一次平流雾的形成和传播特征研究
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摘要
2013年3月18-19日,江苏出现了一次罕见的平流雾过程,雾区先在长江北岸形成,继而向苏北传播。本文对这次平流雾的形成机理及特征进行了分析,并对雾区的传播机制进行了研究。结果表明:此次平流雾的形成主要受冷空气控制后暖湿平流的影响,冷锋过境后的影响是平流雾形成的基础,东海变性冷高压北抬是其形成的必要条件;地面东南风和低空东南水汽输送共同推动雾区向北传播;长江、洪泽湖、高邮湖等水域对平流雾增强起着重要作用;强浓雾呈渐进式发展,爆发性增强不明显以及云雾共存结构等是本次平流雾的主要特征。本论文的研究结果对平流雾的预报具有重要的实用价值。
The event of an advection fog occurred in Jiangsu Province during 18-19 March 2013. It firstly formed in the north bank of Yangtze River and then spread to northern Jiangsu Province. In this study, the formation mechanism and characteristics of this fog event are analyzed, and the transmission mechanism of the fog is particularly emphasized. The results indicate that this advection fog event was formed by the influence of warm and humid advection after being controlled by cold air. The cold front transit was the basic condition for the formation of advection fog. The north lift of the denatured cold high pressure from East China Sea was helpful for the formation of this advection fog event. The fog area moved northward as the result of the promoting role of southeast wind from the ground and water-vapor transfer toward southeast at low altitude. The waters of Yangtze River, Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake played significant roles in enhancing the development of the advection fog. The heavy fog developed gradually with insignificant explosive increase and coexistence of cloud and fog as the main characteristics. These findings have practical values to the forecasting of advection fog.
The event of an advection fog occurred in Jiangsu Province during 18-19 March 2013. It firstly formed in the north bank of Yangtze River and then spread to northern Jiangsu Province. In this study, the formation mechanism and characteristics of this fog event are analyzed, and the transmission mechanism of the fog is particularly emphasized. The results indicate that this advection fog event was formed by the influence of warm and humid advection after being controlled by cold air. The cold front transit was the basic condition for the formation of advection fog. The north lift of the denatured cold high pressure from East China Sea was helpful for the formation of this advection fog event. The fog area moved northward as the result of the promoting role of southeast wind from the ground and water-vapor transfer toward southeast at low altitude. The waters of Yangtze River, Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake played significant roles in enhancing the development of the advection fog. The heavy fog developed gradually with insignificant explosive increase and coexistence of cloud and fog as the main characteristics. These findings have practical values to the forecasting of advection fog.
引文
郭丽君,郭学良,2015.利用地基多通道微波辐射计遥感反演华北持续性大雾天气温、湿度廓线的检验研究[J].气象学报,73(2):368-381. Guo L J, Guo X L, 2015. Verification study of the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles retrieved from the ground-based multi-channels microwave radiometer for persistent foggy weather events in northern China[J]. Acta Meteor Sin, 7 3(2):3 68-381(in Chinese).
郭丽君,郭学良,2016.北京2009-2013年期间持续性大雾的类型、垂直结构及物理成因[J].大气科学,40(2):296-310. Guo L J,Guo X L,2016. The type, vertical structure and physical formation mechanism of persistent heavy fog events during 2009-2013 in the Beijing Region[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,40(2):296-310(in Chinese).
黄彬,王皘,陆雪,等,2014.黄渤海一次持续性大雾过程的边界层特征及生消机理分析[J].气象,40(11):1324-1337. Huang B,Wang Q,Lu X,et al,2014. Mechanism of a sea fog event over Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea[J].Meteor Mon,40(11):1324-1337(in Chinese).
黄政,袁成松,包云轩,等,2016.基于不同参数化方案的高速公路大雾过程的数值模拟试验[J].气象,42(8):944-953. Huang Z,Yuan C S,Bao Y X,et al,2016. Numerical simulations of heavy fog processes on expressways based on different parameterization schemes[J]. Meteor Mon,42(8):944-953(in Chinese).
