地震数据表征:速度与加速度
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摘要
陆上地震勘探中地震信号表现为地表的机械振动,速度和加速度是常用的表征物理量。本文分析了由震源激发有效信号的加速度、速度的幅度和频带范围,研讨了地震检波系统对地表振动的记录和改造作用。认为成熟的不同类型(速度/加速度)工业用检波器拾取的地震数据在对地震勘探有意义的范围内能可靠地相互转换、互为印证,以20DX为代表的动圈式检波器在现今处理框架下仍是"高效率检波器";同时,剖析了不同类型检波器数据比较方法的物理、数学合理性,指明了当前常用方法的局限性;最后,列举后续处理过程中选择不同表征物理量对计算结果有重要影响的六方面因素,强调在实际选择表征物理量时应做更多的基于地震数据地球物理属性的理论分析及试验验证,不宜仅由简单的生产结果比对进行证明。
In the land seismic survey,mechanical vibration of the ground are recorded as seismic data.Normally this data is described in velocity or acceleration,two are common forms used for onshore petroleum exploration.We discuss in the paper the meaningful frequency band and amplitude range of onshore seismic survey in velocity and acceleration,and analyze various factors involved in the seismic recording system(sensor,sensorground coupling,and seismograph).In land seismic survey,commonly used sensors are geophones,among which the model 20 DX geophone is very popular.Another one is MEMS,an acceleration sensor,Sercels DSUs for instance.We review velocity and acceleration of typical sensors,compare their consistency of data,and analyze recorded data reasonability and validity with physical and numeric results.Finally more geological and geophysical factors should be taken into accounts carefully when selecting the description domain of seismic data.
In the land seismic survey,mechanical vibration of the ground are recorded as seismic data.Normally this data is described in velocity or acceleration,two are common forms used for onshore petroleum exploration.We discuss in the paper the meaningful frequency band and amplitude range of onshore seismic survey in velocity and acceleration,and analyze various factors involved in the seismic recording system(sensor,sensorground coupling,and seismograph).In land seismic survey,commonly used sensors are geophones,among which the model 20 DX geophone is very popular.Another one is MEMS,an acceleration sensor,Sercels DSUs for instance.We review velocity and acceleration of typical sensors,compare their consistency of data,and analyze recorded data reasonability and validity with physical and numeric results.Finally more geological and geophysical factors should be taken into accounts carefully when selecting the description domain of seismic data.
引文
[1] 魏继东.石油勘探地震检波[M].山东青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2016.
[2] 428XL Technical Manual (4.0)[M].Sercel Company,France,2010.
[3] 李庆忠.地震高分辨勘探中的误区与对策[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(6):751-783.LI Qingzhong.Some mistaken concepts in high-resolution seismic exploration and corresponding countermeasures[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1997,32(6):751-783.
[4] Crisi P A,Perrin T J.How much wind is enough?[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2003,22:70-73.
[5] 魏继东.检波器反褶积对低频信息的补偿作用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(2):224-231.WEI Jidong.Geophone deconvolution low-frequency compensation for seismic data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(2):224-231.
[6] 李庆忠,魏继东.论检波器横向拉开组合的重要性[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(4):375-382.LI Qingzhong,WEI Jidong.Talk about importance of cross-line array of geophone on spread[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(4):375-382.
[7] 李庆忠.论地震次生干扰——兼论困难地区地震记录的改进方向[J].石油地球物理勘探,1983,18(3):207-225.LI Qingzhong.Talk on scattering noise and how to improve the data quality of complex area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1983,18(3):207-225.
[8] 陶知非,赵永林,马磊.低频地震勘探与低频可控震源[J].物探装备,2011,21(2):71-76.TAO Zhifei,ZHAO Yonglin and MA Lei.Low frequency seismic and low frequency vibrator[J].Equipment of Geophysical Prospecting,2011,21(2):71-76.
[9] Baeten G J M,Fokkema J T and Zioikowski A M.Seismic vibrator modeling[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1986,5:446-450.
[10] 芮拥军,邹志辉,王胜阁,等.基于高低频联测的常规检波器数据低频振幅和相位同时恢复方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(4):631-643.RUI Yongjun,ZOU Zhihui.WANG Shengge,et al.Low-frequency amplitude and phase simultaneous recovery of conventional geophones data based on joint deployment of high- and low-frequency geophones[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(4):631-643.
[11] Li H Y,Vigh D and Kapoor J.The contribution of wide-azimuth point-receiver acquisition to the success of full-wave inversion[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2011,30:2556-2559.
[12] Bell D W.Low seismic frequencies:Acquisition and utilization of broad-band signals containing 2-8Hz reflection energy[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1986,5:443-446.
