy,2002,110(6):1175-1219.
[20]Treitl S,Jammernegg W.Facility location decisions with environmental considerations:A case study from the petrochemical industry.Journal of Business Economics,2014,84(5):639-664.
[21]Kwon H,Lee C,Seo D,et al.Korean experience of process safety management(PSM)regulation for chemical industry.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,2016,(42):2-5.
[22]虞孝感.长江产业带的建设与发展研究.北京:科学出版社,1997.[Yu Xiaogan.Study on the Construction and Development of the Yangtze River Industrial Belt.Bejing:Science Press,1997.]
[23]虞孝感,张维阳.沿江开发成就卓著环境保护任重道远:热烈祝贺“长江流域资源与环境”创刊二十周年.长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(7):781-785.[Yu Xiaogan,Zhang Weiyang.Outstanding the achievements of development along the Changjiang River,environmental protection has a long way to go.Resources and Eenvironment in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(7):781-785.]
[24]段学军,虞孝感,邹辉.长江经济带开发构想与发展态势.长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(10):1621-1632.[Duan Xuejun,Yu Xiaogan,Zou Hui.Analysis on the development strategy and trend of Yangtze River Economic Belt.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(10):1621-1632.]
[25]王法辉,胡忆东.芝加哥制造业发展过程及区位因素分析.地理科学,2010,30(2):175-183.[Wang Fahui,Hu Yidong.Manufacturing development in Chicago and location theories.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(2):175-183.]
[26]袁丰.中国沿海大城市制造业空间集聚研究:以苏南典型城市为例.北京:科学出版社,2015.[Yuan Feng.Spatial agglomerations of manufacturing in typical coastal metropolitan in China:An example of the typical city in southern Jiangsu province.Beijing:Science Press,2015.]
[27]王庆喜,蒋烨,陈卓咏.区域经济研究实用方法:基于ArcGIS、GeoDa和R的运用.北京:经济科学出版社,2014.[Wang Qingxi,Jiang Ye,Chen Zhuoyong.Regional Economic Research and Practical Methods:Based on ArcGIS,GeoDa and R application.Beijing:Economic Science Press,2014.]
[28]Cliff A D,Ord J K.Spatial Processes:Models and Applications.London:Pion,1981.
[29]李序颖,顾岚.空间自回归模型及其估计.统计研究,2004,(6):48-51.[Li Xuyin,Gu Luan.Spatial autoregression models and its estimation.Statistical Research,2004,(6):48-51.]
[30]霍霄妮,李红,孙丹峰,等.北京耕地土壤重金属空间自回归模型及影响因素.农业工程学报,2010,26(5):78-82.[Huo Xiaoni,Li Hong,Sun Danfeng,et al.Spatial autogression model for heavy metals in cultivated soils of Beijing.Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(5):78-82.]
[31]李小建.经济地理学发展审视与新构思.地理研究,2013,32(10):1865-1877.[Li Xiaojian.Development evaluation and new framework proposal of economic geography.Geographical Research,2013,32(10):1865-1877.]
[32]Quaas M,Lange A.Economic Geography and Urban Environmental Pollution.Heidelberg:Mimeo University of Heidelberg,2004.
[33]Bridge G.Environmental economic geography:A sympathetic critique.Geoforum,2008,39:76-81.
[34]Soyez D,Schulz C.Facets of an emerging Environmental Economic Geography(EEG).Geoforum,2008,39:17-19.
[35]林永生.中国环境污染的经济追因与综合治理.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2016.[Lin Yongsheng.Economic Explanation and Comprehensive Measure for China Environment Pollution.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Publishing Group,2016.]
(1)上海市市辖区包括宝山区、虹口区、黄浦区、静安区、普陀区、徐汇区、杨浦区、闸北区和长宁区。南京市市辖区包括鼓楼区、建邺区、江宁区、栖霞区、秦淮区、玄武区和雨花台区,主要反映中心城区。
[2]高金龙,袁丰,陈雯.转型期城市制造业空间重构过程与机理:以南京市为例.地理研究,2017,36(6):1014-1028.[Gao Jinlong,Yuan Feng,Chen Wen.Economic transition and restructuring of manufacturing spaces in urban China:The evidence from Nanjing.Geographical Research,2017,36(6):1014-1028.]