李子华,2001.中国近40年来雾的研究[J].气象学报,59(5):616-624. Li Z H,2001. Studies of fog in China over past 40 years[J].Acta Meteor Sin,59(5):616-624(in Chinese).
梁爱民,张庆红,申红喜,等,2009.北京地区一次平流雾过程的分析和数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,20(5):612-621. Liang A M,Zhang Q H,Shen H X,et al,2009. The analysis and simulation of an advection fog event in Beijing[J]. Appl Meteor Sci,20(5):612-621(in Chinese).
陆春松,牛生杰,杨军,等,2010.南京冬季一次雾过程宏微观结构的突变特征及成因分析[J].大气科学,34(4):681-690. Lu C S,Niu S J,Yang J,et al,2010. Jump features and causes of macro and microphysical structures of a winter fog in Nanjing[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,34(4):681-690(in Chinese).
马翠平,吴彬贵,李江波,等,2014.一次持续性大雾边界层结构特征及诊断分析[J].气象,40(6):715-722. Ma C P,Wu B G,Li J B,et al,2014. Boundary layer structure features and diagnostic analysis of one successive heavy fog event[J]. Meteor Mon, 40(6):715-722(in Chinese).
濮梅娟,张国正,严文莲,等,2008.一次罕见的平流辐射雾过程的特征[J].中国科学:地球科学,38(6):776-783. Pu M J,Zhang G Z,Yan W L,et al,2008. Characteristics of a rare radiation-advection fog[J]. Sci China:Earth Sci, 38(6):776-783(in Chinese).
宋润田,王伟民,郁亚宁,1999.一次持续稳定的平流雾天气[J].气象,25(6):19-22. Song R T,Wang W M,Yu Y N,1999. A constantly maintained advection fog[J]. Meteor Mon,25(6):19-22(in Chinese).
王彬华,1983.海雾[M].北京:海洋出版社:18-34. Wang B H,1983.Sea Fog[M]. Beijing:China Maritime Press:18-34(in Chinese).
王博妮,濮梅娟,田力,等,2016.江苏沿海高速公路低能见度浓雾的气候特征和影响因子研究[J].气象,42(2):192-202. Wang B N,Pu M J,Tian L,et al,2016. Climate characteristics and impact factors of low visibility heavy fog on Jiangsu coast expressway[J]. Meteor Mon,42(2):192-202(in Chinese).
王博妮,袁成松,陈鹏,等,2015. 2013年初春一次平流雾过程对江苏交通的影响分析[J].气象与环境科学,38(1):46-53. Wang B N,Yuan C S,Chen P,et al.2015. Influence analysis of an advection fog process on Jiangsu transport in the early spring of the year 2013[J]. Meteor Environ Sci,38(1):46-53(in Chinese).
王益柏,梅娜,范磊,等,2014. WRF模式对2013年1月华北一次大雾的数值对比试验[J].气象,40(12):1522-1529. Wang Y B,Mei N, Fan L, et al, 2014. Comparative experiments of WRF simulation on a fog event of January 2013 in North China[J].Meteor Mon,40(12):1522-1529(in Chinese).
吴彬贵,张宏升,张长春,等,2010.华北地区平流雾过程湍流输送及演变特征[J].大气科学,34(2):440-448. Wu B G,Zhang H S,Zhang C C,et al,2010. Characteristics of turbulent transfer and its temporal evolution during an advection fog period in North China[J]. Chin J Atmos Sic,34(2):440-448(in Chinese).
许爱华,陈翔翔,肖安,等,2016.江西省区域性平流雾气象要素特征分析及预报思路[J].气象,42(3):372-381. Xu A H,Chen X X,Xiao A,et al,2016. Analysis on the characteristics of meteorological factors and forecast ideas for regional advection fog in Jiangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,42(3):372-381(in Chinese).
杨悦,高山红,2016.黄海海雾WRF数值模拟中垂直分辨率的敏感性研究[J].气象学报,74(6):974-988. Yang Y,Gao S H,2016.Sensitivity study of vertical resolution in WRF numerical simulation for sea fog over the Yellow Sea[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,74(6):974-988(in Chinese).