[13] Bagaini C.Low-frequency vibroseis data with maxi-mum displacement sweeps[J].The Leading Edge,2008,27(5):582-591.
[14] 佘德平,吴继敏,李佩,等.低频信号在玄武岩地区深层成像中的应用研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1):83-87.SHE Deping,WU Jimin,LI Pei,et al.Application of low-frequency signals to imaging of deep layers in sub-basalt areas[J].Journal of Hehai University (Natural Sciences),2006,34(1):83-87.
[15] Castagna J P,Sun S,Siegfried R W.Instantaneous spectral analysis:Detection of low-frequency shadows associated with hydrocarbons[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(2):120-127.
[16] 陈学华,贺振华,文晓涛,等.低频阴影的数值模拟与检测[J].石油地球物理勘探.2009,44(3):298-303.CHEN Xuehua,HE Zhenhua,Wen Xiaotao,et al.Numerical simulation and detection of low frequency shadow[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(3):298-303.
[17] He Z H,Xiong X J and Bian L.Numerical simulation of seismic low-frequency shadows and its application [J].Applied Geophysics,2008,5(4):301-306.
[18] 牛聪,刘志斌.基于谱分析的低频阴影检测技术[J].海洋石油,2008,28(2):58-61,67.NIU Cong,LIU Zhibin.Detection of low frequency shadows based on instantaneous spectral analysis [J].Offshore Oil,2008,28(2):58-61,67.
[19] Tai S,Puryear C,Castagna J P.Local frequency as a direct hydrocarbon indicator[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2009,28:2160-2164.
[20] Goloshubin G M,Vanschuyver C,Korneev V,et al.Reservoir imaging using low frequencies of seismic reflections[J].The Leading Edge,2006,25(5):527-531.
[21] Goloshubin G M,Daley T M and Korneev V A.Seismic low-frequency effects in gas reservoir monitoring VSP data[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2001,20:1693-1696.
[22] 胜利石油管理局技术标准——地震勘探采集设计规范[S].Q/SH1020 0769-2010,2010.
[23] 潘文锋,赵伟卫,孟祥顺,等.高分辨率地震勘探中最佳药量及耦合条件的选择[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(4):443-451.PAN Wenfeng,ZHAO Weiwei,MENG Xiangshun,et al.The choice of optimum charge and coupling condition in high-resolution seismic exploration[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(4):443-451.
[24] 刘益永,于赟舟.高分辨率地震勘探采集方法研究[J].吉林地质,2004,23(2):39-42.LIU Yiyong and YU Yunzhou.A study on the high resolution(HR) seismic exploration collection method[J].Jilin Province Geology,2004,23(2):39-42.
[25] 刘振夏,丁持文,刘晓喜,等.高分辨率三维地震勘探数据采集技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(1):37-44,64.LIU Zhenxia,DING Chiwen,LIU Xiaoxi,et al.A new technique for high resolution 3-D seismic data acquisition[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1999,34(1):37-44,64.
[26] 王进海,朱敏.高分辨率资料处理与高信噪比资料[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(4):587-596.WANG Jinhai and ZHU Min.High-resolution data processing and high signal/noise ratio data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1996,31(4):587-596.
[27] Davis B K.Expert system for designing geophone and source arrays for onshore seismic surveys[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1988,7:488-490.
[28] 魏继东.检波器—大地耦合响应的野外规模测量与衰减方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(3):411-417.WEI Jidong.Large-scale measuring and correction of geophone-ground coupling effect in field[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(3):411-417.
[29] Laine J and Mougenot D.A high-sensitivity MEMS- based accelerometer[J].The Leading Edge,2014,33(11),1234-1242.
[30] 李庆忠.关于低信噪比地震资料的基本概念和质量改进方向[J].石油地球物理勘探,1986,21(4):343-364.LI Qingzhong.The concept of low S/N seismic data and the measure for improving the data quality[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1986,21(4):343-364.
[31] 张丙和,崔樵,裴云广.新型三分量数字检波器DSU[J].石油仪器,2005,19(4):39-44.ZHANG Binghe,CUI Qiao,PEI Yunguang.New three-component geophone-DSU[J].Petroleum Instruments,2005,19(4):39-44.
[32] Ronen S,Gibson J,Burnett R,et al.Comparison ofmulti-component data from different MEMS sensors[C].Extended Abstracts of 67th EAGE Conference & Exhibition,2005,B021.
[33] Gibson J and Burnett R.Another look at MEMS sensors and dynamic range[R].CSEG Recorder,2005,(2):44-47,58.
[34] Ronen S,Comeaux L,Cartwright M et al.Comparison between geophones and two MEMS types and repeatability of land data[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2005,24:908-911.