[3]贺灿飞,郭琪,马妍,等.西方经济地理学研究进展.地理学报,2014,69(8):1207-1223.[He Canfei,Guo Qi,Ma Yan,et al.Progress of economic geography in the West:A literature review.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1207-1223.]
[4]张文忠,董科国,田山川.中国石化工业发展和区位变迁轨迹.地理研究,2009,28(5):1378-1388.[Zhang Wenzhong,Dong Keguo,Tian Shanchuan.Development and evolution of spatial distribution of Chinese petrochemical industry.Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1378-1388.]
[5]刘鹤,金凤君,刘毅,等.中国石化产业空间组织的评价与优化.地理学报,2011,66(10):1332-1342.[Liu He,Jin Fengjun,Liu Yi,et al.Evaluation and optimization of petrochemical industrial spatial organization in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(10):1332-1342.]
[6]王缉慈.试述我国石油化纤基地的布局与选址问题.经济地理,1982,(3):194-200.[Wang Jici.Layout and site selection of petroleum chemical fiber base in China.Economic Geography,1982,(3):194-200.]
[7]梁仁彩.化学工业布局概论.北京:科学出版社,1982.[Liang Rencai.Chemical Industrial Layout Introduction.Beijing:Science Press,1982.]
[8]李秉仁.我国炼油工业的区位问题.经济地理,1982,(3):109-113.[Li Binren.The location of oil refining industry in China.Economic Ggeography,1982,(3):109-113.]
[9]刘鹤,金凤君,刘毅.中国石化产业空间组织的演进历程与机制.地理研究,2012,31(11):2031-2043.[Liu He,Jin Fengjun,Liu Yi.Research on the evolution and mechanism of spatial organization of petrochemical industry in China.Geographical Research,2012,32(11):2031-2043.]
[10]刘刚,张长令.中国重化工业发展的空间组织形态演化.经济问题,2012,(4):40-45.[Liu Gang,Zhang Changling.The spatial organization form evolution of heavy chemical industry in China.On Economic Problems,2012,(4):40-45.]
[11]刘小丽,任景明,任意.石化产业布局亟需转危为安.环境保护,2009,(21):65-67.[Liu Xiaoli.The petrochemical industry needs to turn the corner.Environmental Protection,2009,(21):65-67.]
[12]Powe N A,Willis K G.Industrial location and residential disamenity:A case study of the chemical industry in Castleford,England.Journal of Environmental Management,1998,(53):17-29.
[13]蔡炜,张瑛.石油化工基地的开发与布局:兼论我国石化基地的建设.城市规划,1999,23(2):8-12,64.[Cai Wei,Zhang Ying.Development and layout of petrochemical industry bases.City Planning Review,1999,23(2):8-12,64.]
[14]Chapman K.The International Petrochemical Industry:Evolution and Location.Hoboken:B.Blackwell,1991.
[15]杨屹.化学工业布局与中国城市经济发展研究.上海:华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.[Yang Yi.The location of chemical industry and the studies of Chinese urban economy.Shanghai:Master Dissertation of East China Normal University,2006.]
[16]Willem M.Oil refineries and petrochemical industries in Europe.Geo Journal,1984,9(4):421-430.
[17]林丽钦.新加坡裕廊石化产业集群的发展及启示.石家庄经济学院学报,2011,34(3):74-78.[Lin Liqin.Enlightenment from the development of industrial clusters of Jurong petrochemical in Singapore.Journal of Shijiazhuang University of Economics,2011,34(3):74-78.]
[18]孟宪玲.美国炼厂规模和布局研究.当代石油石化,2002,10(11):18-21.[Meng Xianling.Research on the size and distribution of refineries in USA.Petrochemical Industry Trends,2002,10(11):18-21.]