袁金南,黄健,2011.珠江口附近春季一次海雾的观测分析及三维数值模拟[J].气象学报,69(5):847-859. Yuan J N, Huang J,2011. An observational analysis and 3-dimensional numerical simulation of a sea fog event near the Pearl River Mouth in boreal spring[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,69(5):847-859(in Chinese).
袁娴,陈志豪,2013.上海浦东机场平流雾的统计和监测分析[J].气象科学,33(1):95-101. Yuan X,Chen Z H,2013. Statistics and monitoring analysis of advection fog at Shanghai Pudong Airport[J]. Sci Meteor Sin,33(1):95-101(in Chinese).
张苏平,鲍献文,2008.近十年中国海雾研究进展[J].中国海洋大学学报,38(3):359-366. Zhang S P,Bao X W,2008. The main advances in sea fog research in China[J]. J Ocean Univ China,38(3):359-366(in Chinese).
张苏平,任兆鹏,2010.下垫面热力作用对黄海春季海雾的影响——观测与数值试验[J].气象学报,68(4):439-449. Zhang S P,Ren Z P,2010. The influence of the thermal effect of underlying surface on the spring sea fog over the Yellow Sea:observations and numerical simulations[J]. Acta Meteor Sin, 68(4):439-449(in Chinese).
周福,钱燕珍,金靓,等,2015.宁波海雾特征和预报着眼点[J].气象,41(4):438-446. Zhou F,Qian Y Z,Jin L,et al. 2015. Characteristics and forecasting focus of sea fog in Ningbo[J]. Meteor Mon,41(4):438-446(in Chinese).
Duynkerke P G,1999. Turbulence,radiation and fog in Dutch stable boundary layers[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor,90(3):447-477.
Gultepe I,Tardif R,Michaelides S C,et al,2007. Fog research:a review of past achievements and future perspectives[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,164(6-7):1121-1159.
Kim C K,Yum S S,2012a. Marine boundary layer structure for the sea fog formation off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,169(5/6):1121-1135.
Kim C K, Yum S S,2012b. A numerical study of sea-fog formation over cold sea surface using a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with the weather research and forecasting model[J].Bound-Lay Meteor, 143(3);481-505.
Koracin D,Businger J A,Dorman C E,et al,2005. Formation,evolution, and dissipation of coastal sea fog[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor,117(3):447-478.
Koracin D,Dorman C E,Lewis J M,et al,2014. Marine fog:a review[J]. Atmos Res,143:142-175.
Koracin D,Lewis J,Thompson W T,et al,2001. Transition of stratus into fog along the California coast:observations and modeling[J]. J Atmos Sci,58(13):1714-1731.
Leipper D F,1994. Fog on the U. S. west coast:a review[J]. Bull Am Meteor Soc, 75(2):229-240.
Lewis J M,Koracin D,Redmond K T,2004. Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States:a historical essay including outlook[J]. Bull Am Meteor Soc,85(3):395-408.
Liu D Y, Yan W L, Yang J, et al, 2016. A study of the physical processes of an advection fog boundary layer[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor,158(1):125-138.
Nishikawa T,Maruyama S,Sakai S,2004. Radiative heat transfer and hydrostatic stability in nocturnal fog[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor, 113(2):273-286.
Pilie R J,Mack E J,Rogers C W,et al, 1979. The formation of marine fog and the development of fog-stratus systems along the California coast[J]. J Appl Meteor, 18(10):1275-1286.
Wang Y M,Gao S H,Fu G,et al,2014. Assimilating MTSAT-derived humidity in nowcasting sea fog over the Yellow Sea[J].Wea Forecasting,29(2):205-225.
郭丽君,郭学良,2016.北京2009-2013年期间持续性大雾的类型、垂直结构及物理成因[J].大气科学,40(2):296-310. Guo L J,Guo X L,2016. The type, vertical structure and physical formation mechanism of persistent heavy fog events during 2009-2013 in the Beijing Region[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,40(2):296-310(in Chinese).
黄彬,王皘,陆雪,等,2014.黄渤海一次持续性大雾过程的边界层特征及生消机理分析[J].气象,40(11):1324-1337. Huang B,Wang Q,Lu X,et al,2014. Mechanism of a sea fog event over Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea[J].Meteor Mon,40(11):1324-1337(in Chinese).