[35] Stotter C,Angerer E and Herndler E.Comparison of single sensor 3C MEMS and conventional geophone arrays for deep target[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2008,27:173-177.
[36] Gibson J,Burnett R,Ronen S,et al.MEMS sensors:Some issues for consideration[J].The Leading Edge,2005,24(8):786-790.
[37] Mougenot D,Cherepovskiy A and Liu J J.MEMS-based accelerometers expectations and practical achievements,land seismic[J].First Break,2011,29(2):85-90.
[38] 陈志德.数字检波器地震资料高保真宽频带处理技术.石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(1):46-55.CHEN Zhide.Digital detectors seismic data high fidel-ity wideband processing technology[J].Oil Geophy-sical Prospecting,2012,47(1):46-55.
[39] Ricker N.The form and nature of seismic waves and the structure of seismograms[J].Geophysics,1940,5(4):348-366.
[40] 张军华,藏胜涛,周振晓,等.地震资料信噪比定量计算及方法比较[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44 (4):481-486.ZHANG Junhua,ZANG Shengtao,ZHOU Zhenxiao,et al.Quantitative computation and comparison of S/N ratio in seismic data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(4):481-486.
[41] 姚姚.地震波场与地震勘探[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[42] 李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[2] 428XL Technical Manual (4.0)[M].Sercel Company,France,2010.
[3] 李庆忠.地震高分辨勘探中的误区与对策[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(6):751-783.LI Qingzhong.Some mistaken concepts in high-resolution seismic exploration and corresponding countermeasures[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1997,32(6):751-783.
[4] Crisi P A,Perrin T J.How much wind is enough?[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2003,22:70-73.
[5] 魏继东.检波器反褶积对低频信息的补偿作用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(2):224-231.WEI Jidong.Geophone deconvolution low-frequency compensation for seismic data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(2):224-231.
[6] 李庆忠,魏继东.论检波器横向拉开组合的重要性[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(4):375-382.LI Qingzhong,WEI Jidong.Talk about importance of cross-line array of geophone on spread[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(4):375-382.
[7] 李庆忠.论地震次生干扰——兼论困难地区地震记录的改进方向[J].石油地球物理勘探,1983,18(3):207-225.LI Qingzhong.Talk on scattering noise and how to improve the data quality of complex area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1983,18(3):207-225.
[8] 陶知非,赵永林,马磊.低频地震勘探与低频可控震源[J].物探装备,2011,21(2):71-76.TAO Zhifei,ZHAO Yonglin and MA Lei.Low frequency seismic and low frequency vibrator[J].Equipment of Geophysical Prospecting,2011,21(2):71-76.
[9] Baeten G J M,Fokkema J T and Zioikowski A M.Seismic vibrator modeling[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1986,5:446-450.
[10] 芮拥军,邹志辉,王胜阁,等.基于高低频联测的常规检波器数据低频振幅和相位同时恢复方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(4):631-643.RUI Yongjun,ZOU Zhihui.WANG Shengge,et al.Low-frequency amplitude and phase simultaneous recovery of conventional geophones data based on joint deployment of high- and low-frequency geophones[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(4):631-643.
[11] Li H Y,Vigh D and Kapoor J.The contribution of wide-azimuth point-receiver acquisition to the success of full-wave inversion[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2011,30:2556-2559.
[12] Bell D W.Low seismic frequencies:Acquisition and utilization of broad-band signals containing 2-8Hz reflection energy[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1986,5:443-446.
[13] Bagaini C.Low-frequency vibroseis data with maxi-mum displacement sweeps[J].The Leading Edge,2008,27(5):582-591.
[14] 佘德平,吴继敏,李佩,等.低频信号在玄武岩地区深层成像中的应用研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1):83-87.SHE Deping,WU Jimin,LI Pei,et al.Application of low-frequency signals to imaging of deep layers in sub-basalt areas[J].Journal of Hehai University (Natural Sciences),2006,34(1):83-87.
[15] Castagna J P,Sun S,Siegfried R W.Instantaneous spectral analysis:Detection of low-frequency shadows associated with hydrocarbons[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(2):120-127.
[16] 陈学华,贺振华,文晓涛,等.低频阴影的数值模拟与检测[J].石油地球物理勘探.2009,44(3):298-303.CHEN Xuehua,HE Zhenhua,Wen Xiaotao,et al.Numerical simulation and detection of low frequency shadow[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(3):298-303.
[17] He Z H,Xiong X J and Bian L.Numerical simulation of seismic low-frequency shadows and its application [J].Applied Geophysics,2008,5(4):301-306.