[19]Greenstone M.The impacts of environmental regulations on industrial activity:Evidence from the 1970 and 1977 clean air act amendments and census of manufactures.Journal of Political Economy,2002,110(6):1175-1219.
[20]Treitl S,Jammernegg W.Facility location decisions with environmental considerations:A case study from the petrochemical industry.Journal of Business Economics,2014,84(5):639-664.
[21]Kwon H,Lee C,Seo D,et al.Korean experience of process safety management(PSM)regulation for chemical industry.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,2016,(42):2-5.
[22]虞孝感.长江产业带的建设与发展研究.北京:科学出版社,1997.[Yu Xiaogan.Study on the Construction and Development of the Yangtze River Industrial Belt.Bejing:Science Press,1997.]
[23]虞孝感,张维阳.沿江开发成就卓著环境保护任重道远:热烈祝贺“长江流域资源与环境”创刊二十周年.长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(7):781-785.[Yu Xiaogan,Zhang Weiyang.Outstanding the achievements of development along the Changjiang River,environmental protection has a long way to go.Resources and Eenvironment in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(7):781-785.]
[24]段学军,虞孝感,邹辉.长江经济带开发构想与发展态势.长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(10):1621-1632.[Duan Xuejun,Yu Xiaogan,Zou Hui.Analysis on the development strategy and trend of Yangtze River Economic Belt.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(10):1621-1632.]
[25]王法辉,胡忆东.芝加哥制造业发展过程及区位因素分析.地理科学,2010,30(2):175-183.[Wang Fahui,Hu Yidong.Manufacturing development in Chicago and location theories.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(2):175-183.]
[26]袁丰.中国沿海大城市制造业空间集聚研究:以苏南典型城市为例.北京:科学出版社,2015.[Yuan Feng.Spatial agglomerations of manufacturing in typical coastal metropolitan in China:An example of the typical city in southern Jiangsu province.Beijing:Science Press,2015.]
[27]王庆喜,蒋烨,陈卓咏.区域经济研究实用方法:基于ArcGIS、GeoDa和R的运用.北京:经济科学出版社,2014.[Wang Qingxi,Jiang Ye,Chen Zhuoyong.Regional Economic Research and Practical Methods:Based on ArcGIS,GeoDa and R application.Beijing:Economic Science Press,2014.]
[28]Cliff A D,Ord J K.Spatial Processes:Models and Applications.London:Pion,1981.
[29]李序颖,顾岚.空间自回归模型及其估计.统计研究,2004,(6):48-51.[Li Xuyin,Gu Luan.Spatial autoregression models and its estimation.Statistical Research,2004,(6):48-51.]
[30]霍霄妮,李红,孙丹峰,等.北京耕地土壤重金属空间自回归模型及影响因素.农业工程学报,2010,26(5):78-82.[Huo Xiaoni,Li Hong,Sun Danfeng,et al.Spatial autogression model for heavy metals in cultivated soils of Beijing.Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(5):78-82.]
[31]李小建.经济地理学发展审视与新构思.地理研究,2013,32(10):1865-1877.[Li Xiaojian.Development evaluation and new framework proposal of economic geography.Geographical Research,2013,32(10):1865-1877.]
[32]Quaas M,Lange A.Economic Geography and Urban Environmental Pollution.Heidelberg:Mimeo University of Heidelberg,2004.
[33]Bridge G.Environmental economic geography:A sympathetic critique.Geoforum,2008,39:76-81.
[34]Soyez D,Schulz C.Facets of an emerging Environmental Economic Geography(EEG).Geoforum,2008,39:17-19.
[35]林永生.中国环境污染的经济追因与综合治理.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2016.[Lin Yongsheng.Economic Explanation and Comprehensive Measure for China Environment Pollution.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Publishing Group,2016.]
(1)上海市市辖区包括宝山区、虹口区、黄浦区、静安区、普陀区、徐汇区、杨浦区、闸北区和长宁区。南京市市辖区包括鼓楼区、建邺区、江宁区、栖霞区、秦淮区、玄武区和雨花台区,主要反映中心城区。
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