黄政,袁成松,包云轩,等,2016.基于不同参数化方案的高速公路大雾过程的数值模拟试验[J].气象,42(8):944-953. Huang Z,Yuan C S,Bao Y X,et al,2016. Numerical simulations of heavy fog processes on expressways based on different parameterization schemes[J]. Meteor Mon,42(8):944-953(in Chinese).
李子华,2001.中国近40年来雾的研究[J].气象学报,59(5):616-624. Li Z H,2001. Studies of fog in China over past 40 years[J].Acta Meteor Sin,59(5):616-624(in Chinese).
梁爱民,张庆红,申红喜,等,2009.北京地区一次平流雾过程的分析和数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,20(5):612-621. Liang A M,Zhang Q H,Shen H X,et al,2009. The analysis and simulation of an advection fog event in Beijing[J]. Appl Meteor Sci,20(5):612-621(in Chinese).
陆春松,牛生杰,杨军,等,2010.南京冬季一次雾过程宏微观结构的突变特征及成因分析[J].大气科学,34(4):681-690. Lu C S,Niu S J,Yang J,et al,2010. Jump features and causes of macro and microphysical structures of a winter fog in Nanjing[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,34(4):681-690(in Chinese).
马翠平,吴彬贵,李江波,等,2014.一次持续性大雾边界层结构特征及诊断分析[J].气象,40(6):715-722. Ma C P,Wu B G,Li J B,et al,2014. Boundary layer structure features and diagnostic analysis of one successive heavy fog event[J]. Meteor Mon, 40(6):715-722(in Chinese).
濮梅娟,张国正,严文莲,等,2008.一次罕见的平流辐射雾过程的特征[J].中国科学:地球科学,38(6):776-783. Pu M J,Zhang G Z,Yan W L,et al,2008. Characteristics of a rare radiation-advection fog[J]. Sci China:Earth Sci, 38(6):776-783(in Chinese).
宋润田,王伟民,郁亚宁,1999.一次持续稳定的平流雾天气[J].气象,25(6):19-22. Song R T,Wang W M,Yu Y N,1999. A constantly maintained advection fog[J]. Meteor Mon,25(6):19-22(in Chinese).
王彬华,1983.海雾[M].北京:海洋出版社:18-34. Wang B H,1983.Sea Fog[M]. Beijing:China Maritime Press:18-34(in Chinese).
王博妮,濮梅娟,田力,等,2016.江苏沿海高速公路低能见度浓雾的气候特征和影响因子研究[J].气象,42(2):192-202. Wang B N,Pu M J,Tian L,et al,2016. Climate characteristics and impact factors of low visibility heavy fog on Jiangsu coast expressway[J]. Meteor Mon,42(2):192-202(in Chinese).
王博妮,袁成松,陈鹏,等,2015. 2013年初春一次平流雾过程对江苏交通的影响分析[J].气象与环境科学,38(1):46-53. Wang B N,Yuan C S,Chen P,et al.2015. Influence analysis of an advection fog process on Jiangsu transport in the early spring of the year 2013[J]. Meteor Environ Sci,38(1):46-53(in Chinese).
王益柏,梅娜,范磊,等,2014. WRF模式对2013年1月华北一次大雾的数值对比试验[J].气象,40(12):1522-1529. Wang Y B,Mei N, Fan L, et al, 2014. Comparative experiments of WRF simulation on a fog event of January 2013 in North China[J].Meteor Mon,40(12):1522-1529(in Chinese).
吴彬贵,张宏升,张长春,等,2010.华北地区平流雾过程湍流输送及演变特征[J].大气科学,34(2):440-448. Wu B G,Zhang H S,Zhang C C,et al,2010. Characteristics of turbulent transfer and its temporal evolution during an advection fog period in North China[J]. Chin J Atmos Sic,34(2):440-448(in Chinese).
许爱华,陈翔翔,肖安,等,2016.江西省区域性平流雾气象要素特征分析及预报思路[J].气象,42(3):372-381. Xu A H,Chen X X,Xiao A,et al,2016. Analysis on the characteristics of meteorological factors and forecast ideas for regional advection fog in Jiangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,42(3):372-381(in Chinese).