[18] 牛聪,刘志斌.基于谱分析的低频阴影检测技术[J].海洋石油,2008,28(2):58-61,67.NIU Cong,LIU Zhibin.Detection of low frequency shadows based on instantaneous spectral analysis [J].Offshore Oil,2008,28(2):58-61,67.
[19] Tai S,Puryear C,Castagna J P.Local frequency as a direct hydrocarbon indicator[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2009,28:2160-2164.
[20] Goloshubin G M,Vanschuyver C,Korneev V,et al.Reservoir imaging using low frequencies of seismic reflections[J].The Leading Edge,2006,25(5):527-531.
[21] Goloshubin G M,Daley T M and Korneev V A.Seismic low-frequency effects in gas reservoir monitoring VSP data[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2001,20:1693-1696.
[22] 胜利石油管理局技术标准——地震勘探采集设计规范[S].Q/SH1020 0769-2010,2010.
[23] 潘文锋,赵伟卫,孟祥顺,等.高分辨率地震勘探中最佳药量及耦合条件的选择[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(4):443-451.PAN Wenfeng,ZHAO Weiwei,MENG Xiangshun,et al.The choice of optimum charge and coupling condition in high-resolution seismic exploration[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(4):443-451.
[24] 刘益永,于赟舟.高分辨率地震勘探采集方法研究[J].吉林地质,2004,23(2):39-42.LIU Yiyong and YU Yunzhou.A study on the high resolution(HR) seismic exploration collection method[J].Jilin Province Geology,2004,23(2):39-42.
[25] 刘振夏,丁持文,刘晓喜,等.高分辨率三维地震勘探数据采集技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(1):37-44,64.LIU Zhenxia,DING Chiwen,LIU Xiaoxi,et al.A new technique for high resolution 3-D seismic data acquisition[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1999,34(1):37-44,64.
[26] 王进海,朱敏.高分辨率资料处理与高信噪比资料[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(4):587-596.WANG Jinhai and ZHU Min.High-resolution data processing and high signal/noise ratio data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1996,31(4):587-596.
[27] Davis B K.Expert system for designing geophone and source arrays for onshore seismic surveys[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1988,7:488-490.
[28] 魏继东.检波器—大地耦合响应的野外规模测量与衰减方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(3):411-417.WEI Jidong.Large-scale measuring and correction of geophone-ground coupling effect in field[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(3):411-417.
[29] Laine J and Mougenot D.A high-sensitivity MEMS- based accelerometer[J].The Leading Edge,2014,33(11),1234-1242.
[30] 李庆忠.关于低信噪比地震资料的基本概念和质量改进方向[J].石油地球物理勘探,1986,21(4):343-364.LI Qingzhong.The concept of low S/N seismic data and the measure for improving the data quality[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1986,21(4):343-364.
[31] 张丙和,崔樵,裴云广.新型三分量数字检波器DSU[J].石油仪器,2005,19(4):39-44.ZHANG Binghe,CUI Qiao,PEI Yunguang.New three-component geophone-DSU[J].Petroleum Instruments,2005,19(4):39-44.
[32] Ronen S,Gibson J,Burnett R,et al.Comparison ofmulti-component data from different MEMS sensors[C].Extended Abstracts of 67th EAGE Conference & Exhibition,2005,B021.
[33] Gibson J and Burnett R.Another look at MEMS sensors and dynamic range[R].CSEG Recorder,2005,(2):44-47,58.
[34] Ronen S,Comeaux L,Cartwright M et al.Comparison between geophones and two MEMS types and repeatability of land data[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2005,24:908-911.
[35] Stotter C,Angerer E and Herndler E.Comparison of single sensor 3C MEMS and conventional geophone arrays for deep target[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2008,27:173-177.
[36] Gibson J,Burnett R,Ronen S,et al.MEMS sensors:Some issues for consideration[J].The Leading Edge,2005,24(8):786-790.
[37] Mougenot D,Cherepovskiy A and Liu J J.MEMS-based accelerometers expectations and practical achievements,land seismic[J].First Break,2011,29(2):85-90.
[38] 陈志德.数字检波器地震资料高保真宽频带处理技术.石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(1):46-55.CHEN Zhide.Digital detectors seismic data high fidel-ity wideband processing technology[J].Oil Geophy-sical Prospecting,2012,47(1):46-55.
[39] Ricker N.The form and nature of seismic waves and the structure of seismograms[J].Geophysics,1940,5(4):348-366.
[40] 张军华,藏胜涛,周振晓,等.地震资料信噪比定量计算及方法比较[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44 (4):481-486.ZHANG Junhua,ZANG Shengtao,ZHOU Zhenxiao,et al.Quantitative computation and comparison of S/N ratio in seismic data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(4):481-486.
[41] 姚姚.地震波场与地震勘探[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[42] 李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
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