杨悦,高山红,2016.黄海海雾WRF数值模拟中垂直分辨率的敏感性研究[J].气象学报,74(6):974-988. Yang Y,Gao S H,2016.Sensitivity study of vertical resolution in WRF numerical simulation for sea fog over the Yellow Sea[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,74(6):974-988(in Chinese).
袁金南,黄健,2011.珠江口附近春季一次海雾的观测分析及三维数值模拟[J].气象学报,69(5):847-859. Yuan J N, Huang J,2011. An observational analysis and 3-dimensional numerical simulation of a sea fog event near the Pearl River Mouth in boreal spring[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,69(5):847-859(in Chinese).
袁娴,陈志豪,2013.上海浦东机场平流雾的统计和监测分析[J].气象科学,33(1):95-101. Yuan X,Chen Z H,2013. Statistics and monitoring analysis of advection fog at Shanghai Pudong Airport[J]. Sci Meteor Sin,33(1):95-101(in Chinese).
张苏平,鲍献文,2008.近十年中国海雾研究进展[J].中国海洋大学学报,38(3):359-366. Zhang S P,Bao X W,2008. The main advances in sea fog research in China[J]. J Ocean Univ China,38(3):359-366(in Chinese).
张苏平,任兆鹏,2010.下垫面热力作用对黄海春季海雾的影响——观测与数值试验[J].气象学报,68(4):439-449. Zhang S P,Ren Z P,2010. The influence of the thermal effect of underlying surface on the spring sea fog over the Yellow Sea:observations and numerical simulations[J]. Acta Meteor Sin, 68(4):439-449(in Chinese).
周福,钱燕珍,金靓,等,2015.宁波海雾特征和预报着眼点[J].气象,41(4):438-446. Zhou F,Qian Y Z,Jin L,et al. 2015. Characteristics and forecasting focus of sea fog in Ningbo[J]. Meteor Mon,41(4):438-446(in Chinese).
Duynkerke P G,1999. Turbulence,radiation and fog in Dutch stable boundary layers[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor,90(3):447-477.
Gultepe I,Tardif R,Michaelides S C,et al,2007. Fog research:a review of past achievements and future perspectives[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,164(6-7):1121-1159.
Kim C K,Yum S S,2012a. Marine boundary layer structure for the sea fog formation off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,169(5/6):1121-1135.
Kim C K, Yum S S,2012b. A numerical study of sea-fog formation over cold sea surface using a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with the weather research and forecasting model[J].Bound-Lay Meteor, 143(3);481-505.
Koracin D,Businger J A,Dorman C E,et al,2005. Formation,evolution, and dissipation of coastal sea fog[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor,117(3):447-478.
Koracin D,Dorman C E,Lewis J M,et al,2014. Marine fog:a review[J]. Atmos Res,143:142-175.
Koracin D,Lewis J,Thompson W T,et al,2001. Transition of stratus into fog along the California coast:observations and modeling[J]. J Atmos Sci,58(13):1714-1731.
Leipper D F,1994. Fog on the U. S. west coast:a review[J]. Bull Am Meteor Soc, 75(2):229-240.
Lewis J M,Koracin D,Redmond K T,2004. Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States:a historical essay including outlook[J]. Bull Am Meteor Soc,85(3):395-408.
Liu D Y, Yan W L, Yang J, et al, 2016. A study of the physical processes of an advection fog boundary layer[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor,158(1):125-138.
Nishikawa T,Maruyama S,Sakai S,2004. Radiative heat transfer and hydrostatic stability in nocturnal fog[J]. Bound-Lay Meteor, 113(2):273-286.
Pilie R J,Mack E J,Rogers C W,et al, 1979. The formation of marine fog and the development of fog-stratus systems along the California coast[J]. J Appl Meteor, 18(10):1275-1286.
Wang Y M,Gao S H,Fu G,et al,2014. Assimilating MTSAT-derived humidity in nowcasting sea fog over the Yellow Sea[J].Wea Forecasting,29(2):205-225.
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